All The Claims

1. An image forming apparatus, comprising:
a main body;
a photosensitive belt on which a latent image is formed;
a plurality of cartridges each detachably attached to the main body, each of the plurality of cartridges accommodating a different developing agent;
a plurality of developing rollers each provided at a corresponding one of the plurality of cartridges, each of the plurality of developing rollers being movable between a first position where the latent image is developed and a second position where development is not performed;
a plurality of support shafts that each rotatably support a corresponding one of the plurality of developing rollers; and
a plurality of separation mechanisms that each primarily move the corresponding one of the plurality of developing rollers from the first position to the second position by engagement with a corresponding one of the plurality of support shafts.
2. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein at least a part of each of the plurality of separation mechanisms is disposed inside an endless loop formed by the photosensitive belt.
3. The image forming apparatus according to claim 2, wherein each of the plurality of separation mechanisms includes a cam member and a cam shaft that rotatably supports the cam member, the cam member contacting the corresponding one of the plurality of support shafts and moving the corresponding one of the plurality of developing rollers to the second position.
4. The image forming apparatus according to claim 3, wherein each of the plurality of support shafts includes a projecting portion extending from both sides of each of the plurality of support shafts, the cam member contacting the projecting portion and moving the corresponding one of the plurality of developing rollers to the second position.
5. The image forming apparatus according to claim 3, further comprising:
a pair of side plates provided at both sides of the photosensitive belt, the cam shaft being supported at the pair of side plates.
6. The image forming apparatus according to claim 5, further comprising:
a plurality of support rollers, provided inside of the endless loop, that support an inside of the photosensitive belt; and
a plurality of support roller shafts that each rotatably support a corresponding one of the plurality of support rollers, wherein the pair of the side plates support the plurality of support roller shafts.
7. The image forming apparatus according to claim 6, wherein the plurality of support rollers face the corresponding one of the plurality of developing rollers.
8. The image forming apparatus according to claim 3, further comprising:
a plurality of elastic members that each urge a corresponding one of the plurality of cartridges so that the corresponding one of the plurality of developing rollers is at the first position.
9. The image forming apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the cam member separates from the corresponding one of the plurality of support shafts if the corresponding one of the plurality of developing rollers is at the first position.
10. The image forming apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the cam member has a first radius and a second radius that is greater than the first radius, with the second radius of the cam member contacting the projecting portion and moving the corresponding one of the plurality of developing rollers to the second position.
11. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of developing rollers contacts the photosensitive belt if each of the plurality of developing rollers is at the first position, and each of the plurality of developing rollers separates from the photosensitive belt if each of the plurality of developing rollers is at the second position.
12. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising:
a plurality of elastic members that each urge a corresponding one of the plurality of cartridges so the corresponding one of the plurality of developing rollers is at the first position.
13. The image forming apparatus according to claim 12, wherein each of the elastic member is provided at the main body.
14. The image forming apparatus according to claim 12, wherein each of the elastic members is provided at a cover that covers an opening of the main body.
15. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising:
a plurality of elastic members that each urge a lever that urges a corresponding one of the plurality of cartridges so that the corresponding one of the plurality of developing rollers is at the first position.
16. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of separating mechanisms includes a cam member and a lever, the lever contacting the corresponding one of the plurality of support shafts and moving the corresponding one of the plurality of developing rollers to the second position.
17. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of separating mechanisms includes a cam member that linearly slides such that the corresponding one of the plurality of developing rollers moves to the second position.

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

1. A method of measuring a film process quantity in a semiconductor device manufacturing process, comprising:
a) setting standard patterns of differential values of interference light from a first material to be processed that correspond to a predetermined film process quantity of the first material, the standard patterns using the wavelength as a parameter;
b) measuring intensities of interference light of multiple wavelengths from a second material being processed of the same structure as the first material and determining actual patterns of differential values of the measured interference light intensities, the actual patterns using the wavelength as a parameter; and
c) determining a film process quantity of the second material based on the standard patterns of the first material and the actual patterns.
2.-22. (Cancelled)

1. A system for measuring a user’s age on a basis of the user’s physical strength, comprising multiple exercise courses that include various types of exercise-related devicesfeatures, with the exercise courses structured such that
a user is tested on a variety of physical abilities, including: muscle strength in multiple parts of hisher body, flexibility of the body, balance of the body, and agility of the body,
the extent to which a user utilizes each of hisher various physical abilities forms an index of the amount of exercise performed, and
the combination of the values of the indexes for each exercise course is different from the combination of values of indexes in each of the other exercise courses;
the user’s age on the basis of the physical strength is calculated based on the amount of time that the user takes to complete all of the exercise courses; and
each of the various exercising abilities of the user is assessed based on the amount time that the user takes to complete each of the courses.
2. The system for measuring age on a basis of physical strength according to claim 1, wherein the exercise courses are structured such that the specific exercises within each exercise course are arranged so that a user needs to memorize their order and specific features, and to use hisher judgment in selecting the posture or route to be taken in performing each exercise, with the result that intelligence is one of the indexes.
3. The system for measuring age on a basis of physical strength according to claim 1, wherein the exercise course is equipped with
a passageway such that multiple logs having flat upper faces are horizontally or diagonally installed at predetermined heights above the ground (floor), and
a structure, arranged in the middle of the passageway, that has a low ceiling that requires a user to change from a standing-upright posture to bending-down posture, a squatting posture, or an on-all-fours posture.
4. The system for measuring age on a basis of physical strength according to claim 1, wherein
the exercise course is a meandering, upward-sloped passageway having a predetermined width and length, and
multiple projections or holes are provided on said passageway so as to make a user do one or more of the following: climbing up and jumping down; jumping over; crawling up and running down; or climbing while avoiding obstacles.
5. The system for measuring age on a basis of physical strength according to claim 1, wherein
the exercise course consists of a passageway that for most of its length consists of two separate surfaces to be walked on (hereinafter \u201cwalking surfaces\u201d), one for each of a user’s legs, with each walking surface having a predetermined width, height, and length, and with the passageway such that in some portions one walking surface is higher than the other;
the passageway has one or more portions where the two walking surfaces are separated from each other (separated-walking-surfaces portion(s)), and one or more portions where the two walking surfaces converge into one (united-walking-surfaces portion(s)); and,
the separated-walking-surfaces portion(s) include one or more sections where the user can or must walk with hisher legs wide apart, as well as one or more sections where the two walking surfaces are of different heights, and one or more sections where the two walking surfaces have the same height.
6. The system for measuring age on a basis of physical strength according to claim 1, wherein the exercise course consists of one passageway having a predetermined width, height, and length, and with the passageway arranged so that
it is winding from beginning to end; and
it includes a portion where the walking surface goes up and down, a portion where the walking surface is horizontal, a portion where the walking surface is inclined to one side, and a portion where the walking surface is inclined on both sides, with the center of the walking surface being a boundary between the two sides.
7. The system for measuring age on a basis of physical strength according to claim 1, wherein
said exercise course is a meandering passageway having a predetermined length and a center wall that divides the passageway into two pathways, with said central wall
provided with multiple through-holes into which a user can insert his arms so as to support hisher body, and
having an approximately vertical portion, an inclined portion, and a portion that is curved on both side faces.
8. The system for measuring age on a basis of physical strength according to claim 1, wherein
the exercise course consists of a tunnel-shaped passageway in which inverted-U-shaped pipes are continuously arranged at predetermined intervals;
pipes of different height are used so that the passageway has a portion in which the user can walk upright, a portion in which the user must bend down in order to move forward, and a portion in which a user must crouch in order to move forward; and
the pipes incline to the right or left so that the passageway has one or more portions where a user must bend to the right or left in order to move forward.
9. The system for measuring age on a basis of physical strength according to claim 1, wherein
the exercise course is a passageway of a predetermined length, and is arranged such that
meanders up and down and to the right and left, and
is equipped with
two rails, one on the passageway’s right side and one on the left side, with the rails arranged so that they sometimes are inclined upward and sometimes inclined downward, and sometimes are directed to the left and sometimes to the right
metal fittings that are mounted to the rails and that slide forward and backward, and
an interconnected series of hanging rings that are connected to the metal fittings.
10. The system for measuring age on a basis of physical strength according to claim 1, wherein said exercise courses are accommodated in a long dome made of polystyrene foam.

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

What is claimed is:

1. A nuclear radiation monitor, comprising:
a monitor surface,
a plurality of separate, visible indicia located on the monitor surface, the indicia being distributed in an imaginary closed loop,
a radiation-sensitive apparatus including a radiation sensor, the apparatus being adapted to create a discharge every time a source of radiation results in the ionization of the sensor at its location as a result of interaction between the sensor and a radiative phenomenon, and
electrical circuitry for causing sequential discharges to energize the visible indicia in a similar sequence, whereby the indicia are perceived to be in motion around the loop, with a rotational speed substantially proportional to the frequency of occurrence of the discharges.
2. The nuclear radiation monitor claimed in claim 1, in which the circuitry energizes the indicia such that only a single indicium is energized at any given time.
3. The nuclear radiation monitor claimed in claim 2, in which energization of a given indicium begins substantially simultaneously with the cessation of energization of the previous indicium, whereby there is always one indicium energized at any given time.
4. The nuclear radiation monitor claimed in claim 3, in which each discharge energizes one indicium.
5. The nuclear radiation monitor claim in claim 1, in which the radiation sensor includes a Geiger-Mueller Counter Tube, and in which the indicia are selected from the group consisting of LED’s and an LCD array.
6. The nuclear radiation monitor claimed in claim 1, in which the closed loop is substantially a circle.
7. The nuclear radiation monitor claimed in claim 1, in which, if the discharges occur at a frequency average which exceeds a predetermined level, a central display composed of at least 3 indicia representing the atomic symbol is turned on by said electrical circuitry.
8. The nuclear radiation monitor claimed in claim 7, in which the electrical circuitry, when turning the indicia on, simultaneously also turns on an audible alarm.
9. The nuclear radiation monitor claimed in claim 1, wherein the radiation phenomenon is one or more selected from the group consisting of: alpha-particles, beta-particles, and electromagnetic pulses.
10. A method of monitoring a given region for the presence of nuclear radiation, utilizing a surface on which are located a plurality of separate, visible indicia distributed in an imaginary closed loop, a radiation-sensitive apparatus which includes a radiation sensor for positioning in said given region, the apparatus being adapted to create a discharge every time a source of radiation results in the ionization of the sensor at its location as a result of interaction between the sensor and a radiative phenomenon, and electrical circuitry for energizing the visible indicia in a sequence based on the sequential discharges, the method incorporating the steps:
a) positioning the radiation sensor in said given region,
b) causing the apparatus to create a discharge every time said source of radiation results in the ionization of the sensor at its location, and
c) causing the electrical circuitry to energize the visible indicia in sequence, whereby the indicia are perceived to be in motion around the loop with a rotational speed substantially proportional to the frequency of occurrence of the discharges.
11. The method claimed in claim 10, in which the indicia are energized such that only a single indicium is energized at any given time.
12. The method claimed in claim 11, in which energization of a given indicium begins substantially simultaneously with the cessation of energization of the previous indicium, whereby there is always one indicium energized at any given time.
13. The method claimed in claim 12, in which each discharge energizes one indicium.
14. The method claimed in claim 13, in which the radiation sensor includes a Geiger-Mueller Counter Tube, and in which the indicia are LEDs or an LCD array.