All The Claims

1. A printed circuit board (PCB) structure, comprising:
a substrate;
a silicone layer disposed on one side of the substrate; and
a metal layer disposed on the the silicone layer.
2. The PCB structure of claim 1, further comprises a modified silicone layer disposed between the substrate and the silicone layer, or between the metal layer and the silicone layer.
3. The PCB structure of claim 2, wherein the modified silicone layer is modified the interfacial tension and the polarity thereof.
4. The PCB structure of claim 3, wherein the modified silicone layer is modified by adjusting a proportion of condensation-type silicone and addition-type silicone.
5. The PCB structure of claim 3, wherein the modified silicone layer is modified by adding Epoxy, Acrylic Acid or a combination thereof into silicone.
6. The PCB structure of claim 1, further comprises modified silicone layers disposed between the metal layer and the silicone layer, and between the substrate and the silicone layer.
7. The PCB structure of claim 6, wherein the modified silicone layer is modified the interfacial tension and the polarity thereof.
8. The PCB structure of claim 7, wherein the modified silicone layer is modified by adjusting a proportion of condensation-type silicone and addition-type silicone.
9. The PCB structure of claim 7, wherein the modified silicone layer is modified by adding Epoxy, Acrylic Acid or a combination thereof into silicone.

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

What is claimed is:

1. A picture decoding apparatus for decoding the moving picture information of a second resolution from the compressed picture information of a first resolution obtained on predictive encoding in terms of a pre-set pixel block (macroblock) as a unit and on orthogonal transform in terms of a pre-set pixel block (orthogonal transform block) as a unit, said second resolution being lower than said first resolution, said picture decoding apparatus comprising:
inverse orthogonal transform means for inverse orthogonal transforming each coefficient of the orthogonal transform block of the orthogonal transformed compressed picture information;
addition means for summing the transformed picture information obtained on inverse orthogonal transform by said inverse orthogonal transform means to the motion compensated reference picture information to output said moving picture information of the second resolution;
storage means for memorizing the moving picture information output by said addition means as the reference picture information;
first motion compensation means for motion compensating the macroblock of the reference picture information motion-predicted in accordance with the motion prediction system associated with the interlaced scanning (field motion prediction mode); and
second motion compensation means for motion compensating the macroblock of the reference picture information motion-predicted in accordance with the motion prediction system associated with the sequential scanning (frame motion prediction mode);
said inverse orthogonal transform means inverse orthogonal transforming four coefficients in the low range in the horizontal direction and eight coefficients in the vertical direction in respective coefficients in an orthogonal transform block of the compressed picture information.
2. The picture decoding apparatus according to claim 1 further comprising:
signal separating means for separating the compressed picture information of said first resolution into the compressed picture information pertinent to luminance signals and into the compressed picture information pertinent to chroma signals;
said inverse orthogonal transform means inverse orthogonal transforming four low-range coefficients in the horizontal direction and eight coefficients in the vertical direction, in the coefficients of the orthogonal transform of the compressed picture information pertinent to luminance signals separated by said signal separating means;
said addition means summing the picture information of the luminance signals inverse orthogonal transformed by said inverse orthogonal transform means to the motion compensated reference picture information to output the moving picture information of said second resolution.
3. A picture decoding apparatus for decoding the moving picture information of a second resolution from the compressed picture information- of a first resolution obtained on predictive encoding in terms of a pre-set pixel block (macroblock) as a unit and on orthogonal transform in terms of a pre-set pixel block (orthogonal transform block) as a unit, said second resolution being lower than said first resolution, said picture decoding apparatus comprising:
signal separating means for separating the compressed picture information of the first resolution into the compressed picture information pertinent to luminance signals and into the compressed picture information pertinent to chroma signals;
first inverse orthogonal transform means for inverse orthogonal transforming respective coefficients of the orthogonal transform block of the compressed picture information pertinent to orthogonal transformed and separated luminance signals;
first addition means for summing the first picture information pertinent to luminance signals inverse orthogonal transformed by said first inverse orthogonal transform means to the motion compensated first reference picture information to output said moving picture information;
first storage means for memorizing the moving picture information output by said first addition means as the reference picture information;
first motion compensation means for motion compensating the macroblock of the reference picture information, motion-predicted in accordance with the motion prediction system associated with the interlaced scanning (field prediction mode);
second motion compensation means for motion compensating the macroblock of the reference picture information, motion-predicted in accordance with the motion prediction system associated with the sequential scanning (frame prediction mode);
second inverse orthogonal transform means for inverse orthogonal transforming an orthogonal transform block of the compressed picture information pertinent to chroma signals orthogonal transform in accordance with the orthogonal transform system associated with the interlaced scanning (field orthogonal transform mode) and subsequently separated by said signal separating means;
third inverse orthogonal transform means for inverse orthogonal transforming an orthogonal transform block of the compressed picture information pertinent to chroma signals orthogonal transform in accordance with the orthogonal transform system associated with the sequential scanning (frame orthogonal transform mode) and subsequently separated by said signal separating means;
second addition means for summing the compressed picture information pertinent to chroma signals inverse orthogonal transformed by said second inverse orthogonal transform means or said third inverse orthogonal transform means to the motion compensated second reference picture information to output said moving picture information;
second storage means for memorizing the moving picture information output by said second addition means as the reference picture information;
third motion compensation means for motion compensating the macroblock of the reference picture information motion-predicted in accordance with the motion prediction system (field motion prediction mode) associated with the interlaced scanning; and
fourth motion compensation means for motion compensating the macroblock of the reference picture information motion-predicted in accordance with the motion prediction system (frame motion prediction mode) associated with the sequential scanning;
said first inverse orthogonal transform means inverse orthogonal transforming four low range coefficients in the horizontal direction and eight coefficients in the vertical direction, in respective coefficients of the orthogonal transform block of the compressed picture information pertinent to luminance signals separated by said signal separating means;
said second orthogonal transform means inverse orthogonal transforming four low range coefficients in the horizontal direction and four low range coefficients in the vertical direction, in respective coefficients of the orthogonal transform block of the compressed picture information pertinent to chroma signals orthogonal transformed in accordance with the orthogonal transform system associated with the interlaced scanning and subsequently separated by said signal separating means;
said third orthogonal transform means inverse orthogonal transforming inverse orthogonal transforming coefficients of the totality of frequency components of the orthogonal transform block of the compressed picture information pertinent to chroma signals separated by said signal separating means following orthogonal transform in accordance with the orthogonal transform system associated with said sequential scanning, separating orthogonal transform blocks resulting from the inverse orthogonal transform into two pixel blocks associated with interlaced scanning, orthogonal transforming the two separated pixel blocks, inverse orthogonal transforming coefficients of low frequency components in the respective coefficients of the two orthogonal transformed pixel blocks, and synthesizing the top and bottom fields obtained on inverse orthogonal transform.
4. The picture decoding apparatus according to claim 3 wherein said second inverse orthogonal transform means inverse orthogonal transforms four low range coefficients in the horizontal direction and four low range coefficients in the vertical direction, in respective coefficients of the orthogonal transform block of the compressed picture information pertinent to chroma signals orthogonal transformed in accordance with the orthogonal transform system associated with the interlaced scanning and subsequently separated by said signal separating means;
said third orthogonal transform means inverse orthogonal transforming coefficients of the totality of frequency components of the orthogonal transform block of the compressed picture information pertinent to chroma signals orthogonal transformed in accordance with the orthogonal transform system associated with said sequential scanning and subsequently separated by said signal separating means, said third orthogonal transform means separating orthogonal transform blocks resulting from the inverse orthogonal transform into two pixel blocks associated with interlaced scanning, orthogonal transforming the two separated pixel blocks, inverse orthogonal transforming coefficients of low frequency components in the respective coefficients of the two orthogonal transformed pixel blocks, phase-correcting the respective pixels of the top field obtained on inverse orthogonal transform, in the vertical direction, phase-correcting the respective pixels of the bottom field obtained on inverse orthogonal transform, in the vertical direction, and synthesizing the phase-corrected top and bottom fields.
5. A picture decoding apparatus for decoding the moving picture information of a second resolution from the compressed picture information of a first resolution obtained on predictive encoding in terms of a pre-set pixel block (macroblock) as a unit and on orthogonal transform in terms of a pre-set pixel block (orthogonal transform block) as a unit, said second resolution being lower than said first resolution, said picture decoding apparatus comprising:
picture type separating means for analyzing the picture type of the compressed picture information of the first resolution and for separating the compressed picture information of the first resolution into the compressed picture information pertinent to the I- and P-pictures and into the compressed picture information pertinent to B- pictures;
first orthogonal transform means for inverse orthogonal transforming respective coefficients of the orthogonal transform block of the I- and P-pictures orthogonal transformed and separated by said picture type separating means;
first addition means for summing the compressed picture information pertinent to the I- and P-pictures inverse orthogonal transformed by said first inverse orthogonal transform means to the motion compensated first reference picture information to output said moving picture information;
first storage means for memorizing the moving picture information output by said first addition means as the reference picture information;
first motion compensation means for motion compensating the macroblock of the reference picture information motion-predicted in accordance with the motion prediction system associated with the interlaced scanning(field motion prediction mode);
second motion compensation means for motion compensating the macroblock of the reference picture information motion-predicted in accordance with the motion prediction system associated with the sequential scanning (frame motion prediction mode);
second inverse orthogonal transform means for inverse orthogonal transforming the orthogonal transform block of the compressed picture information pertinent to said B-pictures orthogonal transformed in accordance with the orthogonal transform system associated with the interlaced scanning (field orthogonal transform mode) and separated by said picture separating means;
third inverse orthogonal transform means for inverse orthogonal transforming the orthogonal transform block of the compressed picture information pertinent to said B-pictures orthogonal transformed in accordance with the orthogonal transform system associated with the sequential scanning (frame orthogonal transform mode) and separated by said picture separating means;
second addition means for summing the compressed picture information pertinent to B-pictures inverse orthogonal transformed by said second or third inverse orthogonal transform means to the motion compensated second reference picture information;
second storage means for memorizing the moving picture information output by said second addition means as the reference picture information;
third motion compensation means for motion compensating a macroblock of the reference picture information motion-predicted by the motion prediction system associated with the interlaced scanning (field motion prediction mode); and
fourth motion compensation means for motion compensating a macroblock of the reference picture information motion-predicted by the motion prediction system associated with the sequential scanning (frame motion prediction mode);
said first inverse orthogonal transform means inverse orthogonal transforming four low-range coefficients in the horizontal direction and eight coefficients in the vertical direction, in respective coefficients of the orthogonal transform block of the compressed picture information pertinent to I and P-pictures separated by said picture type separating means;
said second inverse orthogonal transform means inverse orthogonal transforming four low-range coefficients in the horizontal and vertical directions in the respective coefficients of the orthogonal transform block of the compressed picture information of the B-pictures orthogonal transformed in accordance with the orthogonal transform system associated with said interlaced scanning and subsequently separated by said picture type separating means;
said third orthogonal transform means inverse orthogonal transforming coefficients of the totality of frequency components of the orthogonal transform block of the compressed picture information pertinent to chroma signals orthogonal transform in accordance with the orthogonal transform system associated with said sequential scanning and subsequently separated by said signal separating means, said third orthogonal transform means separating orthogonal transform blocks resulting from the inverse orthogonal transform into two pixel blocks associated with interlaced scanning, orthogonal transforming the two separated pixel blocks, inverse orthogonal transforming coefficients of low frequency components in the respective coefficients of the two orthogonal transformed pixel blocks, and synthesizing the top and bottom fields obtained on orthogonal transform.
6. The picture decoding apparatus according to claim 5 wherein said second inverse orthogonal transform means applies inverse orthogonal transform to four low-range coefficients in the horizontal and vertical directions, in respective coefficients of the orthogonal transform blocks of the compressed picture information pertinent to the I- and P-pictures orthogonal transform in accordance with the orthogonal transform system associated with said interlaced scanning and subsequently separated by said picture type separating means;
said third orthogonal transform means inverse orthogonal transforming coefficients of the totality of frequency components of the orthogonal transform blocks of the compressed picture information pertinent to B-pictures orthogonal transformed in accordance with the orthogonal transform system associated with said sequential scanning and subsequently separated by said signal separating means, said third orthogonal transform means separating the orthogonal transform block resulting from the inverse orthogonal transform into two pixel blocks associated with interlaced scanning, orthogonal transforming the two separated pixel blocks, inverse orthogonal transforming coefficients of low frequency components in the respective coefficients of the two orthogonal transformed pixel blocks, phase-correcting the respective pixels of the top field obtained on inverse orthogonal transform, in the vertical direction, phase-correcting the respective pixels of the bottom field obtained on inverse orthogonal transform, in the vertical direction, and synthesizing the phase-corrected top and bottom fields.
7. A picture decoding apparatus for decoding the moving picture information of a second resolution from the compressed picture information of a first resolution obtained on predictive encoding in terms of a pre-set pixel block (macroblock) as a unit and on orthogonal transform in terms of a pre-set pixel block (orthogonal transform block) as a unit, said second resolution being lower than said first resolution, said picture decoding apparatus comprising:
picture type separating means for analyzing the picture type of the compressed picture information of the first resolution and for separating the compressed picture information of the first resolution into the compressed picture information pertinent to the I- and P-pictures and into the compressed picture information pertinent to B- pictures;
signal separating means for separating the compressed picture information of the first resolution into the compressed picture information pertinent to luminance signals and into the compressed picture information pertinent to chroma signals;
first inverse orthogonal transform means for applying first inverse orthogonal transform to respective coefficients of the orthogonal transform block of the compressed picture information pertinent to luminance signals of said I- and P-pictures orthogonal transformed and separated by said picture type separating means and said signal separating means;
first addition means for summing the compressed picture information pertinent to luminance signals of I- and P-pictures orthogonal transformed by said first orthogonal transform means to output said moving picture information;
first storage means for memorizing said moving picture information output by said first addition means as the reference picture information;
first motion compensation means for motion compensating a macroblock of the reference picture information motion-predicted in accordance with the motion prediction system associated with the interlaced scanning (field motion prediction mode);
second motion compensation means for motion compensating a macroblock of the reference picture information motion-predicted in accordance with the motion prediction system associated with the sequential scanning (frame motion prediction mode);
second inverse orthogonal transform means for inverse orthogonal transforming orthogonal transform blocks of the compressed picture information pertinent to chroma signals of said I- and P-pictures and to B-pictures obtained on orthogonal transform in accordance with the orthogonal transform system associated with the interlaced scanning (field orthogonal transform mode) and subsequent separation by said picture type separating means and said signal separating means;
third inverse orthogonal transform means for inverse orthogonal transforming the orthogonal transform blocks of the compressed picture information pertinent to chroma signals of said I- and P-pictures and to B pictures obtained on orthogonal transform in accordance with the orthogonal transform system associated with the sequential scanning (frame orthogonal transform mode) and subsequent separation by said picture type separating means and said signal separating means;
second addition means for summing the compressed picture information pertinent to chroma signals of I- and P-pictures and to B-pictures obtained on orthogonal transform by said second or third inverse orthogonal transform means, to output the moving picture information;
second storage means for memorizing the moving picture information output by the second addition means as reference picture information;
third motion compensation means for motion compensating a macroblock of the reference picture information motion-predicted in accordance with the motion prediction system associated with the interlaced scanning (field motion prediction mode);
fourth motion compensation means for motion compensating a macroblock of the reference picture information motion-predicted in accordance with the motion prediction system associated with the sequential scanning (frame motion prediction mode);
said first inverse orthogonal transform means inverse orthogonal transforming four low-range coefficients in the horizontal direction and eight coefficients in the vertical direction in the coefficients of the orthogonal transform blocks of the compressed picture information pertinent to luminance signals of said I- and P- pictures;
said second inverse orthogonal transform means inverse orthogonal transforming four low-range coefficients in the horizontal direction and four low-range coefficients in the vertical direction in the coefficients of the orthogonal transform blocks of the compressed picture information pertinent to chroma signals of said I- and P-pictures and B-pictures separated by said picture type separating means and said signal separating means;
said third inverse orthogonal transform means inverse orthogonal transforming coefficients of the totality of frequency components of the orthogonal transform blocks of the compressed picture information pertinent to chroma signals of said I- and P- pictures and to B-pictures separated by said picture type separating means and signal separating means, said third orthogonal transform means separating orthogonal transform blocks resulting from the inverse orthogonal transform into two pixel blocks associated with interlaced scanning, orthogonal transforming the two separated pixel blocks, inverse orthogonal transforming coefficients of low frequency components in the respective coefficients of the two orthogonal transformed pixel blocks, and synthesizing the top and bottom fields obtained on inverse orthogonal transform.
8. The picture decoding apparatus according to claim 7 wherein said second inverse orthogonal transform means inverse orthogonal transforms four low-range coefficients in the horizontal and vertical directions in the respective coefficients of the orthogonal transform block of the compressed picture information pertinent to chroma signals of I- and P-pictures and B-pictures as separated by said picture type separating means and signal separating means, said second inverse orthogonal transform means also phase- correcting the respective pixels obtained on inverse orthogonal transform in the vertical direction;
said third inverse orthogonal transform means inverse orthogonal transforming coefficients of the totality of frequency components of the orthogonal transform blocks of the compressed picture information pertinent to chroma signals of said I- and P- pictures and to B-pictures separated by said picture type separating means and signal separating means, said third orthogonal transform means separating orthogonal transform blocks resulting from the inverse orthogonal transform into two pixel blocks associated with interlaced scanning, orthogonal transforming the two separated pixel blocks, inverse orthogonal transforming coefficients of low frequency components in the respective coefficients of the two orthogonal transformed pixel blocks, phase- correcting respective pixels of the top field obtained on inverse orthogonal transform, in the vertical direction, phase-correcting respective pixels of the bottom field obtained on inverse orthogonal transform, in the vertical direction, and synthesizing the phase-corrected top and bottom fields.
9. A picture decoding apparatus for decoding the moving picture information of a second resolution from the compressed picture information of a first resolution obtained on predictive encoding in terms of a pre-set pixel block (macroblock) as a unit and on orthogonal transform in terms of a pre-set pixel block (orthogonal transform block) as a unit, said second resolution being lower than said first resolution, said picture decoding apparatus comprising:
inverse orthogonal transform means for inverse orthogonal transforming respective coefficients of orthogonal transform blocks of the orthogonal transformed compressed picture information;
addition means for summing the transformed picture information, inverse orthogonal transformed by said inverse orthogonal transform means, to the motion compensated reference picture information, to output the moving picture information of said second resolution;
picture type separating means for analyzing the picture type of the compressed picture information of the first resolution and for separating the compressed picture information of the first resolution into the compressed picture information pertinent to the I- and P-pictures and into the compressed picture information pertinent to B- pictures;
thinning means for thinning out the moving picture information pertinent to B- pictures furnished from said picture type separating means in the vertical direction storage means for memorizing the moving picture information pertinent to I- and P-pictures furnished from said picture type separating means and the moving picture information pertinent to the thinned B-pictures furnished from said thinning means, as the reference picture information;
first motion compensation means for motion compensating a macroblock of the reference picture information, motion-predicted in accordance with the motion prediction system associated with the interlaced scanning (field motion prediction mode);
second motion compensation means for motion compensating a macroblock of the reference picture information, motion-predicted in accordance with the motion prediction system associated with the sequential scanning (frame motion prediction mode);
said inverse orthogonal transform means inverse orthogonal transforming four low-range coefficients in the horizontal direction and eight coefficients in the vertical direction in respective coefficients of the orthogonal transform block of said compressed picture information.
10. The picture decoding apparatus according to claim 9 wherein said thinning means thins out the moving picture information pertinent to the B-pictures furnished from said picture type separating means in the vertical direction.
11. A picture decoding method for decoding the moving picture information of a second resolution from the compressed picture information of a first resolution obtained on predictive encoding in terms of a pre-set pixel block (macroblock) as a unit and on orthogonal transform in terms of a pre-set pixel block (orthogonal transform block) as a unit, said second resolution being lower than said first resolution, said picture decoding apparatus comprising:
inverse orthogonal transforming four low-range coefficients in the horizontal direction and eight coefficients in the vertical direction, in coefficients of orthogonal transform blocks of the orthogonal transformed compressed picture information;
summing the inverse orthogonal transformed picture information to the motion compensated reference picture information to output the moving picture information of the second resolution;
memorizing the output moving picture information as the reference picture information;
motion compensating the macroblock of the reference picture information motion-predicted in accordance with the motion prediction system associated with interlaced scanning (field motion prediction system); and
motion compensating the macroblock of the reference picture information motion-predicted in accordance with the motion prediction system associated with sequential scanning (frame motion prediction system).
12. The picture decoding method according to claim 11 further comprising:
separating the compressed picture information of the first resolution into the compressed picture information pertinent to luminance signals and compressed picture information pertinent to chroma signals;
inverse orthogonal transforming four low-range coefficients in the horizontal direction and eight coefficients in the vertical direction, in the respective coefficients of the orthogonal transform block of the compressed picture information pertinent to the separated luminance signal; and
summing the inverse transformed picture information pertinent to the inverse orthogonal transformed luminance signals to output the moving picture information of the second resolution.
13. A picture decoding method for decoding the moving picture information of a second resolution from the compressed picture information of a first resolution obtained on predictive encoding in terms of a pre-set pixel block (macroblock) as a unit and on orthogonal transform in terms of a pre-set pixel block (orthogonal transform block) as a unit, said second resolution being lower than said first resolution, said picture decoding apparatus comprising:
separating the compressed picture information of said first resolution into the compressed picture information pertinent to luminance signals and into the compressed picture information pertinent to chroma signals;
inverse orthogonal transforming four low-range coefficients in the horizontal direction and eight coefficients in the vertical direction, in respective coefficients of the orthogonal transform blocks of the compressed picture information pertinent to the orthogonal transformed and separated luminance signals;
summing the first transformed picture information pertinent to said inverse orthogonal transformed luminance signals to the motion compensated first reference picture information to output said moving picture information;
memorizing the output moving picture information as the reference picture information;
motion compensating a macroblock of the reference picture information motion- predicted in accordance with a motion prediction system associated with interlaced scanning (field motion prediction mode);
motion compensating a macroblock of the reference picture information motion- predicted in accordance with a motion prediction system associated with sequential scanning (frame motion prediction mode);
inverse orthogonal transforming four low range coefficients in the horizontal direction and four low range coefficients in the vertical direction, in respective coefficients of the orthogonal transform block of the compressed picture information pertinent to chroma signals orthogonal transformed in accordance with the orthogonal transform system associated with the interlaced scanning and subsequently separated;
inverse orthogonal transforming coefficients of the totality of frequency components of the orthogonal transform block of the compressed picture information pertinent to chroma signals orthogonal transformed in accordance with the orthogonal transform system associated with said sequential scanning and subsequently separated, separating orthogonal transform blocks resulting from the inverse orthogonal transform into two pixel blocks associated with interlaced scanning, orthogonal transforming the two separated pixel blocks, inverse orthogonal transforming coefficients of low frequency components in the respective coefficients of the two orthogonal transformed pixel blocks, and synthesizing the top and bottom fields obtained on inverse orthogonal transform;
summing the compressed picture information pertinent to the inverse orthogonal transformed chroma signals and the motion compensated second reference picture information to output said moving picture information;
memorizing the output moving picture information as the reference picture information,
motion compensating the macroblock of the reference picture information motion-predicted in accordance with the motion prediction system associated with interlaced scanning (field motion prediction system); and
motion compensating the macroblock of the reference picture information motion-predicted in accordance with the motion prediction system associated with sequential scanning (frame motion prediction system).
14. The picture decoding method according to claim 13 further comprising:
inverse orthogonal transforming four low range coefficients in the horizontal direction and four low range coefficients in the vertical direction, in respective coefficients of the orthogonal transform block of the compressed picture information pertinent to chroma signals orthogonal transformed in accordance with the orthogonal transform system associated with the interlaced scanning and subsequently separated;
inverse orthogonal transforming coefficients of the totality of frequency components of the orthogonal transform block of the compressed picture information pertinent to chroma signals orthogonal transformed in accordance with the orthogonal transform system associated with said sequential scanning and subsequently separated; separating orthogonal transform blocks resulting from the inverse orthogonal transform into two pixel blocks associated with interlaced scanning, orthogonal transforming the two separated pixel blocks, inverse orthogonal transforming coefficients of low frequency components in the respective coefficients of the two orthogonal transformed pixel blocks, phase-correcting the respective pixels of the top field obtained on inverse orthogonal transform, in the vertical direction phase-correcting the respective pixels of the bottom field obtained on inverse orthogonal transform, in the vertical direction, and synthesizing the phase-corrected top and bottom fields.
15. A picture decoding method for decoding the moving picture information of a second resolution from the compressed picture information of a first resolution obtained on predictive encoding in terms of a pre-set pixel block (macroblock) as a unit and on orthogonal transform in terms of a pre-set pixel block (orthogonal transform block) as a unit, said second resolution being lower than said first resolution, said picture decoding apparatus comprising:
analyzing the picture type of the compressed picture information of the first resolution and separating the compressed picture information of the first resolution into the compressed picture information pertinent to I- and P-pictures and into the compressed picture information pertinent to B-pictures;
inverse orthogonal transforming four low-range coefficients in the horizontal direction and eight coefficients in the vertical direction, in the respective coefficients of the orthogonal transform block of the compressed picture information pertinent to orthogonal transformed and separated I- and P-pictures;
summing the compressed picture information pertinent to the I- and P-pictures to the motion compensated first reference picture information to output said moving picture information;
memorizing the output moving picture information as the reference picture information;
motion compensating the macroblock of the reference picture information motion-predicted in accordance with the motion prediction system associated with the interlaced scanning (field motion prediction system);
motion compensating the macroblock of the reference picture information motion-predicted in accordance with the motion prediction system associated with the sequential scanning (frame motion prediction system);
inverse orthogonal transforming four low range coefficients in the horizontal direction and four low range coefficients in the vertical direction, in the respective coefficients of the orthogonal transform block of the compressed picture information pertinent to B-pictures orthogonal transform in accordance with the orthogonal transform system associated with the interlaced scanning and subsequently separated;
inverse orthogonal transforming coefficients of the totality of frequency components of the orthogonal transform block of the compressed picture information pertinent to chroma signals orthogonal transform in accordance with the orthogonal transform system associated with said sequential scanning and subsequently separated, separating orthogonal transform blocks resulting from the inverse orthogonal transform into two pixel blocks associated with interlaced scanning, orthogonal transforming the two separated pixel blocks, inverse orthogonal transforming coefficients of low frequency components in the respective coefficients of the two orthogonal transformed pixel blocks, and synthesizing the top and bottom fields obtained on inverse orthogonal transform;
summing the compressed picture information pertinent to the inverse orthogonal transformed B-pictures and the motion compensated second reference picture information to output said moving picture information;
memorizing the output moving picture information as the reference picture information, motion compensating the macroblock of the reference picture information motion-predicted in accordance with the motion prediction system associated with interlaced scanning (field motion prediction system); and
motion compensating the macroblock of the reference picture information motion-predicted in accordance with the motion prediction system associated with sequential scanning (frame motion prediction system).
16. The picture decoding method according to claim 15, further comprising:
inverse orthogonal transforming low-range low coefficients in the horizontal and vertical directions, in the respective coefficients of an orthogonal transform block of the compressed picture information pertinent to I- and P-pictures orthogonal transformed in the orthogonal transform system associated with the interlaced scanning, and subsequently separated, phase-correcting the respective pixels obtained on this orthogonal transform in the vertical direction, inverse orthogonal transforming coefficients of the totality of frequency components of the orthogonal transform block of the compressed picture information pertinent to B-pictures orthogonal transformed in the orthogonal transform system associated with the sequential scanning and subsequently separated, separating the orthogonal transform block resulting from the inverse orthogonal transform into two pixel blocks associated with interlaced scanning, orthogonal transforming the two separated pixel blocks, inverse orthogonal transforming coefficients of the low frequency components of the orthogonal transformed two pixel blocks, phase- correcting the pixels of the top field obtained on inverse orthogonal transform in the vertical direction, phase-correcting the pixels of the bottom field obtained on inverse orthogonal transform in the vertical direction and synthesizing the phase-corrected top and bottom fields.
17. A picture decoding method for decoding the moving picture information of a second resolution from the compressed picture information of a first resolution obtained on predictive encoding in terms of a pre-set pixel block (macroblock) as a unit and on orthogonal transform in terms of a pre-set pixel block (orthogonal transform block) as a unit, said second resolution being lower than said first resolution, said picture decoding apparatus comprising:
analyzing the picture type of the compressed picture information of the first resolution and separating the compressed picture information of the first resolution into the compressed picture information pertinent to I- and P-pictures and into the compressed picture information pertinent to B-pictures;
separating the compressed picture information of the first resolution into the compressed picture information pertinent to luminance signals and into the compressed picture information pertinent to chroma signals;
inverse orthogonal transforming four low-range coefficients in the horizontal direction and eight coefficients in the vertical direction, in the respective coefficients of the orthogonal transform block of the compressed picture information pertinent to luminance signals of the orthogonal transformed and separated I- and P-pictures;
summing the compressed picture information pertinent to luminance signals of the inverse orthogonal transformed I- and P-pictures to the motion compensated first reference picture information to output said moving picture information;
memorizing said output moving picture information as the reference picture information;
motion compensating a macroblock of the reference picture information motion- predicted in accordance with the motion prediction system associated with interlaced scanning (field motion prediction mode);
motion compensating a macroblock of the reference picture information motion- predicted in accordance with the motion prediction system associated with sequential scanning (frame motion prediction mode);
inverse orthogonal transforming four low-range horizontal and vertical directions in the coefficients of the orthogonal transform block of the compressed picture information pertinent to chroma signals of I- and P-signals and B-pictures orthogonal transformed in accordance with the orthogonal transform system associated with the interlaced scanning (field orthogonal transform mode) and subsequently separated;
inverse orthogonal transforming coefficients of the totality of frequency components of the orthogonal transform block of the compressed picture information pertinent to B-pictures and chroma signals of the I- and P-pictures orthogonal transformed in the orthogonal transform system associated with the sequential scanning (frame orthogonal transform mode), and subsequently separated, separating the orthogonal transform block resulting from the inverse orthogonal transform into two pixel blocks associated with interlaced scanning, orthogonal transforming the two separated pixel blocks, inverse orthogonal transforming coefficients of the low frequency components of the orthogonal transformed two pixel blocks, and synthesizing the inverse orthogonal transformed top and bottom fields;
summing the compressed picture information pertinent to chroma signals of the inverse orthogonal transformed I- and P-pictures and B-pictures to output the moving picture information;
memorizing the output moving picture information as the reference picture information;
motion compensating a macroblock of the reference picture information motion- predicted in accordance with the motion prediction system associated with interlaced scanning (field motion prediction mode); and
motion compensating a macroblock of the reference picture information motion- predicted in accordance with the motion prediction system associated with sequential scanning (frame motion prediction mode).
18. The picture decoding method according to claim 17 further comprising:
inverse orthogonal transforming four low-range coefficients in the horizontal and vertical direction in the coefficients of the orthogonal transform block of the compressed picture information pertinent to the chroma signals of the I- and P-signals and said B-pictures, separated from each other, with the respective pixels obtained on inverse orthogonal transforming being corrected in phase;
inverse orthogonal transforming coefficients of the totality of frequency components of the orthogonal transform blocks of the compressed picture information pertinent to chroma signals of said I- and P-pictures and to B-pictures, separated from each other, separating orthogonal transform blocks resulting from the inverse orthogonal transform into two pixel blocks associated with interlaced scanning, orthogonal transforming the two separated pixel blocks, inverse orthogonal transforming coefficients of low frequency components in the respective coefficients of the two orthogonal transformed pixel blocks, phase-correcting respective pixels of the top field obtained on inverse orthogonal transform, in the vertical direction, phase- correcting respective pixels of the bottom field obtained on inverse orthogonal transform, in the vertical direction, phase-correcting respective pixels of the top field, obtained on inverse orthogonal transform, in the vertical direction, phase-correcting respective pixels of the bottom field, obtained on inverse orthogonal transform, in the vertical direction, and synthesizing the phase-corrected top and bottom fields.
19. A picture decoding method for decoding the moving picture information of a second resolution from the compressed picture information of a first resolution obtained on predictive encoding in terms of a pre-set pixel block (macroblock) as a unit and on orthogonal transform in terms of a pre-set pixel block (orthogonal transform block) as a unit, said second resolution being lower than said first resolution, said picture decoding apparatus comprising:
inverse orthogonal transforming four low-range coefficients in the horizontal direction and eight coefficients in the vertical direction, in respective coefficients of an orthogonal transform block of the orthogonal transformed compressed picture information;
summing the inverse orthogonal transformed picture information to the motion compensated reference picture information to output the moving picture information of said second resolution;
analyzing the picture type of the compressed picture information of said first resolution to separate the compressed picture information pertinent into the compressed picture information pertinent to I- and P-pictures and into the compressed picture information pertinent to B-pictures;
thinning out the separated moving picture information pertinent to the B- pictures in the vertical direction;
memorizing the moving picture information pertinent to the I- and P-pictures and the thinned moving picture information pertinent to B-pictures, separated from each other, as the reference picture information;
motion compensating the macroblock of the reference picture information motion-predicted in accordance with the motion prediction system associated with the interlaced scanning (field motion prediction mode); and
motion compensating the macroblock of the reference picture information motion-predicted in accordance with the motion prediction system associated with the sequential scanning (frame motion prediction mode).
20. The picture decoding method according to claim 19 further comprising:
thinning out the moving picture information pertinent to the separated B- pictures by in the vertical direction .

1. A signal processor, installed in a communication device which simultaneously plays a far-end signal sent from a far-end and converts sounds at a near-end to a near-end signal for transmission to the far-end, comprising:
a first voice activity detector, detecting a power of the far-end signal to generate a first control signal indicating whether a far-end talker at the far end is speaking;
a second voice activity detector, generating a second control signal indicating whether both the far-end talker and a near-end talker at the near end are speaking or only the far-end talker is speaking according to power of the near-end signal and the first control signal;
a nonlinear echo processor, controlled by the second control signal, canceling more nonlinear echo from the near-end signal in time domain while only the far-end talker is speaking, and canceling less nonlinear echo from the near-end signal in time domain while both the far-end talker and the near-end talker are speaking; and
a speaker attenuation module, controlled by the second control signal, attenuating the far-end signal while both the far-end talker and the near-end talker are speaking.
2. The signal processor as claimed in claim 1, wherein the signal processor further comprises a linear echo canceller, controlled by the first control signal, canceling linear echo linearly correlated with the far-end signal from the near-end signal.
3. The signal processor as claimed in claim 2, wherein the signal processor further comprises:
a third voice activity detector, detecting a power of the near-end signal to generate a third control signal indicating whether the near-end talker is speaking; and
a nonlinear echo cancellation module, controlled by the third control signal, canceling nonlinear echo from the near-end signal in frequency domain.
4. The signal processor as claimed in claim 3, wherein the signal processor further comprises a channel decoupling module, controlled by the first control signal, deriving a main channel signal and a reference channel signal as inputs of the nonlinear echo cancellation module from the near-end signal, wherein the main channel signal comprises more voices of the near-end talker and less echo, and the reference channel signal comprises less voices of the near-end talker and more echo.
5. The signal processor as claimed in claim 4, wherein the near-end signal is duplicated to generate a duplicated near-end signal, and the near-end signal and the duplicated near-end signal are sent to the channel coupling module as inputs.
6. The signal processor as claimed in claim 5, wherein the channel decoupling module directly outputs the near-end signal as the main channel signal and subtracts the near-end signal from the duplicated near-end signal to obtain the reference channel signal when only the near-end talker is speaking, the channel decoupling module subtracts the duplicated near-end signal from the near-end signal to obtain the main channel signal and directly outputs the duplicated near-end signal as the reference channel signal when only the far-end talker is speaking, and the channel decoupling module directly outputs the near-end signal as the main-channel signal and multiplies the duplicated near-end signal by a reference gain value less than 1 to generate the reference channel signal when both the near-end talker and the far-end talker are speaking.
7. The signal processor as claimed in claim 5, wherein the duplicated near-end signal is generated outside the signal processor.
8. The signal processor as claimed in claim 5, wherein the signal processor further comprises a gain controller, multiplying the near-end signal with a gain value to obtain the duplicated near-end signal.
9. A method for canceling echo in a communication device, wherein the communication device simultaneously plays a far-end signal sent from a far-end and converts sounds at a near-end to a near-end signal for transmission to the far-end, the method comprising:
determining whether both a far-end talker at the far end and a near-end talker at the near end are speaking or only the far-end talker is speaking;
canceling more nonlinear echo from the near-end signal in time domain while only the far-end talker is speaking;
canceling less nonlinear echo from the near-end signal in time domain while both the far-end talker and the near-end talker are speaking; and
attenuating the far-end signal while both the far-end talker and the near-end talker are speaking.
10. The method as claimed in claim 9, wherein the determining step comprises:
detecting a power of the far-end signal to detect whether the far-end talker is speaking; and
detecting a power of the near-end signal to detect whether the near-end talker is speaking.
11. The method as claimed in claim 9, wherein the method further comprises canceling linear echo linearly correlated with the far-end signal from the near-end signal.
12. The method as claimed in claim 11, wherein the method further comprises canceling nonlinear echo from the near-end signal in frequency domain.
13. The method as claimed in claim 12, wherein the cancellation of nonlinear echo in frequency domain is according to a main-channel signal and a reference channel signal, and the method further comprises:
duplicating the near-end signal to generate a duplicated near-end signal; and
deriving the main channel signal comprising more voices of the near-end talker and less echo, and the reference channel signal comprising less voices of the near-end talker and more echo from the near-end signal and the duplicated near-end signal.
14. The method as claimed in claim 13, wherein the separating step further comprises:
when only the near-end talker is speaking, directly outputting the near-end signal as the main channel signal and subtracting the near-end signal from the duplicated near-end signal to obtain the reference channel signal;
when only the far-end talker is speaking, subtracting the duplicated near-end signal from the near-end signal to obtain the main channel signal and directly outputting the duplicated near-end signal as the reference channel signal; and
when both the near-end talker and the far-end talker are speaking, directly outputting the near-end signal as the main-channel signal and multiplying the duplicated near-end signal by a reference gain value less than 1 to generate the reference channel signal.
15. The method as claimed in claim 13, wherein the duplicated near-end signal is obtained by multiplying the near-end signal with a gain value.

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

1. A method for authorizing payment upon delivery of an item comprising:
registering each one of a plurality of receiving parties with a transaction module;
registering each one of a plurality of sending parties with the transaction module;
generating an identifier;
associating the identifier with a particular sending party and a particular item;
storing data relating to the identifier and the particular sending party in the transaction module;
obtaining identifier data at a destination location;
correlating the identifier data to a sending party; and
authorizing a debit from a selected receiving party’s account.
2. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the identifier is generated from a closed system postage meter.
3. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the identifier is generated from an open system postage meter.
4. The method as claimed in claim 1, further comprising:
notifying the receiving party that the debit has occurred.
5. The method as claimed in claim 1, further comprising:
notifying the sending party that the debit has occurred.
6. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the transaction module is maintained by the receiving party.
7. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the transaction module is maintained by the sending party.
8. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the transaction module is maintained by a third party.
9. The method as claimed in claim 1, further comprising selecting a particular carrier from a plurality of carriers for transporting the item.
10. The method as claimed in claim 1, further comprising:
receiving confirmation information, at the transaction module, confirming satisfactory delivery, prior to the authorization step.
11. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the identifier is stored as a bar code representation and the obtaining step includes scanning the bar code.
12. An apparatus for authorizing payment for an article comprising:
a transaction facility adapted to store data relating to a plurality of articles, first party information and second party information;
the transaction facility adapted to generate an identifier associated with a particular article; and
the transaction facility adapted to authorize a transaction between an account of the first party and an account of the second party.
13. The apparatus as claimed in claim 12, wherein the identifier is generated from a closed system postage meter.
14. The apparatus as claimed in claim 12, wherein the identifier is generated from an open system postage meter.
15. The apparatus as claimed in claim 12, wherein the transaction facility provides notification to the first party that the transaction has occurred.
16. The apparatus as claimed in claim 12, wherein the transaction facility provides notification to the second party that the transaction has occurred.
17. The apparatus as claimed in claim 12, wherein the transaction facility is maintained by the first party.
18. The apparatus as claimed in claim 12, wherein the transaction facility is maintained by the second party.
19. The apparatus as claimed in claim 12, wherein the transaction facility is maintained by a third party.
20. The apparatus as claimed in claim 12, further comprising a carrier module, adapted to provide a selection of carriers for transporting the article.
21. The apparatus as claimed in claim 12, further comprising:
a tracking module, adapted to track the article during transportation of the article.
22. The apparatus as claimed in claim 12, wherein the identifier is stored as a bar code representation and the bar code is scanned at a second party facility.
23. An apparatus for authorizing payment upon delivery of an item comprising:
means for registering each one of a plurality of receiving parties with a transaction database;
means for registering each one of a plurality of sending parties with the transaction database;
means for generating an identifier;
means for associating the identifier with a particular sending party and a particular item;
means for storing data relating to the identifier and the particular sending party in the transaction database;
means for obtaining identifier data at a destination location;
means for correlating the identifier data to a sending party; and
means for authorizing a debit from a selected receiving party’s account.
24. The apparatus as claimed in claim 23, wherein the identifier is generated from a closed system postage meter.
25. The apparatus as claimed in claim 23, wherein the identifier is generated from an open system postage meter.
26. The apparatus as claimed in claim 23, further comprising:
means for notifying the receiving party that the debit has occurred.
27. The apparatus as claimed in claim 23, further comprising:
means for notifying the sending party that the debit has occurred.
28. The apparatus as claimed in claim 23, wherein the transaction database is maintained by the receiving party.
29. The apparatus as claimed in claim 23, wherein the transaction database is maintained by the sending party.
30. The apparatus as claimed in claim 23, wherein the transaction database is maintained by a third party.
31. The apparatus as claimed in claim 23, further comprising means for selecting a particular carrier from a plurality of carriers for transporting the item.
32. The apparatus as claimed in claim 23, further comprising:
means for tracking the item during the transportation of the item from a first location to the destination location.
33. The apparatus as claimed in claim 23, wherein the identifier is stored as a bar code representation and the means for the obtaining step is a scanner device.