All The Claims

1. An imaging apparatus comprising:
a photo-electro conversion unit on a substrate;
a transfer switching unit on the substrate at one side of the photo-electro conversion unit;
a storage region on the substrate at one side of the transfer switching unit;
a plurality of pixels including a reset switching unit on the substrate at one side of the storage region; and
a control circuit reading a signal level and a reset signal level and applying a signal to the transfer switching unit and the reset switching unit,
wherein the control circuit reduces an integration time required for accumulating overflow charges generated from the photo-electro conversion unit in the storage region, and reads an overflow level of the photo-electro conversion unit, and
wherein the overflow level read by the control circuit is used for calculating an actual overflow signal.
2. The imaging apparatus of claim 1, wherein the control circuit applies again a reset signal to the reset switching unit before reading the overflow level of the photo-electro conversion unit to reduce the integration time required for accumulating the overflow charges in the storage region.
3. The imaging apparatus of claim 1, wherein the control circuit maintains a turn-on state of the reset switching unit for a predetermined time before reading the overflow level of the photo-electro conversion unit to reduce the integration time required for accumulating the overflow charges in the storage region.
4. The imaging apparatus of claim 1, wherein the control circuit omits the reading of the overflow level if an overflow charge is not generated in the photo-electro conversion unit.
5. The imaging apparatus of claim 1, wherein the control circuit forms a first signal level based on the overflow level and the reset signal level.
6. The imaging apparatus of claim 5, wherein the control circuit forms a second signal level based on the reset signal level and the signal level of the storage region, and outputs the first and second signal levels.
7. The imaging apparatus of claim 6, wherein the control circuit turns on the transfer switching unit to transfer the stored optical charges from the photo-electro conversion unit to the storage region.
8. The imaging apparatus of claim 6, wherein the control circuit reads the signal level of optical charges transferred to the storage region.
9. The imaging apparatus of claim 6, wherein the same storage region is used when reading the overflow level.
10. The imaging apparatus of claim 6, further comprising a summer combining the first signal level and the second signal level and providing the actual overflow signal.
11. The imaging apparatus of claim 10, further comprising an analog-digital converter (ADC) connected to the summer.
12. The imaging apparatus of claim 1, wherein the control circuit applies a reset signal to the reset switching unit to drain optical charges stored in the storage region, and reads the reset signal level.

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

1. A photovoltaic system comprising:
an inverter,
a photovoltaic generator comprising a plurality of serially connected photovoltaic modules, said photovoltaic generator connected to the inverter by an electrical supply line,
a controllable fuse interconnected in the electrical supply line between the inverter and the photovoltaic generator and having a signal input, and
a voltage-dependent resistor connected between the signal input of the controllable fuse and the electrical supply line and generating a control signal which triggers the controllable fuse responsive to the control signal and interrupts the electrical supply line.
2. The photovoltaic system of claim 1, wherein the controllable fuse is a self-destructing fuse.
3. The photovoltaic system of claim 2, wherein the controllable fuse is a pyroelectric fuse.
4. The photovoltaic system of claim 1, wherein the controllable fuse is an overvoltage protector.
5. The photovoltaic system of claim 4, further comprising a control unit, wherein the overvoltage protector has a signal output which provides a second signal when the overvoltage protector is triggered, which second signal is supplied to the control unit which generates from the second signal the control signal.
6. The photovoltaic system of claim 4, wherein the overvoltage protector is constructed based on zinc oxide.
7. The photovoltaic system of claim 5, wherein the control signal is a DC voltage signal providing a DC current between 2 A and 5 A for a duration of at least 10 ms.

1. A process for making a distillate fuel component or lubricant component, comprising:
contacting a stream comprising one or more olefins and a stream comprising one or more isoparaffins with a catalyst comprising an acidic chloroaluminate ionic liquid in the presence of a Br\xf6nsted acid to form an alkylated oligomeric product having a Bromine Number of less than 4.
2. The process of claim 1 wherein said alkylated oligomeric product has a Bromine Number of less than 3.
3. The process of claim 1 wherein said alkylated oligomeric product is used as a fuel or a fuel blendstock.
4. The process of claim 1 wherein said alkylated oligomeric product is used as a lubricant base oil or a lubricant blendstock.
5. The process of claim 1 wherein the olefin to isoparaffin mole ratio is at least 0.5.
6. The process of claim 1 wherein said alkylated oligomeric product has a Bromine Number of less than 2.7.
7. A process for making a fuel or lubricant, comprising:
passing a mixture comprising olefins and an isoparaffin to an oligomerizationalkylation zone comprising an acidic chloroaluminate ionic liquid, at oligomerizationalkylation conditions, to form an alkylated oligomeric product having a TBP@50 of at least 1000 degrees F. by SIMDIST and a Bromine Number of less than 4.
8. The process of claim 7 wherein the oligomerizationalkylation zone further comprises a Br\xf6nsted acid.
9. The process of claim 1 wherein the isoparaffin is selected from the group consisting of isobutane, isopentane, and a mixture comprising isobutane and isopentane.
10. The process of claim 1 wherein the alkylated oligomeric product is subjected to hydrogenation to produce a low olefin lubricant base oil.
11. The process of claim 10 wherein said low olefin lubricant base oil has a Bromine Number of less than 0.2 by ASTM D 1159.
12. The process of claim 1 wherein the stream comprising one or more olefins comprises at least one alpha olefin.
13. The process of claim 8 wherein the mixture comprising olefins comprises at least 50 mole % of a single alpha olefin species.
14. The process of claim 8 wherein the mixture comprising olefins consists of a mixture of alpha olefins.
15. The process of claim 8 wherein the alkylated oligomeric product is subjected to hydrogenation to form a low olefin content alkylated oligomer.
16. The process of claim 15 wherein the low olefin content alkylated oligomer has a Bromine Number of less than 0.2 as measured by ASTM D 1159.

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

What is claimed is:

1. An automatic level control system comprising:
a first multiplier adapted to receive an input signal and a loop stress signal and further adapted to generate therefrom an output signal;
a squaring circuit adapted to measure instantaneous output signal power from said output signal;
a second multiplier adapted to receive said instantaneous output signal power and a power output control signal and generate therefrom a scaled output power measurement signal;
a first adder adapted to receive an arithmetic inverse of said scaled output power measurement signal and a first loop threshold signal and generate therefrom a loop error signal;
a third multiplier adapted to receive said loop error signal and said loop stress signal and generate therefrom a compensated loop error signal;
a fourth multiplier adapted to receive said compensated loop error signal and a system parameter signal and generate therefrom an accumulator correction signal;
a second adder adapted to receive said accumulator correction signal and said loop stress signal and generate therefrom a second adder signal; and
a unit delay adapted to receive said second adder signal and generate therefrom said loop stress signal.
2. The automatic level control system of claim 1 further comprising:
a unique stability point that is a function of said input power and said desired output power,
wherein signals within the system unconditionally convergence to said stability point, and wherein a loop response is independent of said stability point.
3. The automatic level control system of claim 1 wherein said input signal is a complex input signal.
4. An automatic level control method comprising:
multiplying a first input and an loop stress signal;
generating an output signal;
squaring said output signal;
generating an instantaneous output signal power measurement;
multiplying said instantaneous output signal power measurement and a power output control signal;
generating a scaled output power measurement signal;
subtracting said scaled output power measurement signal from a loop threshold signal;
generating a loop error signal;
multiplying said loop error signal and said loop stress signal;
generating a compensated loop error signal;
multiplying said compensated loop error signal and a system parameter signal;
generating an accumulator correction signal;
adding said accumulator correction signal and said loop stress signal;
generating a second adder signal;
integrating said second adder signal; and
generating said loop stress signal.
5. The automatic level control method of claim 4 further comprising receiving a first input and an loop stress signal in a first multiplier.
6. The automatic level control method of claim 4 further comprising:
receiving said output signal in a squaring circuit; and
normalizing said output signal.
7. The automatic level control method of claim 4 further comprising receiving said instantaneous output signal power measurement and a power output control signal in a second multiplier.
8. The automatic level control method of claim 4 further comprising receiving said scaled output power measurement signal and a loop threshold signal in a first adder.
9. The automatic level control method of claim 4 further comprising receiving said loop error and said loop stress signal in a third multiplier.
10. The automatic level control method of claim 4 further comprising receiving said compensated loop error signal and a second loop stress signal in a fourth multiplier.
11. The automatic level control method of claim 4 further comprising receiving said accumulator correction signal and said loop stress signal in the second adder.
12. The automatic level control method of claim 4 further comprising receiving said second adder signal in a unit delay thereby generating said loop stress signal.
13. The method of claim 14 further comprising generating a unique stability point that is a function of said input power and said desired output power.
14. The method of claim 13 further comprising generating an unconditional convergence to said stability point.
15. The method of claim 13 further comprising generating a loop response independent of said stability point.
16. An automatic level control method comprising:
receiving a first input and an iterative loop stress signal in a first multiplier;
multiplying said first input and said iterative loop stress signal;
generating an output signal;
receiving said output signal in a squaring circuit;
normalizing said output signal;
generating a normalized output signal;
receiving said normalized signal and a power output control signal in a second multiplier;
generating a scaled output power measurement signal;
receiving said scaled output power measurement signal and a loop threshold signal in a first adder;
generating a loop error signal;
receiving said loop error signal and said iterative loop stress signal in a third multiplier;
generating a compensated loop error signal;
receiving said compensated loop error signal and said iterative loop stress signal in a fourth multiplier;
generating an accumulator correction signal;
receiving said accumulator correction signal and said iterative loop stress signal in the second adder;
generating a second adder signal;
receiving said second adder signal in a unit delay; and
generating said iterative loop stress signal.
17. The method of claim 16 further comprising generating a unique stability point that is a function of said input power and said desired output power.
18. The method of claim 17 further comprising generating an unconditional convergence to said stability point.
19. The method of claim 17 further comprising generating a loop response independent of said stability point.