All The Claims

1. A computer-implemented method for generating a binary transition file, the method comprising computer-implemented operations for:
generating, by a computer having a processor and a memory, a plurality of animation structures in the binary transition file, the plurality of animation structures defining a sequence of three-dimensional meshes;
generating, by the computer, a header portion in the binary transition file, the header portion defining slides that are applied to the three-dimensional meshes to produce a transition between the slides; and
modifying, by the computer, a presentation program application with the binary transition file, the presentation program application adapted to provide the transition upon the modification.
2. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein generating the plurality of animation structures in the binary transition file comprises computer-implemented operations for:
generating, by the computer, a first animation structure in the binary transition file, the first animation structure defining a first three-dimensional mesh in the sequence of three-dimensional meshes.
3. The computer-implemented method of claim 2, wherein generating the first animation structure in the binary transition file comprises computer-implemented operations for:
generating, by the computer, an index count in the first animation structure, the index count specifying a quantity of indices in the first three-dimensional mesh; and
generating, by the computer, an index array in the first animation structure, the index array comprising a plurality of elements, each of the plurality of elements storing one of the indices.
4. The computer-implemented method of claim 3, wherein generating the first animation structure in the binary transition file further comprises computer-implemented operations for:
generating, by the computer, a vertex count in the first animation structure, the vertex count specifying a quantity of vertices in the first three-dimensional mesh; and
generating, by the computer, a vertex data array in the first in the first animation structure, the vertex data array comprising a plurality of vertex data structures, each of the plurality of vertex data structures storing one of the vertices.
5. The computer-implemented method of claim 4, wherein each of the vertex data structures comprises an x-axis value of the one of the vertices and a y-axis value of the one of the vertices.
6. The computer-implemented method of claim 5, wherein generating the first animation structure in the binary transition file further comprises computer-implemented operations for:
generating, by the computer, a frame count in the first animation structure, the frame count specifying a quantity of animation frames of the transition in which the first three-dimensional mesh is present; and
generating, by the computer, a delta structure array in the first animation structure, the delta structure array comprising a plurality of delta data structures, each of the plurality of delta data structures corresponding to one of the animation frames.
7. The computer-implemented method of claim 6, wherein each of the plurality of delta data structures comprises a minimum value specifying a minimum delta value in a plurality of delta values across the vertices in the one of the animation frames, a range value specifying a range of the plurality of delta values across the vertices in the one of the animation frames, and a deltadata structure array.
8. The computer-implemented method of claim 7, wherein the deltadata structure array comprises a plurality of deltadata data structures, each of the plurality of deltadata data structures corresponding to one of the vertices; and wherein each of the plurality of deltadata data structures comprises an x-axis delta value, a y-axis delta value, and a z-axis delta value.
9. The computer-implemented method of claim 8, wherein each of the plurality of deltadata data structures comprises a single integer that stores the x-axis delta value, the y-axis delta value, and the z-axis delta value.
10. The computer-implemented method of claim 9, wherein generating the first animation structure in the binary transition file further comprises computer-implemented operations for:
generating, by the computer, a slide identifier in the first animation structure, the slide identifier specifying one of the slides that is applied to the first three-dimensional mesh;
generating, by the computer, a set of flags in the first animation structure, the set of flags providing additional information regarding the first three-dimensional mesh; and
generating, by the computer, an ambient lighting value in the first animation structure, the ambient lighting value specifying an amount of ambient lighting applied to the first three-dimensional mesh.
11. The computer-implemented method of claim 10, wherein the set of flags comprises a first flag, a first bit value of the first flag specifying that the first three-dimensional mesh is rendered as a double-sided three-dimensional mesh, a second bit value of the first flag specifying that the first three-dimensional mesh is rendered as a single-sided three-dimensional mesh.
12. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein generating the header portion in the binary transition file comprises computer-implemented operations for:
generating, by the computer, an animation count in the header portion, the animation count specifying a quantity of slides in the transition; and
generating, by the computer, an animations array in the header portion, the animations array comprising a plurality of animation data structures, each of the plurality of animation data structures specifying animation data enabling the presentation program application to render a slide corresponding to the animation data.
13. A computer-readable storage medium having computer-executable instructions stored thereon which, when executed by a computer, cause the computer to:
generate a plurality of animation structures in a binary transition file, the plurality of animation structures defining a sequence of three-dimensional meshes, the plurality of animation structures specifying vertices and indices forming the three-dimensional meshes;
generate a header portion in the binary transition file, the header portion defining slides that are applied to the three-dimensional meshes to produce a transition between the slides; and
modify a presentation program application with the binary transition file, the presentation program application adapted to provide the transition upon the modification.
14. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 13, wherein to generate the plurality of animation structures in the binary transition file, the computer-executable instructions further cause the computer to:
generate a first animation structure in the binary transition file, the first animation structure defining a first three-dimensional mesh in the sequence of three-dimensional meshes.
15. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 14, wherein to generate the first animation structure in the binary transition file, the computer-executable instructions further cause the computer to:
generate an index count in the first animation structure, the index count specifying a quantity of indices in the first three-dimensional mesh;
generate an index array in the first animation structure, the index array comprising a plurality of elements, each of the plurality of elements storing one of the indices;
generate a vertex count in the first animation structure, the vertex count specifying a quantity of vertices in the first three-dimensional mesh; and
generate a vertex data array in the first in the first animation structure, the vertex data array comprising a plurality of vertex data structures, each of the plurality of vertex data structures storing one of the vertices.
16. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 15, wherein each of the vertex data structures comprises an x-axis value of the one of the vertices and a y-axis value of the one of the vertices, without a z-axis value of the one of the vertices.
17. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 16, wherein to generate the first animation structure in the binary transition file, the computer-executable instructions further cause the computer to:
generate a frame count in the first animation structure, the frame count specifying a quantity of animation frames of the transition in which the first three-dimensional mesh is present;
generate a delta structure array in the first animation structure, the delta structure array comprising a plurality of delta data structures, each of the plurality of delta data structures corresponding to one of the animation frames;
wherein each of the plurality of delta data structures comprises a minimum value specifying a minimum delta value in a plurality of delta values across the vertices in the one of the animation frames, a range value specifying a range of the plurality of delta values across the vertices in the one of the animation frames, and a deltadata structure array;
wherein the deltadata structure array comprises a plurality of deltadata data structures, each of the plurality of deltadata data structures corresponding to one of the vertices; and
wherein each of the plurality of deltadata data structures comprises an x-axis delta value, a y-axis delta value, and a z-axis delta value.
18. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 17, wherein to generate the first animation structure in the binary transition file, the computer-executable instructions further cause the computer to:
generate a slide identifier in the first animation structure, the slide identifier specifying one of the slides that is applied to the first three-dimensional mesh;
generate a set of flags in the first animation structure, the set of flags providing additional information regarding the first three-dimensional mesh;
generate an ambient lighting value in the first animation structure, the ambient lighting value specifying an amount of ambient lighting applied to the first three-dimensional mesh; and
wherein the set of flags comprises a first flag, a first bit value of the first flag specifying that the first three-dimensional mesh is rendered as a double-sided three-dimensional mesh, a second bit value of the first flag specifying that the first three-dimensional mesh is rendered as a single-sided three-dimensional mesh.
19. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 17, wherein to generate the header portion in the binary transition file, the computer-executable instructions further cause the computer to:
generate an animation count in the header portion, the animation count specifying a quantity of slides in the transition; and
generate an animations array in the header portion, the animations array comprising a plurality of animation data structures, each of the plurality of animation data structures specifying animation data enabling the presentation program application to render a slide corresponding to the animation data.
20. A computer system, comprising:
a processor;
a memory communicatively coupled to the processor; and
a program module which executes in the processor from the memory and which, when executed by the processor, causes the computer system to:
generate a plurality of animation structures in a binary transition file, the plurality of animation structures defining a sequence of three-dimensional meshes, the plurality of animation structures specifying vertices and indices forming the three-dimensional meshes;
generate a header portion in the binary transition file, the header portion defining slides that are applied to the three-dimensional meshes to produce a transition between the slides, the binary transition file storing delta values of the vertices between frames in the transition; and
modify a presentation program application with the binary transition file, the presentation program application adapted to provide the transition upon the modification.

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

1. A windshield deicer, comprising:
a windshield; and
a substantially transparent heating element disposed with the windshield that generates heat in response to applied power in a magnitude sufficient to melt an interfacial layer of ice on the windshield; and
a controller for limiting duration of the applied power such that a heat diffusion distance into the interfacial layer of ice andor the windshield is less than about a thickness of the ice andor the windshield.
2. The windshield deicer of claim 1, the heating element being selected from visually transparent semiconductor material having an electron gap larger than about 3 eV.
3. The windshield deicer of claim 2, the material comprising one of ZnO, ZnS, and mixtures thereof.
4. The windshield deicer of claim 1, the heating element comprising transparent conductor material.
5. The windshield deicer of claim 4, the material comprising one of indium tin oxide (ITO), tin oxide, metal, and mixtures thereof.
6. The windshield deicer of claim 1, further comprising a protective coating on the heating element.
7. The windshield deicer of claim 1, further comprising a power supply for generating the power.
8. The windshield deicer of claim 7, the power supply comprising a vehicle battery and a step-up converter.
9. The windshield deicer of claim 1, the controller limiting duration of the applied power such that the heat diffusion distance comprises a thickness into the interfacial layer of ice being between about one micron and one millimeter.
10. The windshield deicer of claim 1, the heating element configured into a plurality of heating elements forming a plurality of segmented regions, the controller configured for applying the power to each of the plurality of heating elements to de-ice segments of the windshield.

1. A method for managing bursts of data, the method comprising:
storing data in a machine readable memory device a first time at a first memory address;
the machine readable memory device having two or more burst boundaries; and
the first memory address having a first alignment with respect to the burst boundaries;

storing the data in the machine readable memory device a second time at a second memory address, the second memory address having a second alignment with respect to the burst boundaries, the second alignment offset from the first alignment relative to the burst boundaries, the offset sufficient to enable selection for retrieval of the data from the first alignment or the second alignment; and
decoding a frame with a video decoder using at least a portion of the data, wherein the data represents at least one reference frame.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the video decoder is an H.264 codec.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein the machine readable memory device comprises volatile memory.
4. The method of claim 3 wherein the volatile memory is one of static random access memory and dynamic random access memory.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein the machine readable memory device comprises non-volatile memory.
6. The method of claim 5 wherein the non-volatile memory is read-only memory.
7. The method of claim 1 further comprising storing the data in the machine readable memory device a third time at a third memory address, the third memory address having a third alignment with respect to the burst boundaries.
8. The method of claim 7, further comprising:
outputting the decoded frame.
9. The method of claim 8, wherein outputting the decoded frame comprises displaying the decoded frame.
10. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
outputting the decoded frame.
11. The method of claim 10, wherein outputting the decoded frame comprises displaying the decoded frame.
12. A method for use in managing bursts of data, the method comprising:
determining a set of desired bytes of data, the set of desired bytes of data having been previously stored in a machine readable memory device at two or more memory addresses, the memory device having at least two burst boundaries, and each memory address offset from the other memory address relative to the burst boundaries, the offset sufficient to enable selection for retrieval of the data from only one of the memory addresses; and
retrieving the desired bytes of data from a preferred memory address, the preferred memory address being aligned with the at least one burst boundary such that the number of bursts necessary to read the desired bytes from the preferred memory address is fewer than the number of bursts necessary to read the desired bytes from the other memory addresses; and
decoding a frame with a video decoder using at least a portion of the data, wherein the data represents at least one reference frame.
13. The method of claim 12 wherein the video decoder is an h.264 codec.
14. The method of claim 12 wherein the machine readable memory device comprises volatile memory.
15. The method of claim 14 wherein the volatile memory is one of static random access memory and dynamic random access memory.
16. The method of claim 12 wherein the machine readable memory device comprises non-volatile memory.
17. The method of claim 16 wherein the non-volatile memory is read-only memory.
18. A circuit for decoding video data, the circuit comprising:
a machine readable memory device, having two or more burst boundaries, for storing data starting at a first memory address that has a first alignment with respect to the burst boundaries, and concurrently storing the data starting at a second memory address that has a second alignment with respect to the burst boundaries, the second alignment offset from the first alignment relative to the burst boundaries, the offset sufficient to enable selection for retrieval of the data from the first alignment or the second alignment; and
a circuit for writing the data to the machine readable memory device a first time starting at the first memory address that has the first alignment with respect to the burst boundaries and writing the data in the machine readable memory device a second time starting at the second memory address that has the second alignment with respect to the burst boundaries; and
a video decoder for decoding a frame at least a portion of the data, wherein the data represents at least one reference frame.
19. The circuit of claim 18, further comprising:
outputting the decoded frame.
20. The circuit of claim 19, wherein outputting the decoded frame comprises displaying the decoded frame.
21. A circuit for decoding video data, said circuit comprising:
a machine readable memory device, having two or more burst boundaries, for storing data starting at a first memory address that has a first alignment with respect to burst boundaries, and concurrently storing the data starting at a second memory address that has a second alignment with respect to the burst boundaries, the second alignment offset from the first alignment relative to the burst boundaries, the offset sufficient to enable selection for retrieval of the data from the first alignment or the second alignment; and
a circuit for determining a first number of bursts for retrieving the data from the first address and determining a second number of bursts for retrieving the data from the second address and retrieving the data from the first address if the first number of bursts is fewer than the second number, and retrieving the data from the second address if the second number of bursts is fewer than the first number; and
a video decoder for decoding a frame at least a portion of the data, wherein the data represents at least one reference frame.
22. The circuit of claim 21, further comprising:
outputting the decoded frame.
23. The circuit of claim 22, wherein outputting the decoded frame comprises displaying the decoded frame.

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

What is claimed is:

1. A method of coating a substrate, comprising:
exposing a substrate to an initiator capable of initiating a graft polymerization reaction on the substrate, to generate reactive radical sites on the surface of the substrate;
contacting the substrate with a composition comprising one or more monomers in a medium which has reversed phase properties compared to the substrate, in terms of hydrophilicity; and
graft polymerizing onto the substrate by forming covalent bonds between monomer molecules and the substrate it reactive radical sites on the substrate surface.
2. The method of claim 1, further comprising mixing the composition so that a plurality of said molecules remain in proximity to said reactive radical site.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the monomers are grafted onto the substrate at a pressure less than about 50 atmospheres.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the monomers are grafted onto the substrate at a temperature from about 10 C. to about 100 C.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the substrate is selected from the group consisting of solid synthetic polymers and solid natural polymers.
6. The method of claim 5, wherein the substrate is selected from the group consisting of polyolefin, silicone polymer, acrylic polymer, acrylic copolymer, polyesteracrylate, polyestermethacrylate, fluoropolymer, vinyl polymer, vinyl monomer-containing copolymer, natural rubber, synthetic rubber, polyurethane, polyamide, polyester, epoxy polymer, wool, cotton, silk, rayon, and cellulose.
7. The method of claim 6, wherein the substrate is selected from the group consisting of polyethylene, polypropylene, polyisobutylene, ethylene-alphaolefin copolymer, polyacrylonitrile, polymethylmethacrylate, polyethylmethacrylate, polyethylacrylate, polytetrafluoroethylene, chlorotrifluoroethylene, fluorinated ethylene-propylene, polyvinyl fluoride, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl methyl ether, polystyrene, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl ketone, ABS, latex rubber, butadiene-styrene copolymer, polyisoprene, polybutadiene, butadiene-acrylonitrile copolymer, polychloroprene polymer, polyisobutylene rubber, ethylene-propylenediene copolymer, polyisobutylene-isoprene, polyetherurethane, polyesterurethane, polycarbonateurethane and polysiloxaneurethane, Nylon 6, Nylon 66, Nylon 10, Nylon 11, modified cellulose, polyacrylamide, poly2-hydroxyethylacrylate, polyN,N-dimethylacrylamide, polyacrylic acid, polymethacrylic acid, polyN-vinylpyrrolidone, polyvinylpyridine, polymaleic acid, poly2-hydroxyethyl fumarate, maleic anhydride, starch, and polyvinyl alcohol.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein the medium is a hydrophilic aqueous solution.
9. The method of claim 8, wherein the medium contains one or more ions selected from the group consisting of sodium, ammonium, potassium, chloride, phosphate, and acetate buffers.
10. The method of claim 1, wherein the medium is hydrophobic, and comprises an organic solvent.
11. The method of claim 10, wherein the medium comprises a solvent selected from the group consisting of toluene, hexane, cyclohexane, and mixtures thereof.
12. The method of claim 1, wherein the initiator is selected from the group consisting of peroxide initiators, azo initiators, redox initiators, and photo-initiatorsphotosensitizers which can be thermally initiated.
13. The method of claim 12, wherein the initiator is a peroxide initiator selected from the group consisting of peroxyester, peroxyketal, peroxydicarbonate, ketone peroxide, dialkyl peroxide, diacyl peroxide, an inorganic peroxide, and mixtures thereof.
14. The method of claim 13, wherein the initiator is selected from the group consisting of 1,1-dimethyl-3-hydroxybutyl peroxyneodecanoate, -cumyl peroxyneodecanoate, -cumyl peroxyneoheptanoate, t-amyl peroxyneodecanoate, t-butyl peroxyneodecanoate, t-amyl peroxypivalate, t-butyl peroxypivalate, 2,5-dimethyl 2,5-di(2-ethylhexanoylperoxy)hexane, t-butylperoxy-2-ethylhexanoate, t-butylperoxyacetate, t-amylperoxyacetate, t-butylperbenzoate, t-amylperbenzoate, t-butyl-1-(2-ethylhexyl)monoperoxycarbonate, 1,1-di(t-butylperoxy)-3,3,5-trimethyl-cyclohexane, 1,1-di(t-butylperoxy)-cyclohexane, 1,1-di(t-amylperoxy)-cyclohexane, ethyl-3,3-di(t-butylperoxy)-butyrate, ethyl-3,3-di(t-amylperoxy)-butylperoxy)-butylrate, di(n-propyl)peroxydicarbonate, di(sec-butyl)perosydicarbonate, di(2-ethylhexyl)peroxydicarbonate, 2,4-pentanedione peroxide, cumene hydroperoxide, butyl hydroperoxide, amyl hydroperoxide, dicumyl peroxide, dibutylperoxide, diamylperoxide, decanoyl peroxide, lauroyl peroxide, benzoyl peroxide, hydrogen peroxide, potassium persulfate, and mixtures thereof.
15. The method of claim 12, wherein the initiator is an azo initiator selected from the group consisting of azobisisobutyronitrile, azobiscumene, azo-bisiso-1,1,1-tricyclopropylmethane, 4-nitrophenyl-azo-triphenylmethane phenyl-azo-triphenylmethane, and mixtures thereof.
16. The method claim 12, wherein the initiator is a redox initiator selected from the group consisting of peroxide-amine systems, peroxide-metal ion systems, and boronalkyl-oxygen systems.
17. The method of claim 12, wherein the initiator is selected from the group consisting of 1,1-dimethyl-3-hydroxybutyl peroxyneodecanoate, -cumyl peroxyneodecanoate, (-cumyl peroxyneoheptanoate, t-amyl peroxyneodecanoate, t-butyl peroxyneodecanoate, t-amyl peroxypivalate, t-butyl peroxypivalate, 2,5-dimethyl 2,5-di(2-ethylhexanoylperoxy)hexane, t-butylperoxy-2ethylhexanoate, t-butylperoxyacetate, t-amylperoxyacetate, t-butylperbenzoate, t-amylperbenzoate, t-butyl-1-(2-ethylhexyl)monoperoxycarbonate, 1,1-di(t-butylperoxy)-3,3,5-trimethyl-cyclohexane, 1,1-di(t-butylperoxy)-cyclohexane, 1,1-di(t-amylperoxy)-cyclohexane, ethyl-3,3-di(t-butylperoxy)-butyrate, ethyl-3,3-di(t-amylperoxy)-butylperoxy)-butylrate, di(n-propyl)peroxydicarbonate, di(sec-butyl)peroxydicarbonate, di(2-ethylhexyl)perosydicarbonate, 2,4-pentanedione peroxide, cumene hydroperoxide, butyl hydroperoxide, amyl hydroperoxide, dicumyl peroxide, dibutylperoxide, diamylperoxide, decanoyl peroxide, lauroyl peroxide, benzoyl peroxide, azobisisobutyronitrile, azobiscumene, azo-bisiso-1,1,1-tricyclopropylmethane, 4-nitrophenyl-azo-triphenylmethane, phenyl-azo-triphenylmethane, benzophenone, benzophenone derivatives, camphorquinone-N,N dimethyl-amino-ethyl-methacrylate, and mixtures thereof.
18. The method of claim 1, wherein the monomer is selected from the group consisting of hydrophilic monomers and hydrophobic monomers.
19. The method of claim 18, wherein the monomer comprises a hydrophilic monomer selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl substituted ester acrylate, ester methacrylate, 2-hydroxyethylacrylate, 2-hydroxypropylacrylate, 3-hydroxypropylacrylate, 2,3-dihydroxypropylacrylate, polyethoxyethylacrylate, polyethoxypropylacrylate, acrylamide, methacrylamide, N-methylacrylamide, N,N-dimethylacrylamide, N,N-dimethylmethacrylamide, N,N-dimethyl-aminoethyl, 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid, N,N-diethyl-aminoethyl, 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid, N-3-dimethylamino)propylacrylamide, 2-(N,N-diethylamino)ethyl methacrylamide, polyethylene glycol acrylate, polyethylene glycol methacrylate, polyethylene glycol diacrylate, polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate; poly propylene glycol acrylate, polypropylene glycol methacrylate, polypropylene glycol diacrylate, polypropylene glycol dimethacrylate; acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, 2- and 4-vinylpyridine; 4- and 2-methyl-5-vinylpyridine, N-methyl-4-vinylpiperidine, 2-methyl-1-vinylimidazole, dimethylaminoethyl vinyl ether, N-vinylpyrrolidone, itaconic acid, crotonic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, and mixtures thereof.
20. The method of claim 18, wherein the monomer comprises a hydrophobic monomer selected from the group consisting of ester acrylates selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, phenyl, benzyl, cyclohexyl, ethoxyethyl, methoxyethyl, ethoxypropyl, hexafluoroisopropyl and n-octyl-acrylates; ester methacrylates selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, phenyl, benzyl, cyclohexyl, ethoxyethyl, methoxyethyl, ethoxypropyl, hexafluoroisopropyl and n-octyl-methacrylates; acrylamides; methacrylamides; dimethyl fumarate; dimethyl maleate; diethyl fumarate; methyl vinyl ether; ethoxyethyl vinyl ether; vinyl acetate; vinyl propionate; vinyl benzoate; acrylonitrile; styrene; alpha-methylstyrene; 1-hexene; vinyl chloride; vinyl methyl ketone; vinyl stearate; 2-hexene; 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, and mixtures thereof.
21. A method of coating a substrate, comprising:
exposing a substrate to an initiator capable of initiating a graft polymerization reaction on the substrate, to generate reactive radical sites on the surface of the substrate;
contacting the substrate with a composition comprising one or more monomers in a medium which has reversed phase properties compared to the substrate, in terms of hydrophilicity, while mixing the composition;
graft polymerizing onto the substrate by forming covalent bonds between monomer molecules and the substrate at reactive radical sites on the substrate surface; and
contacting the substrate with a cross-linking agent.
22. The method of claim 21, wherein the cross-linking agent is selected from the group consisting monomers having di- or multi-unsaturated functional groups.
23. The method of claim 22, wherein the cross-linking agent is selected from the group consisting of diacrylates of polyethylene glycol, diacrylates of polypropylene glycol, dimethylacrylates of polyethylene glycol, dimethylacrylates of polypropylene glycol, trimethylolpropane triacrylate, trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate, di-trimethylolpropane, tetraacrylate, pentaerythritol tetraacrylate, tetramethacrylate, divinylbenzene, divinyl sulfone, silicone-containing diacrylates and dimethacrylates, and mixtures thereof.
24. The method of claim 1, wherein the substrate is silicone;
the initiator is an organic peroxide solution in tetrahydrofuran (THF);
the medium comprises from about 3% ww to about 6% ww acrylamide derivatives, from about 0.1% ww to about 0.4% ww diacrylate crosslinker, from about 10% ww to about 20% ww sodium chloride and from about 0.01% ww to about 0.03% ww polyvinylpyrrolidone; and,
the reaction is allowed to proceed at a temperature from about 80 C. to about 95 C. at atmospheric pressure.
25. The method of claim 1, wherein the substrate is silicone;
the initiator is an organic peroxide solution in tetrahydrofuran (THF);
the medium comprises from about 1.0% ww to about 3.0% ww acrylamide derivatives, from about 3.0% ww to about 5% ww polyethylene glycol acrylate, from about 10% ww to about 20% ww sodium chloride and from about 1.0% ww to about 3.0% ww polyvinylpyrrolidone; and
the reaction is allowed to proceed at a temperature from about 80 C. to about 95 C. at atmospheric pressure.
26. The method of claim 1, wherein the substrate is polyethylene;
the medium comprises from about 20% ww to about 40% ww acrylamide, from about 1% ww to about 3% ww polyvinylpyrrolidone, and from about 10% ww to about 20% ww sodium chloride; and
the reaction is allowed to proceed at a temperature from about 80 C. to about 95 C. at atmospheric pressure.
27. The method of claim 1, wherein the substrate is selected from the group consisting of silicone, polyethylene, polyamide and latex, and wherein the grafting coats the substrate surface with a coating having characteristics selected from the group consisting of lubricious, hydrophilic and elastic properties.
28. The method of claim 1, further comprising attaching to the coated substrate a biological agent selected from the group consisting of penicillins, cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, silver compounds, phenols, and biguanides.
29. A method of coating a substrate, comprising:
exposing a substrate to an initiator capable of initiating a graft polymerization reaction on the substrate, to generate reactive radical sites on the surface of the substrate;
contacting the substrate with a composition comprising one or more monomers in a medium; and
graft polymerizing onto the substrate at a pressure less than about 50 atmospheres by forming covalent bonds between monomer molecules and the substrate at reactive radical sites on the substrate surface.
30. The method of claim 29, wherein said graft polymerization is accomplished at a pressure less than about 10 atmospheres.
31. A medical device comprising:
a substrate constructed and arranged for insertion into a patient; and
a plurality of monomer molecules graft polymerized onto the surface of the substrate from a medium having reversed phase properties from the substrate, in terms of hydrophilicity.
32. A medical device according to claim 31, wherein the substrate is selected from the group consisting of guide wires, and catheters selected from the group consisting of PTCA catheters, cardiology catheters, central venous catheters, urinary catheters, drain catheters, and dialysis catheters.
33. A medical device according to claim 31, wherein the substrate defines at least one lumen, at least a portion of which is coated with monomer molecules graft polymerized to the lumen surface.
34. A medical device according to claim 33, wherein the substrate defines both interior and exterior surfaces of a lumen, and at least a portion of both the interior and exterior of the lumen is coated with monomer molecules graft polymerized to the lumen surface.
35. A system for forming a graft polymerized medical device comprising:
a substrate constructed and arranged for insertion into a patient;
an initiator capable of initiating a graft polymerization reaction on the substrate, to generate reactive radical sites on the surface of the substrate; and
a composition comprising one or more monomers in a medium which has reversed phase properties compared to the substrate, in terms of hydrophilicity.