1-7. (canceled)
8. A phase locked loop, comprising:
a phase detector configured to compare a phase of an input clock with a phase of a feedback clock to produce a phase comparison result;
a charge pump configured to generate a charging current or a discharging current in response to the phase comparison result of the phase detector;
a loop filter configured to generate a control voltage in response to the charging current or the discharging current;
an oscillator configured to generate an output clock in response to the control voltage; and
an initial frequency value provider configured to detect a frequency of the input clock to produce a frequency detection result and provide the loop filter with an initial value of the control voltage according to the frequency detection result.
9. The phase locked loop of claim 8, wherein the initial frequency value provider measures a pulse width of the input clock through an oversampling scheme and detects the frequency of the input clock based on the measured pulse width.
10. The phase locked loop of claim 8, wherein the initial frequency value provider detects the frequency of the input clock by detecting a logic value of the input clock at rising edges of first to Nth delay signals, where N is any positive integer, and the first to Nth delay signals are obtained by sequentially delaying a sampling reference signal by a first delay value.
11. The phase locked loop of claim 8, wherein the initial frequency value provider increases the initial values of the control voltage, as the detected frequency of the input clock increases.
12. The phase locked loop of claim 10, wherein, when the initial frequency value provider fails to detect the frequency of the input clock, the initial frequency value provider re-generates the first to Nth delay signals by sequentially delaying the sampling reference signal by a second delay value, which is greater than the first delay value, and detects the frequency of the input clock by detecting a logic value of the input clock at rising edges of the re-generated first to Nth delay signals.
13. The phase locked loop of claim 10, wherein, when the frequency of the input clock is detected in the detecting of the logic value of the input clock at the rising edges of the first to Nth delay signals, the initial frequency value provider ends the operation of detecting the frequency of the input clock.
14-19. (canceled)
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. Negative-electrode active material for rechargeable lithium battery comprising:
a core comprising material capable of doping and dedoping lithium; and
a carbon layer formed on the surface of the core,
wherein the carbon layer has a three dimensional porous structure comprising nanopores having average diameter of 100 nm to 300 nm, regularly ordered on the carbon layer with a pore wall having thickness of 40 nm to 150 nm placed therebetween.
2. The negative-electrode active material for rechargeable lithium battery according to claim 1, wherein the negative-electrode active material has a characteristic peak at 100 eV andor 104 eV, and does not have any substantial peak at 105 eV and 110 eV in the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy graph.
3. The negative-electrode active material for rechargeable lithium battery according to claim 1, wherein the nanopore has an average diameter of 30 nm to 150 nm, after conducting chargedischarge.
4. The negative-electrode active material for rechargeable lithium battery according to claim 1, wherein the thickness of the pore wall between the nanopores is 40 nm to 120 nm, after conducting chargedischarge.
5. The negative-electrode active material for rechargeable lithium battery according to claim 1, wherein the material capable of doping and dedoping lithium comprises one or more kinds of Group 14 or 15 element-containing material, selected from the group consisting of Si, SiOx(0<x<2), Si\u2014Y1 alloy, Sn, SnO2, Sn\u2014Y2, Sb and Ge (wherein, Y1 and Y2 are one or more kinds of atoms selected from the group consisting of alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, Group 13 atoms, Group 14 atoms, transition metals and rare earth atoms, provided that Y1 is not Si, and Y2 is not Sn).
6. The negative-electrode active material for rechargeable lithium battery according to claim 5, wherein Y1 and Y2 are one or more kinds of atoms capable of binding with Si or Sn, selected from the group consisting of Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra, Sc, Y, Ti, Zr, Hf, Rf, V, Nb, Ta, Db, Cr, Mo, W, Sg, Tc, Re, Bh, Fe, Pb, Ru, Os, Hs, Rh, Ir, Pd, Pt, Cu, Ag, Au, Zn, Cd, B, Al, Ga, Si, Sn, In, Ti, Ge, P, As, Sb, Bi, S, Se, Te, and Po.
7. The negative-electrode active material for rechargeable lithium battery according to claim 1, wherein the material capable of doping and dedpoing lithium exists as multiple particles, and carbon materials are further comprised between the multiple particles in the core.
8. The negative-electrode active material for rechargeable lithium battery according to claim 1, wherein the core further comprises an oxide of the material capable of doping and dedpoing lithium.
9. The negative-electrode active material for rechargeable lithium battery according to claim 1, wherein the material capable of doping and dedpoing lithium has a crystalline structure and crystalline grain in the crystalline structure has an average diameter of 20 nm to 100 nm.
10. The negative-electrode active material for rechargeable lithium battery according to claim 1, wherein the material capable of doping and dedpoing lithium has a structure comprising crystalline grains dispersed in an amorphous matrix, after conducting chargedischarge.
11. The negative-electrode active material for rechargeable lithium battery according to claim 10, wherein the dispersed crystalline grain has an average diameter of 2 nm to 5 nm.
12. The negative-electrode active material for rechargeable lithium battery according to claim 1, wherein the carbon layer has a thickness of 1 nm to 30 nm.
13. The negative-electrode active material for rechargeable lithium battery according to claim 1, wherein the carbon layer comprises disordered carbon.
14. The negative-electrode active material for rechargeable lithium battery according to claim 13, wherein the carbon layer has a Raman integrated intensity ratio DG (I(1360)I(1580)) of 0.1 to 2.
15. The negative-electrode active material for rechargeable lithium battery according to claim 1, wherein the negative-electrode active material comprises 5 wt % to 40 wt % of carbon, based on the total amount of the negative-electrode active material for rechargeable lithium battery.
16. The negative-electrode active material for rechargeable lithium battery according to claim 1, wherein the negative-electrode active material has specific surface area of 50 m2g to 200 m2g.
17. Rechargeable lithium battery comprising
a positive electrode comprising positive-electrode active material;
a negative electrode comprising negative-electrode active material according to claim 1; and
an electrolyte.
18. The rechargeable lithium battery according to claim 17, wherein the battery shows 94% or more of coulombic efficiency after conducting 30 cycles or more of charge and discharge.