1. A process for preparing an acyloxybenzoic acid of the formula (I)
in which
R1 is a linear or branched, saturated alkyl group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, a linear or branched, singly or multiply unsaturated alkenyl group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, or an aryl group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms,
comprising the steps of
a) reacting a carboxylic halide of the formula R1COHal, in which R1 is defined above and Hal is a halide, with para-hydroxybenzoic acid in the presence of base, wherein the base is selected from alkali metal hydroxides, in a solvent mixture comprising water and at least one organic solvent, wherein the organic solvent is isopropanol, at a temperature \u226625\xb0 C. and a pH of 9 to 11.5,
b) adjusting the pH of the reaction mixture after step a), at a temperature \u226625\xb0 C., to a pH of 6 to 8 by addition of acid, and
c) subsequently heating the reaction mixture after step b) to a temperature of 35 to 80\xb0 C. and thereafter adjusting the pH of the reaction mixture to a pH of 1 to 4 by addition of acid.
2. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein after step c) the reaction mixture is cooled to a temperature <35\xb0 C.
3. The process as claimed in claim 1 wherein the acyloxybenzoic acids of the formula (I) are present in the form of particles having d50 values of 10 to 150 \u03bcm.
4. The process as claimed in claim 3, wherein the particles have d10 values of 5 to 30 \u03bcm and d90 values of 30 to 200 \u03bcm.
5. The process as claimed in claim 1, the base in step a) is KOH or NaOH.
6. The process as claimed in claim 1, the acid in steps b) and c) has a pKa value of less than or equal to 4.0.
7. The process as claimed in claim 1, the acid in steps b) and c) is H2SO4 or HCl.
8. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the weight ratio of water to the at least one organic solvent in step a) is from 5:1 to 1:5.
9. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the weight ratio of water to para-hydroxybenzoic acid in step a) is from 2:1 to 10:1.
10. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein R1 is a linear or branched, saturated alkyl group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, or a linear or branched, singly or multiply unsaturated alkenyl group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms.
11. The process as claimed in claim 10, wherein the radical R1 is an alkyl group.
12. The process as claimed in claim 10, wherein a carboxylic acid, R1\u2014COOH from which the carboxylic halide R1\u2014COHal is derived is selected from the group consisting of octanoic acid, nonanoic acid, 3,3,5-isononanoic acid, decanoic acid and dodecanoic acid.
13. The process as claimed in claim 12, wherein the carboxylic acid from which the carboxylic halide R1\u2014COHal is derived is decanoic acid.
14. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the amount of dimers and trimers of para-hydroxybenzoic acid present in the acyloxybenzoic acid produced is less than 0.3% by weight.
15. The process as claimed in claim 14, wherein the amount of dimers and trimers of para-hydroxybenzoic acid present in the acyloxybenzoic acid produced is less than 0.1% by weight.
16. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the acyloxybenzoic acid produced is free from unreacted para-hydroxybenzoic acid.
17. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the acyloxybenzoic acid produced is free from acid of the formula R1COOH.
18. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the acyloxybenzoic acids of the formula (I) are present in the form of particles having d50 values of 10 to 150 \u03bcm, obtained directly from the process without subsequent treatment.
19. The process as claimed in claim 18, wherein the particles have d10 values of 5 to 30 \u03bcm and d90 values of 30 to 200 \u03bcm, obtained directly from the process without subsequent treatment.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. Apparatus for verifying a validity of an encrypted token associated to a product, comprising:
a decryptor for decrypting an encrypted token using a decryption key to acquire a decrypted token comprising information bits related to the product and structure bits;
an evaluator for evaluating whether the structure bits fulfill a predetermined condition, wherein the encrypted token is verified to be valid when the predetermined condition is fulfilled or is not verified to be valid when the predetermined condition is not fulfilled;
a product access processor for interpreting the information bits and for determining a level of product access in accordance with the information bits when the encrypted token is verified to be valid;
wherein the product access processor is configured to process a variable number of bits in the decrypted token and to determine a higher level of product access when a number of information bits is lower and to determine a lower level of product access when a number of information bits is higher; and
wherein a higher level of product access allows a user to use more, more expensive or more complicated functions of the product and a lower level of product access allows the user to use less, less expensive or less complicated functions of the product.
2. Apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising:
a data parser for parsing the decrypted token or a clear data portion attached to the encrypted token, wherein the data parser is configured for determining a variable number of structure bits depending on at least a portion of the decrypted token or the clear data portion; and
wherein the data parser is configured to identify the structure bits in the decrypted token for the evaluator.
3. Apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the decryptor is configured to decrypt an encrypted token so that the decrypted token comprises a larger number of bits than the encrypted token.
4. Apparatus according to claim 1 in which the encrypted token additionally comprises a clear bit section and an encrypted section, the clear bit section comprising information on the product not relating to a level of product access; and
in which the decryptor is configured for only decrypting the encrypted section.
5. Apparatus according to claim 1 in which the evaluator is configured to use, in the evaluation, a higher number of structure bits when the number of information bits is lower or to use a lower number of structure bits when the number of information bits is higher.
6. Apparatus according to claim 1 in which the evaluator is configured to compare the structure bits or a value derived from the structure bits and other bits comprised in the decrypted token or a value derived from the other bits comprised in the decrypted token.
7. Apparatus according to claim 6 in which the other bits are the information bits, and
in which the evaluator is configured to use at least a portion of the information bits for evaluating, or
in which the encrypted token comprises clear bits,
in which the decryptor is configured not to decrypt the clear bits, and
in which the evaluator is configured to use at least a portion of the clear bits for evaluating; or
in which the other bits comprise random bits; and
in which the evaluator is configured to use at least a portion of the random bits for evaluating.
8. Apparatus according to claim 1 in which the decrypted token comprises less than or equal to 200 bits, the number of information bits is less than or equal to 100 bits, the number of structure bits is less than or equal to 100 bits; and
in which the decryptor is configured for performing a decryption comprising a block length equal to or less than 200 bits and in which the evaluator is configured for performing an operation related to a predetermined condition using a number width of equal to or less than 100 bits.
9. Method for verifying a validity of an encrypted token associated to a product, tile method comprising:
decrypting an encrypted token using a decryption key to acquire a decrypted token comprising information bits related to the product and to structure bits; and
evaluating whether the structure bits fullfill a predetermined condition, wherein the encrypted token is verified to be valid when the predetermined condition is fulfilled or is not verified to be valid when the predetermined condition is not fulfilled;
determining a level of product access in accordance with the information bits when the encrypted token is verified to be valid;
wherein a higher level of product access is determined when a number of information bits is lower and a lower level of product access is determined when a number of information bits is higher; and
wherein a higher level of product access allows a user to use more, more expensive or more complicated functions of the product and a lower level of product access allows the user to use less, less expensive or less complicated functions of the product.
10. A non-transitory storage medium having stored thereon a computer program comprising a program code for performing a method for verifying a validity of an encrypted token associated to a product, the method comprising:
decrypting an encrypted token using a decryption key to acquire a decrypted token comprising information bits related to the product and to structure bits; and
evaluating whether the structure bits fulfill a predetermined condition, wherein the encrypted token is verified to be valid when the predetermined condition is fulfilled or is not verified to be valid when the predetermined condition is not fulfilled;
determining a level of product access in accordance with the information bits when the encrypted token is verified to be valid;
wherein a higher level of product access is determined when a number of information bits is lower and a lower level of product access is determined when a number of information bits is higher; and
wherein a higher level of product access allows a user to use more, more expensive or more complicated functions of the product and a lower level of product access allows the user to use less, less expensive or less complicated functions of the product, when the computer program runs on a computer.