1. An organic thin film transistor comprising a substrate having thereon at least three terminals of a gate electrode, a source electrode and a drain electrode, an insulator layer and an organic semiconductor layer, with a current between a source and a drain being controlled upon application of a voltage to the gate electrode, wherein the organic semiconductor layer includes an organic compound having a structure of the following general formula (a):
wherein A represents a divalent aromatic hydrocarbon group having from 6 to 60 carbon atoms or a divalent aromatic heterocyclic group having from 1 to 60 carbon atoms; and R1 to R10 each independently represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a cyano group, an alkyl group having from 1 to 30 carbon atoms, a haloalkyl group having from 1 to 30 carbon atoms, an alkoxyl group having from 1 to 30 carbon atoms, a haloalkoxyl group having from 1 to 30 carbon atoms, an alkylthio group having from 1 to 30 carbon atoms, a haloalkylthio group having from 1 to 30 carbon atoms, an alkylamino group having from 1 to 30 carbon atoms, a dialkylamino group having from 2 to 60 carbon atoms, wherein the alkyl groups of said dialkylamino group are optionally bonded to each other to form a nitrogen atom-containing cyclic structure, an alkylsulfonyl group having from 1 to 30 carbon atoms, a haloalkylsulfonyl group having from 1 to 30 carbon atoms, an aromatic hydrocarbon group having from 6 to 60 carbon atoms or an aromatic heterocyclic group having from 1 to 60 carbon atoms; each of these groups being optionally substituted; and each of these groups being optionally connected to each other to form an aromatic hydrocarbon group having from 6 to 60 carbon atoms or an aromatic heterocyclic group having from 1 to 60 carbon atoms.
2. The organic thin film transistor according to claim 1, wherein in formula (a), A is a group containing a benzene ring.
3. The organic thin film transistor according to claim 1, wherein in formula (a), A is an aromatic heterocyclic group containing a nitrogen atom.
4. The organic thin film transistor according to claim 1, wherein in formula (a), A is a divalent residue of chrysene.
5. The organic thin film transistor according to claim 1, wherein in formula (a), A is an aromatic heterocyclic group containing a 5-membered ring aromatic heterocyclic ring and a benzene ring.
6. The organic thin film transistor according to claim 4, wherein in formula (a), A is an aromatic heterocyclic group containing a 5-membered ring aromatic heterocyclic ring and a benzene ring.
7. The organic thin film transistor according to claim 5, wherein the 5-membered ring aromatic heterocyclic ring has one or more oxygen atoms or sulfur atoms, and an olefin group is connected to the benzene ring.
8. The organic thin film transistor according to claim 1, wherein in formula (a), the two butadienylene groups are substituted at a symmetric position relative to A.
9. The organic thin film transistor according to claim 1, wherein in formula (a), R1, R5, R6 and R10 are each independently a hydrogen atom or a fluorine atom.
10. The organic thin film transistor according to claim 1, wherein in formula (a), R1 to R10 are each independently a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having from 1 to 30 carbon atom.
11. The organic thin film transistor according to claim 1, wherein in formula (a), R1 to R10 are each independently a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a cyano group or a haloalkyl group having from 1 to 30 carbon atoms.
12. The organic thin film transistor according to claim 1, comprising a buffer layer between each of the source and drain electrodes and the organic semiconductor layer.
13. An organic thin film light emitting transistor, wherein in the organic thin film transistor according to claim 1, light emission is obtained utilizing a current flowing between the source and the drain, and the light emission is controlled upon application of a voltage to the gate electrode.
14. The organic thin film light emitting transistor according to claim 13, wherein at least one of the source and the drain is composed of a material having a work function of 4.2 eV or more, andor at least one of them is composed of a material having a work function of not more than 4.3 eV.
15. The organic thin film light emitting transistor according to claim 13, comprising a buffer layer between each of the source and drain electrode and the organic semiconductor layer.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
What is claimed is:
1. A dense wavelength division multiplexer for separating an optical signal into optical channels, comprising:
at least one birefringent plate for separating a plurality of optical channels of the optical signal, wherein the separating is based on the polarity of the plurality of optical channels; and
a non-linear interferometer optically coupled to the at least one birefringent plate for introducing a phase difference between at least two of the plurality of optical channels.
2. The dense wavelength division multiplexer of claim 1, further comprising a means for inputting the optical signal, comprising:
at least one lens optically coupled to the at least one birefringent plate; and
at least one optic fiber optically coupled to the lens.
3. The dense wavelength division multiplexer of claim 1, further comprising a means for outputting the optical signal, comprising:
at least one lens optically coupled to the at least one birefringent plate; and
at least two optic fibers optically coupled to the lens.
4. The dense wavelength division multiplexer of claim 1, comprising:
a first birefringent plate;
a first and second half-wave plates, each partially optically coupled to the first birefringent plate, such that the first and second half-wave plates each is capable of intercepting approximately one-half of a signal from the first birefringent plate;
a second birefringent plate optically coupled to the first birefringent plate and to the first and second half-wave plates on a side opposite to the first birefringent plate;
a lens optically coupled to the second birefringent plate on a side opposite to the first and second half-wave plates; and
the non-linear interferometer optically coupled to the lens and disposed at a distance equal to the focal length of the lens on a side opposite to the second birefringent plate.
5. The dense wavelength division multiplexer of claim 4, wherein the nonlinear interferometer comprises:
a first glass plate optically coupled to a second glass plate, forming a cavity;
a first reflective coating residing inside the cavity and on the second glass plate;
a second reflective coating residing inside the cavity and on the first glass plate;
a first waveplate residing inside the cavity between the first and second glass plates; and
a second waveplate residing outside the cavity and optically coupled to the first glass plate.
6. The dense wavelength division multiplexer of claim 5, wherein the first reflective coating comprises a reflective coating with a reflectivity of 100%.
7. The dense wavelength division multiplexer of claim 5, wherein the second reflective coating comprises a reflective coating with a reflectivity of approximately 18%.
8. The dense wavelength division multiplexer of claim 5, wherein the first waveplate comprises a 4 waveplate.
9. The dense wavelength division multiplexer of claim 5, wherein the second waveplate comprises a 8 waveplate.
10. The dense wavelength division multiplexer of claim 4 wherein the second birefringent plate comprises a thickness which provides an offset of an optical signal passing through it equal to the center-to-center distance between a fiber of a means for inputting the optical signal and a fiber of a means for outputting the separated plurality of optical channels.
11. The dense wavelength division multiplexer of claim 1, comprising:
a birefringent plate;
a first and second half-wave plates, each partially optically coupled to the birefringent plate, such that the first and second half-wave plates each is capable of intercepting approximately one-half of a signal from the birefringent plate;
a lens optically coupled to the birefringent plate and to the first and second half-wave plates on a side opposite to the birefringent plate;
a birefringent wedge optically coupled to the lens on a side opposite to the first and second half-wave plates; and
the non-linear interferometer optically coupled to the birefringent wedge on a side opposite to the lens.
12. The dense wavelength division multiplexer of claim 11, wherein the lens is disposed such that the optical signal passing through the lens and the separated optical channels passing through the lens are not equidistant from the center of the lens.
13. The dense wavelength division multiplexer of claim 11, wherein the birefringent wedge is shaped and oriented such that a deflection of signals passing through it is equal and opposite to a deflection induced by the lens.
14. The dense wavelength division multiplexer of claim 11, wherein the nonlinear interferometer comprises:
a first glass plate optically coupled to a second glass plate, forming a cavity;
a first reflective coating residing inside the cavity and on the second glass plate;
a second reflective coating residing inside the cavity and on the first glass plate;
a first waveplate residing inside the cavity between the first and second glass plates; and
a second waveplate residing outside the cavity and optically coupled to the first glass plate.
15. The dense wavelength division multiplexer of claim 14, wherein the first reflective coating comprises a reflective coating with a reflectivity of 100%.
16. The dense wavelength division multiplexer of claim 14, wherein the second reflective coating comprises a reflective coating with a reflectivity of approximately 18%.
17. The dense wavelength division multiplexer of claim 14, wherein the first waveplate comprises a 4 waveplate.
18. The dense wavelength division multiplexer of claim 14, wherein the second waveplate comprises a 8 waveplate.
19. The dense wavelength division multiplexer of claim 1, comprising:
a birefringent plate;
a half-wave plate partially optically coupled to the birefringent plate, such that the half-wave plate is capable of intercepting one-half of a signal from the birefringent plate;
a polarization beam-splitter optically coupled to the birefringent plate and the half-wave plate on a side opposite to the birefringent plate;
a prism optically coupled to the birefringent plate and the half-wave plate on a side opposite to the birefringent plate and also optically coupled to the polarization beam-splitter;
a lens optically coupled to the polarization beam splitter on a side opposite to the half-wave plate; and
the non-linear interferometer optically coupled to the lens disposed at a distance equal to the focal length of the lens and on a side opposite to the polarization beam-splitter.
20. The dense wavelength division multiplexer of claim 19, wherein the prism is disposed such that sub-signals of the optical signal which enter the prism are deflected and intercepted by the polarization beam-splitter.
21. The dense wavelength division multiplexer of claim 19, wherein the nonlinear interferometer comprises:
a first glass plate optically coupled to a second glass plate, forming a cavity;
a first reflective coating residing inside the cavity and on the second glass plate;
a second reflective coating residing inside the cavity and on the first glass plate;
a first waveplate residing inside the cavity between the first and second glass plates; and
a second waveplate residing outside the cavity and optically coupled to the first glass plate.
22. The dense wavelength division multiplexer of claim 21, wherein the first reflective coating comprises a reflective coating with a reflectivity of 100%.
23. The dense wavelength division multiplexer of claim 2 1, wherein the second reflective coating comprises a reflective coating with a reflectivity of approximately 18%.
24. The dense wavelength division multiplexer of claim 21, wherein the first waveplate comprises a 4 waveplate.
25. The dense wavelength division multiplexer of claim 21, wherein the second waveplate comprises a 8 waveplate.
26. A dense wavelength division multiplexer for separating an optical signal into optical channels, comprising:
means for inputting an optical signal, the optical signal comprising a plurality of optical channels;
a first birefringent plate optically coupled to the inputting means and an outputting means;
a first and second half-wave plates, each partially optically coupled to the first birefringent plate on a side opposite to the inputting and outputting means, such that the first and second half-wave plates each is capable of intercepting approximately one-half of a signal from the first birefringent plate;
a second birefringent plate optically coupled to the first birefringent plate and to the first and second half-wave plates on a side opposite to the first birefringent plate;
a lens optically coupled to the second birefringent plate on a side opposite to the first and second half-wave plates;
a non-linear interferometer optically coupled to the lens and disposed at a distance equal to the focal length of the lens on a side opposite to the second birefringent plate; and
means for outputting the separated plurality of optical channels along a plurality of optical paths.
27. The dense wavelength division multiplexer of claim 26, wherein the inputting means comprises:
at least one lens optically coupled to the first birefringent plate; and
at least one optic fiber optically coupled to the lens.
28. The dense wavelength division multiplexer of claim 26, wherein the outputting means comprises:
at least one lens optically coupled to the first birefringent plate; and
at least two optic fibers optically coupled to the lens.
29. The dense wavelength division multiplexer of claim 26, wherein the second birefringent plate comprises a thickness which provides an offset of an optical signal passing through it equal to the center-to-center distance between a fiber of the inputting means and a fiber of the outputting means.
30. The dense wavelength division multiplexer of claim 26, wherein the nonlinear interferometer comprises:
a first glass plate optically coupled to a second glass plate, forming a cavity;
a first reflective coating residing inside the cavity and on the second glass plate;
a second reflective coating residing inside the cavity and on the first glass plate;
a first waveplate residing inside the cavity between the first and second glass plates; and
a second waveplate residing outside the cavity and optically coupled to the first glass plate.
31. The dense wavelength division multiplexer of claim 30, wherein the first reflective coating comprises a reflective coating with a reflectivity of 100%.
32. The dense wavelength division multiplexer of claim 30, wherein the second reflective coating comprises a reflective coating with a reflectivity of approximately 18%.
33. The dense wavelength division multiplexer of claim 30, wherein the first waveplate comprises a 4 waveplate.
34. The dense wavelength division multiplexer of claim 30, wherein the second waveplate comprises a 8 waveplate.
35. A dense wavelength division multiplexer for separating an optical signal into optical channels, comprising:
means for inputting an optical signal, the optical signal comprising a plurality of optical channels;
a birefringent plate optically coupled to the inputting means and an outputting means;
a first and second half-wave plates, each partially optically coupled to the birefringent plate on a side opposite than the inputting and outputting means, such that the first and second half-wave plates each is capable of intercepting approximately one-half of a signal from the birefringent plate;
a lens optically coupled to the birefringent plate and to the first and second half-wave plates on a side opposite to the birefringent plate;
a birefringent wedge optically coupled to the lens on a side opposite to the first and second half-wave plates; and
a non-linear interferometer optically coupled to the birefringent wedge on a side opposite to the lens; and
means for outputting the separated plurality of optical channels along a plurality of optical paths.
36. The dense wavelength division multiplexer of claim 35, wherein the inputting means comprises:
at least one lens optically coupled to the birefringent plate; and
at least one optic fiber optically coupled to the lens.
37. The dense wavelength division multiplexer of claim 35, wherein the outputting means comprises:
at least one lens optically coupled to the birefringent plate; and
at least two optic fibers optically coupled to the lens.
38. The dense wavelength division multiplexer of claim 35, wherein the lens is disposed such that a signal passing through the lens from the inputting means and a signal passing through the lens towards the outputting means are not equidistant from the center of the lens.
39. The dense wavelength division multiplexer of claim 35, wherein the birefringent wedge is shaped and oriented such that a deflection of signals passing through it is equal and opposite to a deflection induced by the lens.
40. The dense wavelength division multiplexer of claim 35, wherein the nonlinear interferometer comprises:
a first glass plate optically coupled to a second glass plate, forming a cavity;
a first reflective coating residing inside the cavity and on the second glass plate;
a second reflective coating residing inside the cavity and on the first glass plate;
a first waveplate residing inside the cavity between the first and second glass plates; and
a second waveplate residing outside the cavity and optically coupled to the first glass plate.
41. The dense wavelength division multiplexer of claim 40, wherein the first reflective coating comprises a reflective coating with a reflectivity of 100%.
42. The dense wavelength division multiplexer of claim 40, wherein the second reflective coating comprises a reflective coating with a reflectivity of approximately 18%.
43. The dense wavelength division multiplexer of claim 40, wherein the first waveplate comprises a 4 waveplate.
44. The dense wavelength division multiplexer of claim 40, wherein the second waveplate comprises a 8 waveplate.
45. A dense wavelength division multiplexer for separating an optical signal into optical channels, comprising:
means for inputting an optical signal, the optical signal comprising a plurality of optical channels;
a birefringent plate optically coupled to the inputting means and an outputting means;
a half-wave plate partially optically coupled to the birefringent plate on a side opposite to the inputting and outputting means, such that the half-wave plate is capable of intercepting approximately one-half of a signal from the birefringent plate;
a polarization beam-splitter optically coupled to the birefringent plate and the half-wave plate on a side opposite to the birefringent plate;
a prism optically coupled to the birefringent plate and the half-wave plate on a side opposite to the birefringent plate and also optically coupled to the polarization beam-splitter;
a lens optically coupled to the polarization beam splitter on a side opposite to the half-wave plate; and
a non-linear interferometer optically coupled to the lens disposed at a distance equal to the focal length of the lens and on a side opposite to the polarization beam-splitter; and
means for outputting the separated plurality of optical channels along a plurality of optical paths.
46. The dense wavelength division multiplexer of claim 45, wherein the inputting means comprises:
at least one lens optically coupled to the birefringent plate; and
at least one optic fiber optically coupled to the lens.
47. The dense wavelength division multiplexer of claim 45, wherein the outputting means comprises:
at least one lens optically coupled to the birefringent plate; and
at least two optic fibers optically coupled to the lens.
48. The dense wavelength division multiplexer of claim 45, wherein the prism is disposed such that sub-signals of the optical signal which enter the prism are deflected and intercepted by the polarization beam-splitter.
49. The dense wavelength division multiplexer of claim 45, wherein the nonlinear interferometer comprises:
a first glass plate optically coupled to a second glass plate, forming a cavity;
a first reflective coating residing inside the cavity and on the second glass plate;
a second reflective coating residing inside the cavity and on the first glass plate;
a first waveplate residing inside the cavity between the first and second glass plates; and
a second waveplate residing outside the cavity and optically coupled to the first glass plate.
50. The dense wavelength division multiplexer of claim 49, wherein the first reflective coating comprises a reflective coating with a reflectivity of 100%.
51. The dense wavelength division multiplexer of claim 49, wherein the second reflective coating comprises a reflective coating with a reflectivity of approximately 18%.
52. The dense wavelength division multiplexer of claim 49, wherein the first waveplate comprises a 4 waveplate.
53. The dense wavelength division multiplexer of claim 49, wherein the second waveplate comprises a 8 waveplate.
54. A method for separating an optical signal into optical channels, comprising the steps of:
(a) splitting the optical signal into a plurality of optical channels;
(b) introducing a phase difference between at least two of the plurality of optical channels;
(c) reflecting the plurality of optical channels; and
(d) combining at least two of the reflected optical channels.
55. The method of claim 54, wherein the splitting step (a) and the combining step (d) are performed by at least one birefringent plate.
56. The method of claim 54, wherein the introducing step (b) and reflecting step (c) are performed by a non-linear interferometer.
57. A system for separating an optical signal into optical channels, comprising:
a plurality of optical fibers for carrying the optical signal of a portion thereof; and
a dense wavelength division multiplexer coupled to the plurality of optical fibers, comprising a plurality of separators at least partly arranged in a multi-stage parallel cascade configuration, each separator comprising:
at least one birefringent plate for separating a plurality of optical channels of the optical signal, wherein the separating is based on the polarity of the plurality of optical channels; and
a non-linear interferometer optically coupled to the at least one birefringent plate for introducing a phase difference between at least two of the plurality of optical channels.
58. The system of claim 57, wherein each separator comprises:
a first birefringent plate;
a first and second half-wave plates, each partially optically coupled to the first birefringent plate, such that the first and second half-wave plates each is capable of intercepting approximately one-half of a signal from the first birefringent plate;
a second birefringent plate optically coupled to the first birefringent plate and to the first and second half-wave plates on a side opposite to the first birefringent plate;
a lens optically coupled to the second birefringent plate on a side opposite to the first and second half-wave plates; and
the non-linear interferometer optically coupled to the lens and disposed at a distance equal to the focal length of the lens on a side opposite to the second birefringent plate.
59. The system of claim 57, wherein each separator comprises:
a birefringent plate;
a first and second half-wave plates, each partially optically coupled to the birefringent plate, such that the first and second half-wave plates each is capable of intercepting approximately one-half of a signal from the birefringent plate;
a lens optically coupled to the birefringent plate and to the first and second half-wave plates on a side opposite to the birefringent plate;
a birefringent wedge optically coupled to the lens on a side opposite to the first and second half-wave plates; and
the non-linear interferometer optically coupled to the birefringent wedge on a side opposite to the lens.
60. The system of claim 57, wherein each separator comprises:
a birefringent plate;
a half-wave plate partially optically coupled to the birefringent plate, such that the half-wave plate is capable of intercepting one-half of a signal from the birefringent plate;
a polarization beam-splitter optically coupled to the birefringent plate and the half-wave plate on a side opposite to the birefringent plate;
a prism optically coupled to the birefringent plate and the half-wave plate on a side opposite to the birefringent plate and also optically coupled to the polarization beam-splitter;
a lens optically coupled to the polarization beam splitter on a side opposite to the half-wave plate; and
the non-linear interferometer optically coupled to the lens disposed at a distance equal to the focal length of the lens and on a side opposite to the polarization beam-splitter.