1. A process of producing one or more alcohols from a gaseous substrate, comprising: fermenting a gaseous substrate comprising carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H2) in an aqueous medium in a bioreactor; said process comprising measuring conversion of CO; measuring conversion of H2; increasing flow of gaseous substrate by a preselected flow factor in 1.0 to 2.0 range; wherein agitation comprises greater than or equal to target agitation rate.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein said target agitation rate comprises an agitator speed of 10 to 1000 rpm.
3. The method of claim 1 comprising increasing flow of gaseous substrate wherein said conversion of CO exceeds a first CO conversion in 25% to 95% range.
4. The method of claim 1 comprising increasing flow of gaseous substrate wherein conversion of H2 exceeds a first H2 conversion in 25 to 95% range.
5. A method of gaseous substrate fermentation comprising: adding gaseous substrate comprising carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H2) into an aqueous medium in a bioreactor; said method comprising measuring conversion of CO; measuring conversion of H2; increasing flow of gaseous substrate by a preselected flow factor in 1.0 to 2.0 range; wherein difference between conversion of CO and conversion of H2 comprises greater than or equal to a specified conversion difference in 0% to 25% range.
6. The method of claim 4 comprising increasing flow of gaseous substrate wherein conversion of CO exceeds a first CO conversion in 25 to 95% range.
7. The method of claim 4 comprising increasing flow of gaseous substrate wherein conversion of H2 exceeds a first H2 conversion in 25 to 95% range.
8. A method of gaseous substrate fermentation comprising: adding gaseous substrate comprising carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H2) into an aqueous medium in a bioreactor comprising agitation; said method comprising measuring conversions of CO and H2 and increasing agitation in preselected speed steps; wherein difference of conversions of CO and H2 is less than a specified conversion difference in a range of 0 to 25%.
9. The method of claim 7 comprising increasing agitation wherein conversion of CO exceeds a second CO conversion in a range of 0 to 25%.
10. The method of claim 7 comprising increasing agitation wherein conversion of H2 exceeds a second H2 conversion in a range of 0 to 25%.
11. The method of claim 1 wherein said aqueous medium comprises one or more of the microorganism including: biologically pure microorganism, naturally occurring microorganism, non-naturally occurring microorganism, non-naturally occurring microorganism produced by genetic modification, mutant of naturally occurring microorganism, mutant of non-naturally occurring microorganism, recombinant microorganism, engineered microorganism, artificially synthesized microorganism.
12. The method of claim 1 wherein said bioreactor comprises one or more reactors.
13. The method of claim 1 wherein said bioreactor comprises cell recycle.
14. The method of claim 1 wherein adding flow of nutrient medium into bioreactor.
15. A method of gaseous substrate fermentation comprising: adding gaseous substrate comprising carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H2) into an aqueous medium in a bioreactor comprising an agitator; said method comprising measuring conversion of CO; measuring conversion of H2; increasing flow of gaseous substrate by a preselected flow factor in 1.0 to 2.0 range; wherein speed of said agitator comprises greater than or equal to target speed in 10 to 1000 rpm range.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. An exercise apparatus comprising a pneumatic cylinder, a first air reservoir and at least a second air reservoir, the pneumatic cylinder and the reservoirs operatively connected by at least one air equalization line so as to maintain generally equal air pressures within the cylinder and the reservoirs, the second reservoir selectively communicating with the first reservoir and the cylinder.
2. The exercise apparatus of claim 1 further comprising a valve between the second reservoir and the cylinder.
3. The exercise apparatus of claim 1, wherein the pneumatic cylinder includes a cylinder body and one or more end caps, and wherein the cylinder body and the one or more end caps are each formed of a polymer.
4. The exercise apparatus of claim 1, wherein the pneumatic cylinder includes a piston rod and a cylinder body, the piston rod being slidable within the cylinder body.
5. The exercise apparatus of claim 4, wherein the piston rod divides the cylinder body into two variable volume chambers, the piston rod extending in a first direction through one of the two variable volume chambers.
6. The exercise apparatus of claim 4 further comprising a user interface, at least one pulley, and a cable, the pulley being coupled to the piston rod, wherein the cable extends at least in part between the pulley and the user interface.
7. The exercise apparatus of claim 6, wherein the at least one pulley is rotatably connected to the piston rod, and wherein the cable wraps about at least a portion of the pulley.
8. The exercise apparatus of claim 1, wherein the pneumatic cylinder includes a first chamber and a second chamber, at least one of the first and second chambers selectively being in communication with the atmosphere.
9. The exercise apparatus of claim 8, wherein at least one of the first and second chambers is selectively pressurized.
10. The exercise apparatus of claim 8 further comprising a filter disposed between the one of the first and second chambers that is open to the atmosphere and the atmosphere.
11. The exercise apparatus of claim 1, wherein the pneumatic cylinder includes a first chamber and a second chamber, both of the first and second chambers selectively communicating with the atmosphere.
12. The exercise apparatus of claim 11, wherein the first chamber and the second chamber are selectively pressurized.
13. The exercise apparatus of claim 1 further comprising a frame, wherein the pneumatic cylinder includes a cylinder body, one or more lugs, and one or more end caps, and wherein the one or more lugs are configured to secure the pneumatic cylinder to the frame.
14. The exercise apparatus of claim 1 further comprising a compressor, the compressor selectively being in communication with the pneumatic cylinder.
15. The exercise apparatus of claim 14 further comprising an inlet valve, the inlet valve controlling communication between the compressor and the pneumatic cylinder.
16. The exercise apparatus of claim 15 further comprising a user accessible button for actuating the inlet valve.
17. The exercise apparatus of claim 14 further comprising an outlet valve, the outlet valve controlling communication between the pneumatic cylinder and the atmosphere.
18. The exercise apparatus of claim 1 further comprising a gauge, the gauge indicating an amount of resistance provided by the pneumatic cylinder.
19. An exercise apparatus comprising a pneumatic cylinder, a first air reservoir having a first volume and a second air reservoir having a second volume, the first volume being different than the second volume, the pneumatic cylinder and the reservoirs operatively connected by at least one air equalization line, the second reservoir selectively communicating with the first reservoir and the cylinder.
20. The exercise apparatus of claim 19 further comprising a third air reservoir having a third volume, the third volume being different than at least one of the first and second volumes, wherein the third air reservoir can be selectively isolated from at least one of the first and second air reservoirs.
21. The exercise apparatus of claim 20, wherein the pneumatic cylinder includes a piston rod and a cylinder body, the piston rod being slidable within the cylinder body, and wherein the piston rod divides the cylinder body into two variable volume chambers, the piston rod extending in a first direction through one of the two variable volume chambers.
22. An exercise apparatus comprising:
a frame;
a user interface movable between a retracted position and an extended position;
a pneumatic actuator having a cylinder and a piston rod that extends from the cylinder along a stroke axis, the pneumatic actuator being disposed on the frame;
a first air reservoir and at least a second air reservoir, the cylinder and the reservoirs operatively connected by at least one air equalization line so as to maintain generally equal air pressures within the cylinder and the reservoirs, the second reservoir selectively communicating with the first reservoir and the cylinder; and
a pulley system disposed at least in part next to the pneumatic actuator, the pulley system coupled to the user interface.
23. The exercise apparatus of claim 22, further comprising at least a first pulley coupled to the piston rod and a cable extending at least in part between the pulley and the user interface.
24. The exercise apparatus of claim 23, wherein the first pulley is rotatably connected to the piston rod, and wherein the cable wraps about at least a portion of the pulley.
25. The exercise apparatus of claim 22, wherein the pulley system comprises a block-and-tackle mechanism.