1. A method for digital halftoning by predicting an appearance of a rendering by a printer of a digital halftone representation of a continuous-tone image, the method comprising:
using a processor, calculating a predicted absorptance value of a dot of a rendered halftone of the digital halftone representation, the dot corresponding to a pixel of the digital halftone representation, wherein the predicted absorptance value is based on a configuration of pixel values of pixels in an immediate neighborhood of the pixel, and on a weighted contribution of a pixel value of each pixel in an outer neighborhood of the pixel; and,
using the processor, creating a digital halftone for rendering by the printer.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the creating of the digital halftone includes using a halftoning technique selected from a group of halftoning techniques consisting of digital binary search, designing a threshold mask for use in screening, and error diffusion.
3. The method of claim 2, wherein the halftoning technique comprises:
providing an initial digital halftone representation of the continuous-tone image;
selecting a pixel from a plurality of pixels in a halftone region of the initial digital halftone representation;
for each selected pixel:
performing the calculating of the predicted absorptance value of the dot of the rendered halftone that corresponds to the selected pixel;
calculating an evaluation criterion value indicative of a similarity between the predicted absorptance values and corresponding continuous-tone pixel values in a corresponding region of the continuous-tone image; and
performing an enhancement procedure including modifying the pixel values of at least one pixel of the halftone region, recalculating the predicted absorptance values, calculating a change in the evaluation criterion value, and replacing the pixel values with the modified pixel values when the calculated change in the evaluation criterion is indicative of enhanced similarity between the recalculated predicted absorptance values and the corresponding continuous-tone pixel values.
4. The method of claim 3, wherein calculating the change in the evaluation criterion value comprises calculating a term based on a statistic of variation of the predicted absorptance value.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the immediate neighborhood is centered on the selected pixel and wherein the outer neighborhood comprises a single-pixel-wide band of pixels that surrounds the immediate neighborhood.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein a weight of said weighted contribution of a pixel value of each pixel in an outer neighborhood depends on the configuration of pixel values of pixels in the immediate neighborhood.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein a weight of said weighted contribution of a pixel value of each pixel in an outer neighborhood is generated by analysis of an image of a printed halftone that was printed by the printer, the printed halftone comprising a rendering of a plurality of replications of a plurality of configurations of an inner pattern of pixels surrounded by an outer pattern of pixels, the inner pattern being substantially identical to the immediate neighborhood, and the outer pattern being substantially identical to the outer neighborhood.
8. The method of claim 7, wherein said plurality of configurations comprises each inner pattern configuration of a set of all possible configurations of the inner pattern, each inner pattern configuration in combination with each outer pattern configuration of a set of configurations of the outer pattern, the set of configurations of the outer pattern being a subset of all possible configurations of the outer pattern.
9. The method of claim 7, wherein analysis of the image of the printed halftone comprises calculating a statistic of variation of the absorptance of a central dot of each configuration of the plurality of configurations.
10. A non-transitory computer readable medium containing instructions that when executed cause a processor to execute the step of calculating a predicted absorptance value of a dot of a rendered halftone of the digital halftone representation, the dot corresponding to a pixel of the digital halftone representation, wherein the predicted absorptance value is based on a configuration of pixel values of pixels in an immediate neighborhood of the pixel, and on a weighted contribution of a pixel value of each pixel in an outer neighborhood of the pixel.
11. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 10, wherein the step of calculating the predicted absorptance value is incorporated in a halftoning technique selected from a group of halftoning techniques consisting of digital binary search, screening, and error diffusion.
12. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 10, wherein the halftone technique comprises:
providing an initial digital halftone representation of the continuous-tone image;
selecting a pixel from a plurality of pixels in a halftone region of the initial digital halftone representation;
for each selected pixel:
performing the calculating of the predicted absorptance value of the dot of the rendered halftone that, corresponds to the selected pixel;
calculating an evaluation criterion value indicative of a similarity between the predicted absorptance values and corresponding continuous-tone pixel values in a corresponding region of the continuous-tone image; and
performing an enhancement procedure including modifying the pixel values of at least one pixel of the halftone region, recalculating the predicted absorptance values, calculating a change in the evaluation criterion value, and replacing the pixel values with the modified pixel values when the calculated change in the evaluation criterion is indicative of enhanced similarity between the recalculated predicted absorptance values and the corresponding continuous-tone pixel values.
13. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 12, wherein calculating the change in the evaluation criterion value comprises calculating a term based on a statistic of variation of the predicted absorptance value.
14. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 10, wherein the immediate neighborhood is centered on the selected pixel and wherein the outer neighborhood comprises a single-pixel-wide band of pixels that surrounds the immediate neighborhood.
15. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 10, wherein a weight of said weighted contribution of a pixel value of each pixel in an outer neighborhood depends on the configuration of pixel values of pixels in the immediate neighborhood.
16. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 10, wherein a weight of said weighted contribution of a pixel value of each pixel in an outer neighborhood is generated by analysis of an image of a printed halftone that was printed by the printer, the printed halftone comprising a rendering of a plurality of replications of a plurality of configurations of an inner pattern of pixels surrounded by an outer pattern of pixels, the inner pattern being substantially identical to the immediate neighborhood, and the outer pattern being substantially identical to the outer neighborhood.
17. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 16, wherein said plurality of configurations comprises each inner pattern configuration of a set of all possible configurations of the inner pattern, each inner pattern configuration in combination with each outer pattern configuration of a set of configurations of the outer pattern, the set of configurations of the outer pattern being a subset of all possible configurations of the outer pattern.
18. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 16, wherein analysis of the image of the printed halftone comprises calculating a statistic of variation of the absorptance of a central clot of each configuration of the plurality of configurations.
19. A data processing system comprising:
a processing unit in communication with a computer readable medium, wherein the computer readable medium contains a set of instructions for enhancing a digital halftone representation of a continuous-tone image for printing by a printer, wherein the processing unit is designed to carry out a set of instructions to calculate a predicted absorptance value of a dot of a rendered halftone of the digital halftone representation, the dot corresponding to a pixel of the digital halftone representation, wherein the predicted absorptance value is based on a configuration of pixel values of pixels in an immediate neighborhood of the pixel, and on a weighted contribution of a pixel value of each pixel in an outer neighborhood of the pixel.
20. The system of claim 19, wherein the processing unit is designed to carry out instructions to perform a halftoning technique selected from a group of halftoning techniques consisting of iterative search, designing a threshold mask for use in screening, and error diffusion, the halftoning technique incorporating the calculated predicted absorptance value.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A method of treating cancer comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula (I):
or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to a cancer patient with hematopoietic tumors of lymphoid lineage wherein
R1 represents a 5- or 6-membered heteroaromatic ring comprising at least one ring heteroatom selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulphur, the ring being optionally substituted with at least one substituent selected from C1-C6alkyl, C1-C6alkoxy (each of which may be optionally substituted by at least one substituent selected from halogen, amino, hydroxyl, and trifluoromethyl), halogen, nitro, cyano, \u2014NR5R6, carboxyl, hydroxyl, C2-C6alkenyl, C3-C6cycloalkyl, C1-C6alkoxycarbonyl, C1-C6alkylcarbonyl, C1-C6alkylcarbonylamino, phenylcarbonyl, \u2014S(O)mC1-C6alkyl, \u2014C(O)NR7R8, \u2014SO2NR7aR8a, and an unsaturated 5- to 6-membered ring which may comprise at least one ring heteroatom selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulphur, the ring itself being optionally substituted with at least one substituent selected from C1-C6alkyl, C1-C6alkoxy (each of which may be optionally substituted by at least one substituent selected from halogen, amino, hydroxyl, and trifluoromethyl), halogen, nitro, cyano, \u2014NR9R10, carboxyl, hydroxyl, C2-C6alkenyl, C3-C6cycloalkyl, C1-C6alkoxycarbonyl, C1-C6alkylcarbonyl, C1-C6alkylcarbonylamino, phenylcarbonyl, \u2014S(O)nC1-C6alkyl, \u2014C(O)NR11R12, and \u2014SO2NR11aR12a;
m is 0, 1, or 2;
n is 0, 1, or 2;
R2 represents a C1-C4alkyl group optionally substituted with at least one substituent selected from halogen, hydroxyl, and C1-C3alkoxy;
R3 represents halogen;
R4 represents a 5-membered heteroaromatic ring comprising at least one ring heteroatom selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulphur, the ring being optionally substituted with at least one substituent selected from C1-C6alkyl, C1-C6alkoxy (each of which may be optionally substituted by at least one substituent selected from halogen, amino, hydroxyl, and trifluoromethyl), halogen, nitro, cyano, \u2014NR13R14, carboxyl, hydroxyl, C2-C6alkenyl, C3-C6cycloalkyl, C1-C4alkoxycarbonyl, C1-C4alkylcarbonyl, C1-C4alkylcarbonylamino, phenylcarbonyl, \u2014S(O)pC1-C4alkyl, \u2014C(O)NR15R16, and \u2014SO2NR15aR16a;
p is 0, 1, or 2;
R5 and R6 each independently represent hydrogen, C1-C4alkyl, or C3-C6cycloalkyl, or R5 and R6 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a 4- to 6-membered saturated heterocycle;
R7 and R8 each independently represent hydrogen, C1-C4alkyl, or C3-C6cycloalkyl, or R7 and R8 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a 4- to 6-membered saturated heterocycle;
R7a and R8a each independently represent hydrogen, C1-C4alkyl, or C3-C6cycloalkyl, or R7a and R8a together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a 4- to 6-membered saturated heterocycle;
R9 and R10 each independently represent hydrogen, C1-C4alkyl, or C3-C6cycloalkyl, or R9 and R10 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a 4- to 6-membered saturated heterocycle;
R11 and R12 each independently represent hydrogen, C1-C4alkyl, or C3-C6cycloalkyl, or R11 and R12 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a 4- to 6-membered saturated heterocycle;
R11a and R12a each independently represent hydrogen, C1-C4alkyl, or C3-C6cycloalkyl, or R11a and R12a together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a 4- to 6-membered saturated heterocycle;
R13 and R14 each independently represent hydrogen, C1-C4alkyl, or C3-C6cycloalkyl, or R13 and R14 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a 4- to 6-membered saturated heterocycle;
R15 and R16 each independently represent hydrogen, C1-C4alkyl, or C3-C6cycloalkyl, or R15 and R16 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a 4- to 6-membered saturated heterocycle; and
R15a and R16a each independently represent hydrogen, C1-C4alkyl, or C3-C6cycloalkyl, or R15a and R16a together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a 4- to 6-membered saturated heterocycle.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein said patient has a cancer selected from acute lymphocytic leukaemia, B-cell lymphoma, and Burketts lymphoma.
3. A compound 2,5-dichloro-4-(5-methyl-1H-pyrrazol-3-ylamino)pyrimidine.