1. An electrode for a crusher, comprising:
a central conductor extending along a central axis and having an outer peripheral surface;
an insulating member arranged on the outer peripheral surface of said central conductor; and
a peripheral conductor arranged to enclose said insulating member, wherein said peripheral conductor includes:
a first conductor, and
a second conductor arranged at a space from said first conductor in the extensional direction of said central axis; and wherein
said central conductor, said first conductor and said second conductor are electrically isolated from one another.
2. The electrode for a crusher according to claim 1, wherein
said central conductor includes a discharge end,
said first conductor is arranged sufficiently close to said discharge end in the extensional direction of said central axis to cause a discharge therebetween,
said first conductor includes first and second end portions having relatively small diameters and a portion having a relatively large diameter between said first and second end portions.
3. The electrode for a crusher according to claim 1, wherein a projection is formed on at least either one of said first and second conductors.
4. The electrode for a crusher according to claim 3, wherein said projection projects in a direction substantially parallel to the extensional direction of said central axis.
5. The electrode for a crusher according to claim 3, wherein said projection projects in the radial direction of said central axis.
6. The electrode for a crusher according to claim 3, wherein said projection includes:
a first projection formed on either one of said first and second conductors, and
a second projection formed on a position different from the position of said first projection in the circumferential direction of said central axis on at least either one of said first and second conductors.
7. The electrode for a crusher according to claim 1, wherein the length of at least either one of said first and second conductors is at least 10 mm in the extensional direction of said central axis.
8. The electrode for a crusher according to claim 1, wherein
said peripheral conductor includes at least one additional conductor arranged at a space from said second conductor in the extensional direction of said central axis.
9. The electrode for a crusher according to claim 8, wherein a projection is formed on at least one conductor selected
from a group consisting of said first conductor, said second conductor and said additional conductor.
10. The electrode for a crusher according to claim 9, wherein said projection projects in a direction substantially parallel to the extensional direction of said central axis.
11. The electrode for a crusher according to claim 9, wherein said projection projects in the radial direction of said central axis.
12. The electrode for a crusher according to claim 9, wherein said projection includes:
a first projection formed on one conductor selected from the group consisting of said first conductor, the second conductor and the additional conductor, and
a second projection formed on a position different from the position of said first projection in the circumferential direction of said central axis in at least one conductor selected from the group consisting of said first conductor, the second conductor and the additional conductor.
13. The electrode for a crusher according to claim 8, wherein
the length of at least one conductor selected from a group consisting of said first conductor, the second conductor and the additional conductor is at least 10 mm in the extensional direction of said central axis.
14. The electrode for a crusher according to claim 1, wherein said central conductor includes a stranded conductor, and said insulating member contains a flexible material.
15. A crusher comprising the electrode for a crusher according to claim 1.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A method for resolving and measuring Ribolose-1,5-biophosphate (RuBP), 3-phosphoglycerate (PGA), and 2-phosphoglycolate (2-PA) in a photosynthetic cellular extract, comprising:
introducing a photosynthetic cellular extract from a plant into a reverse phase chromatography column; and
performing reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography on the extract to detect and measure the levels of RuBP, PGA, and 2-PA in said extract.
2. The method of claim 1, further comprising obtaining a photosynthetic cellular extract from a plant.
3. The method of claim 1, further comprising diluting the photosynthetic cellular extract in mobile phase A prior to introduction into the chromatography column.
4. The method of claim 1, further comprising eluting the column with mobile phase B to resolve the RuBP, PGA, and 2-PA.
5. The method of claim 4, wherein the mobile phase A comprises a mixture of water, acetonitrile and formic acid or combinations thereof.
6. The method of claim 5 wherein the mobile phase A comprises 0.04% (vv) formic acid and 10% (vv) acetonitrile in water.
7. The method of claim 4, wherein the mobile phase B comprises a mixture of water, acetonitrile and formic acid or combinations thereof.
8. The method of claim 7, wherein the mobile phase B comprises 0.04% (vv) formic acid and 90% (vv) acetonitrile in water.
9. The method of claim 3, wherein the mobile phase A comprises an ion pairing reagent.
10. The method of claim 9, wherein the ion pairing reagent is N,N-dimethylhexylamine (0.2% vv).
11. The method of claim 4, wherein the mobile phase B comprises an ion pairing reagent.
12. The method of claim 11, wherein the ion pairing reagent is N,N-dimethylhexylamine (0.2% vv).
13. The method of claim 1, wherein performing reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography further comprises a linear gradient comprising holding mobile phase B at about 5% for 0.5 min, then increasing mobile phase B to about 50% in about 1 minute to separate and elute the RuBP, PGA, and 2-PA.
14. The method of claim 1 further comprising detecting and measuring RuBP, PGA, and 2-PA using mass spectrometry.
15. The method of claim 14, wherein mass spectrometry is performed using a tandem mass spectrometer.
16. The method of claim 15, wherein the tandem mass spectrometer is used in the negative ionization mode.
17. The method of claim 15, further comprising detecting RuBP by monitoring daughter ions (mz 97) of its precursor ions (mz 309).
18. The method of claim 15, further comprising detecting 2-GA by monitoring daughter ions (mz 97) of its precursor ions (mz ratio 185).
19. The method of claim 15, further comprising detecting 2-PA by monitoring daughter ions (mz 79) of its precursor ion (mz 155).
20. The method of claim 1, wherein the level of each resolved RuBP, PGA, or 2-PA from a photosynthetic cellular extract is 10 parts per million or more.
21. A method for identifying a plant with increased photosynthetic performance, the method comprising:
introducing a photosynthetic cellular extract from a first plant and a second plant respectively into a reverse phase chromatography column;
performing reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on each extract to resolve RuBP and PGA;
detecting and measuring the resolved RuBP and PGA using mass spectrometry;
determining a level of PGA and a ratio of PGARuBP in the cellular extract from each plant; and
comparing the level of PGA and the ratio of PGARuBP of the first plant to the level of PGA and the ratio of PGARuBP from the second plant, wherein the plant that has a level of PGA and PGARuBP ratio that are greater than the level of PGA and PGARuBP ratio from the other plant is indicative of a plant with increased photosynthetic performance.
22. The method of claim 21, wherein the first plant is subjected to an abiotic stress selected from the group consisting of drought, cold temperatures, salt, osmotic stress, frost or freeze, high heat temperatures, low light, oxidative stress, chemical stress, or an herbicide.
23. The method of claim 21, wherein the second plant is a control plant.
24. The method of claim 21, further comprising obtaining a photosynthetic cellular extract from a first and a second plant.
25. The method of claim 21, wherein mass spectrometry is performed using a tandem mass spectrometer.
26. The method of claim 21 wherein the tandem mass spectrometer is used in the negative ionization mode.
27. The method of claim 21, further comprising detecting RuBP by monitoring daughter ions (mz 97) of its precursor ions (mz 309).
28. The method of claim 21 further comprising detecting PGA by monitoring daughter ions (mz 97) of its precursor ions (masscharge ratio 185).
29. The method of claim 21, wherein performing reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography further comprises a linear gradient comprising holding mobile phase B at about 5% for 0.5 min, then increasing mobile phase B to about 50% in about 2 minute to separate and elute the RuBP and PGA.
30. A method for identifying a plant with increased photosynthetic performance, the method comprising:
introducing a photosynthetic cellular extract from a first plant and a second plant into a reverse phase chromatography column;
performing reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography on each extract to isolate PGA and 2-PA;
detecting and measuring the separated PGA and 2-PA using mass spectrometry determining a level of 2-PA and a ratio of 2-PAPGA in the cellular extract from each plant; and
comparing the level of 2-PA and the ratio of 2-PAPGA of the first plant to the level of 2-PA and ratio of 2-PAPGA from the second plant, wherein the plant that has a level of 2-PA and a 2-PAPGA ratio that are less than the level of 2-PA and the 2-PAPGA ratio from the other plant is indicative of a plant with increased photosynthetic performance.
31. The method of claim 30, wherein the first plant is subjected to an abiotic stress selected from the group consisting of drought, cold temperatures, salt, osmotic stress, frost or freeze, high heat temperatures, low light, oxidative stress, and chemical stress or an herbicide.
32. The method of claim 30, further comprising obtaining a photosynthetic cellular extract from a first and a second plant.
33. The method of claim 30, wherein mass spectrometry is performed using a tandem mass spectrometer.
34. The method of claim 33 wherein the tandem mass spectrometer is used in the negative ionization mode.
35. The method of claim 30, wherein the second plant is a control plant.
36. The method of claim 30 further comprising detecting PGA by monitoring daughter ions (mz 97) of its precursor ions (mz 185).
37. The method of claim 30 further comprising 2-PA by monitoring daughter ions (mz 79) of its precursor ion (mz 155).
38. The method of claim 30, wherein performing reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography further comprises a linear gradient comprising holding mobile phase B at about 5% for 0.5 min, then increasing mobile phase B to about 50% in about 1 minute to separate and elute the PGA and 2-PA.