1. An electrophoretic display device comprising:
first and second substrates disposed to face each other;
an electrophoretic layer which is disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate and has a plurality of first electrically-charged particles colored into a first color, a plurality of second electrically-charged particles colored into a second color, and a dispersion medium which retains the first and second electrically-charged particles;
first and second pixel electrodes which are disposed on the electrophoretic layer side of the first substrate and driven independently of each other;
an opposite electrode which is disposed on the electrophoretic layer side of the second substrate; and
a reflective electrode which is provided at a position on the first substrate side rather than on the electrophoretic layer,
wherein the first electrically-charged particle has permeability in a first wavelength region and absorbability in other wavelength regions, and
the second electrically-charged particle has reflectivity in a second wavelength region and absorbability in other wavelength regions.
2. The electrophoretic display device according to claim 1, wherein overlap of the first wavelength region and the second wavelength region is equal to or less than 10% of the maximum value of a light intensity in each of the first wavelength region and the second wavelength region.
3. The electrophoretic display device according to claim 1, wherein a first transistor which is connected to the first pixel electrode and a second transistor which is connected to the second pixel electrode are provided for each pixel, and
the first electrically-charged particles and the second electrically-charged particles are electrically charged to have any one of a positive polarity and a negative polarity.
4. The electrophoretic display device according to claim 1, further comprising:
a first connection electrode formed in a layer on the first substrate side rather than on the first pixel electrode and connected to a drain electrode of the first transistor; and
a second connection electrode connected to a drain electrode of the second transistor,
wherein a plurality of the first pixel electrodes are connected to each other by the first connection electrode, and
a plurality of the second pixel electrodes are connected to each other by the second connection electrode.
5. The electrophoretic display device according to claim 4, wherein a plurality of through-holes which partially expose the first and second connection electrodes are formed in a covering layer provided on the first substrate so as to cover the first connection electrode and the second connection electrode,
a portion of the first connection electrode which is exposed through the first through-hole is configured to function as the first pixel electrode, and
a portion of the second connection electrode which is exposed through the second through-hole is configured to function as the second pixel electrode.
6. The electrophoretic display device according to claim 1, wherein a metal oxide film is formed on the surface of the reflective electrode or the surface of the reflective electrode is formed by an oxide.
7. The electrophoretic display device according to claim 1, wherein the reflective electrode is configured such that an electric potential can be input thereto.
8. The electrophoretic display device according to claim 1, wherein during a black display, the first electrically-charged particles having permeability are disposed on the opposite electrode side rather than on the second electrically-charged particles having reflectivity.
9. A method of driving an electrophoretic display device which includes: first and second substrates disposed to face each other, an electrophoretic layer which is disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate and has a plurality of first electrically-charged particles colored into a first color, a plurality of second electrically-charged particles colored into a second color, and a dispersion medium which retains the first and second electrically-charged particles, a plurality of first pixel electrodes and a plurality of second pixel electrodes which are disposed on a surface on the electrophoretic layer side of the first substrate and driven independently of each other, an opposite electrode which is disposed on the electrophoretic layer side of the second substrate, and a reflective electrode which is provided at a position on the first substrate side rather than on the electrophoretic layer, wherein the first electrically-charged particle has permeability in a first wavelength region and absorbability in other wavelength regions, and the second electrically-charged particle has reflectivity in a second wavelength region and absorbability in other wavelength regions, the method comprising:
performing a first operation of moving the first electrically-charged particles to the opposite electrode side by applying voltages to the first pixel electrode and the opposite electrode; and
performing a second operation of moving the second electrically-charged particles to the opposite electrode side by applying voltages to the second pixel electrode and the opposite electrode,
wherein the first electrically-charged particles having permeability are disposed on the opposite electrode side rather than on the second electrically-charged particles having reflectivity.
10. The method of driving an electrophoretic display device according to claim 9, wherein between the first operation and the second operation, a difference is provided at application timings of the voltages or the magnitudes of the applied voltages.
11. The method of driving an electrophoretic display device according to claim 9, wherein in the first operation, an electric potential which repels the first electrically-charged particles is applied to the reflective electrode, and
in the second operation, an electric potential which repels the second electrically-charged particles is applied to the reflective electrode.
12. The method of driving an electrophoretic display device according to claim 9, further comprising:
a first preset operation of applying different voltages to the first pixel electrode and the second pixel electrode; and
a second preset operation of applying voltages having the opposite polarities to those of the voltages in the first preset operation to the first pixel electrode and the second pixel electrode,
wherein the first preset operation and the second preset operation are alternately carried out for every rewriting of a single screen or plural screens.
13. The method of driving an electrophoretic display device according to claim 9, wherein the first electrically-charged particles having permeability are disposed on the opposite electrode side rather than on the second electrically-charged particles having reflectivity.
14. The method of driving an electrophoretic display device according to claim 13, wherein a large number of the first electrically-charged particles are stacked on the opposite electrode in a multilayer state so as to overlap each other.
15. An electronic apparatus comprising: the electrophoretic display device according to claim 1.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. An elongated electrode assembly having opposite ends for use across an ion trap in an ion mass analyzer comprising:
a. an electrical insulator having a longitudinal axis, an outer surface, and a length between opposite ends of the electrode assembly;
b. a coating applied to the surface of the insulator of a pre-determined semi-conducting material and thickness defining a resistivity relative to the length of the insulator; and
c. a circuit through the coating comprising:
i. an electrically conductive feed wire at least partially along the longitudinal axis of the insulator and adapted for connection to a source of electrical energy; and
ii. an electrical connection to the coating;
d. so that user-defined electric fields of different potential field shapes for ion trapping can be created by altering resistivity of the coating by selection of the semi-conducting material and variation of the thickness of the coating along the insulator.
2. The electrode assembly of claim 1 wherein the thickness is an approximately constant thickness.
3. The electrode assembly of claim 2 wherein the feed wire extends from one end of the insulator to the opposite end, the combination producing a potential difference between opposite ends which, in turn, produces a one-half parabolic shaped potential field between opposite ends of the electrode assembly when electrical energy is supplied to the circuit, and further comprising:
a. a plurality of adjacent but spaced-apart ring-shaped reference electrodes each surrounding but concentrically spaced from the electrode assembly along its longitudinal axis;
b. an endcap grid electrode at one end of the electrode assembly which can selectively function as an electrostatic minor and a repeller plate at the opposite end of the electrode assembly which can cooperate with the grid electrode to retain ions along the electrode assembly; and
c. a controllable electrical power source to control voltage to the electrode assembly, endcap grid electrode and repeller.
4. The electrode assembly of claim 3 further in combination with an ion mass analyzer comprising one or more of:
a. an ion source;
b. an ion detector; and
c. an ion mass spectrometer.
5. The electrode assembly of claim 1 wherein the thickness varies.
6. The electrode assembly of claim 5 wherein the thickness increases from opposite ends to a middle section of the insulator, the feed wire extends from one end of the insulator to the opposite end, the combination producing a potential difference between opposite ends which, in turn, produces a full parabolic shaped potential field between opposite ends of the electrode assembly when electrical energy is supplied to the circuit, and further comprising:
a. a plurality of adjacent but spaced-apart ring-shaped reference electrodes each surrounding but concentrically spaced from the electrode assembly along its longitudinal axis;
b. an endcap grid electrode at one end of the electrode assembly which can selectively function as an electrostatic minor to retain ions along the electrode assembly; and
c. a controllable electrical power source to control voltage to the electrode assembly, endcap grid electrode.
7. The electrode assembly of claim 5 wherein the thickness increases from opposite ends to a middle section of the insulator, the feed wire extends from one end of the insulator to the middle section, the electrical connection is at one end of the coating, and the circuit further comprises a second electrical connection at the opposite end of the coating, the combination emulating a voltage divider producing a parabolic shaped potential field between opposite ends of the electrode assembly when electrical energy is supplied to the circuit.
8. The electrode assembly of claim 1 in combination with a plurality of additional said electrode assemblies each positioning generally parallel and spaced apart from one another in an array.
9. The electrode assembly of claim 8 wherein each elongated electrode assembly of the array is positioned at one of its opposite ends at a supply electrode and reference electrode combination and extends away to the other opposite end.
10. The electrode assembly of claim 8 wherein each elongated electrode assembly of the array is positioned at one of its opposite ends in an end cap electrode and at its other opposite end in another endcap electrode.
11. A method of making an elongated electrode assembly having opposite ends for use across an ion trap in an ion mass analyzer comprising:
a. providing an electrical insulator having a longitudinal axis, an outer surface, and a length between opposite ends of the electrode assembly;
b. coating the surface of the insulator with a semi-conducting material at a thickness along at least a portion of the insulator defining a resistivity relative to that portion of the insulator.
12. The method of claim 11 further comprising forming a circuit path through the coating comprising:
i. an electrically conductive feed wire at least partially along the longitudinal axis of the insulator and adapted for connection to a source of electrical energy; and
ii. an electrical connection to the coating.
13. The method of claim 12 wherein the coating comprises depositing a semi-conductive polymer material at a controlled thickness to the surface of the insulator.
14. The method of claim 13 wherein the thickness is generally constant.
15. The method of claim 14 wherein the thickness varies.
16. The method of claim 15 wherein the thickness increases from opposite ends to a middle section of the insulator.
17. An ion mass analyzer comprising:
a. a housing defining an ion trap chamber;
b. an electrical power source;
c. at least one elongated multi-potential ion guide across the ion trap chamber, the ion guide comprising a controlled-thickness semi-conductive coating applied to a non-conducting substrate and a circuit operatively connectable to the electrical power source to provide a voltage difference between different locations along the ion guide;
d. a reference voltage electrode in proximity of the ion guide; and
e. a source of ions in communication with the ion trap chamber.
18. The analyzer of claim 17 wherein the thickness of the coating is varied along the substrate to produce a parabolic potential field along the ion guide.
19. The analyzer of claim 18 wherein the ion guide is scalable from centimeter scale, to micro-scale, to nano-scale.
20. The analyzer of claim 19 wherein the at least one elongated multi-potential ion guide comprises a plurality of generally parallel and equally spaced apart elongated multi-potential ion guides.