1. A method of making a display device, comprising:
providing a display substrate having an array of pixels formed in rows and columns, the rows of pixels separated by row inter-pixel gaps and the columns of pixels separated by column inter-pixel gaps;
providing a transparent dielectric layer located over the display substrate, the transparent dielectric layer having a row side and an opposed column side;
providing row electrodes spaced apart by row inter-electrode gaps located on the row side of the transparent dielectric layer and column electrodes spaced apart by column inter-electrode gaps located on the column side of the transparent dielectric layer, the row and column electrodes separated by the transparent dielectric layer; and
providing ground lines located between neighboring row electrodes in the row inter-electrode gaps and between the pixels in a row inter-pixel gap.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the display substrate has a substantially planar first display substrate side and a substantially planar second display substrate side opposed to the first display substrate side.
3. The method of claim 2, further including forming the pixels on the first display substrate side or on one or more layers on the first display substrate side and forming the row electrodes on the second display substrate side or on one or more layers on the second display substrate side.
4. The method of claim 3, further including forming the transparent dielectric layer over or on the row electrodes.
5. The method of claim 4, further including forming the column electrodes on or over the transparent dielectric layer.
6. The method of claim 4, further including providing a protective layer on or over the column electrodes.
7. The method of claim 2, further including forming the pixels on the first display substrate side or on one or more layers on the first display substrate side and forming the row electrodes on or over the pixels.
8. The method of claim 7, further including forming the transparent dielectric layer over or on the row electrodes.
9. The method of claim 8, further including forming the column electrodes on or over the transparent dielectric layer.
10. The method of claim 9, further including providing a protective layer on or over the column electrodes.
11. The method of claim 1, wherein the ground lines are electrically connected.
12. The method of claim 1, further including forming the row electrodes on the row side of the transparent dielectric layer.
13. The method of claim 1, further including forming the column electrodes on the column side of the transparent dielectric layer.
14. The method of claim 1, further including laminating the transparent dielectric layer to the display substrate.
15. The method of claim 14, further including providing a protective layer with the transparent dielectric layer between the protective layer and the display substrate.
16. The method of claim 1, further including electrically connecting the ground lines on the row side together.
17. The method of claim 1, further including electrically connecting the ground lines on the column side together.
18. The method of claim 1, further including electrically connecting the ground lines on the row side with the ground lines on the column side.
19. The method of claim 1, wherein the transparent dielectric layer is a display cover or display substrate.
20. The method of claim 1, wherein the ground lines include one more electrically connected micro-wires.
21. The method of claim 1, wherein alternating rows or columns of pixels are offset and the ground lines form a crenellated pattern.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A method for determining the antibiotic-resistance status of a microorganism, comprising:
(a) contacting the microorganism with a resistance-determining affinity ligand under conditions whereby a microorganismresistance-determining affinity ligand complex can be formed;
(b) separating microorganismresistance-determining affinity ligand complex formed in (a) from unbound resistance-determining affinity ligand;
(c) interrogating and determining the amount of resistance-determining affinity ligand bound to the microorganism in the microorganismresistance-determining affinity ligand complex; and
(d) comparing the amount of resistance-determining affinity ligand bound to the microorganism in the microorganismresistance-determining affinity ligand complex to the amount of resistance-determining affinity ligand bound by a known antibiotic-sensitive or antibiotic-resistant strain of the same microorganism or a population of known antibiotic-sensitive or antibiotic-resistant strains;
wherein one or more of steps (a), (b), (c), andor (d) are carried out in a sealed container; and
wherein if the microorganism in the microorganismresistance-determining affinity ligand complex binds a different amount of resistance-determining affinity ligand than is bound by the antibiotic-sensitive microorganism or the microorganism in the microorganismresistance-determining affinity ligand complex binds the same amount of resistance-determining affinity ligand as is bound by the antibiotic-resistant microorganism, the microorganism is identified as antibiotic-resistant.
2. (canceled)
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the resistance-determining affinity ligand is selected from the group consisting of antibiotics, monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies and fragments thereof, nucleic acid probes, enzyme substrates, aptamers, peptide mimetics, phage-derived binding proteins, lectins, host defense peptides, bacterocins, bacteriophages, dyes selective for nucleic acids, lipids, carbohydrates, polysaccharides, proteins, and combinations thereof.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the resistance-determining affinity ligand is an antibiotic.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the resistance-determining affinity ligand is a \u03b2-lactam antibiotic or a glycopeptide antibiotic.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the resistance-determining affinity ligand comprises a detectable label and wherein said detectable label is a fluorescent, luminescent, phosphorescent, radioactive, Raman-active, mass spectrometry-reactive andor colorimetric compound label.
7. (canceled)
8. (canceled)
9. The method of claim 1, wherein the sample is from a positive blood culture.
10. The method of claim 1, wherein the sample comprising the microorganism is treated to selectively lyse any non-microbial cells that may be present in the sample prior to the separation step (b).
11. The method of claim 1, wherein said microorganism is layered on a density cushion in a container and the separation step (b) is by centrifugation of the container.
12. (canceled)
13. (canceled)
14. (canceled)
15. (canceled)
16. The method of claim 1, wherein said interrogation step is selected from the group consisting of fluorescence spectroscopy, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, adsorption and transmission spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, terahertz spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy, spacially-offset Raman spectroscopy, resonance Raman spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and any combination thereof.
17. The method of claim 1, wherein said spectroscopy is front face fluorescence spectroscopy.
18. (canceled)
19. (canceled)
20. (canceled)
21. The method of claim 1, wherein the amount of resistance-determining affinity ligand bound is determined on a per cell basis by comparing the amount bound to an intrinsic property of the microorganism.
22. (canceled)
23. The method of claim 11, wherein step (c) comprises a step of recovering the microorganism to produce a recovered microorganism.
24. The method of claim 1, wherein step (d) comprises comparing the amount of resistance-determining affinity ligand bound to the amount of resistance-determining affinity ligand bound by both an antibiotic-sensitive and antibiotic-resistant strain of the same microorganism.
25. The method of claim 1, wherein the amount bound by a known antibiotic-sensitive or antibiotic-resistant strain of the same microorganism has been previously determined.
26. (canceled)
27. (canceled)
28. A method for determining the antibiotic-resistance status of a microorganism, comprising:
(a) obtaining a test sample known to contain or that may contain microorganisms;
(b) contacting the microorganism in the test sample with a resistance-determining affinity ligand under conditions whereby a microorganismresistance-determining affinity ligand complex can be formed;
(c) optionally adding one or more fluorescent dyes that measure cell metabolism or membrane integrity;
(d) optionally selectively lysing any non-microbial cells that may be present in the sample to produce a lysed sample;
(e) separating the microorganisms from other components of said test sample, or said lysed sample, to form a pellet of microorganisms;
(f) spectroscopically interrogating the pellet to produce measurements of the microorganism;
(g) determining the antibiotic-resistance status of the microorganisms in the test sample by comparison of the measurements with measurements taken, or predicted, for antibiotic-resistant andor antibiotic-susceptible microorganisms of the same species; and
wherein one or more of steps (a), (b), (c), andor (d) are carried out in a sealed container.
29. The method of claim 28, wherein one or more fluorescent dyes are added in step (c).
30. The method of claim 28, wherein said antibiotic-resistance determination in step (g) is determined to be induced resistance.
31. (canceled)
32. The method of claim 28, wherein said spectroscopy is selected from the group consisting of fluorescence spectroscopy, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, adsorption and transmission spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, terahertz spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy, spacially-offset Raman spectroscopy, resonance Raman spectroscopy, and any combination thereof.
33. The method of claim 28, wherein said microorganism is layered on a density cushion in a container and the separation step (e) is by centrifugation of the container.
34. A system for determining the antibiotic-resistance status of a microorganism, said system comprising:
(a) a container comprising a microorganism or a sample containing the microorganism and a resistance-determining affinity ligand;
(b) a density cushion; and
(c) a spectrometer to provide a measurement;
wherein said measurement determines the antibiotic-resistance status of the microorganism that has been concentrated in said container by an in situ separation within said system.
35. (canceled)