1. A method of generating hydrogen from a borohydride and regenerating the borohydride, the method comprising:
preparing at least about 5% volume of a diol in alcohol solution with at least about 0.001% volume of a catalyst to form a diol-catalyst mixture;
adding the borohydride to the diol-catalyst mixture at a predetermined mole ratio to provide alcoholysis of the borohydride, generating the hydrogen, wherein a borate compound is derived from the alcoholysis of the borohydride; and
adding a hydride to the borate compound in diglyme solvent to regenerate sodium borohydride.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the borohydride is sodium borohydride, the borate compound is sodium tetraalkoxyborate, and the hydride is sodium hydride, and
wherein the step of adding the borohydride includes preparing the sodium tetraalkoxyborate derived from alcoholysis of the sodium borohydride.
3. The method of claim 2 wherein the step of adding the hydride includes adding the sodium hydride to the sodium tetraalkoxyborate at about 1:6 mole ratio in about 0.35M of the diglyme solvent at about 150\xb0 Celsius for about 24 hours to regenerate the sodium borohydride.
4. A method of generating hydrogen from a borohydride and regenerating the borohydride, the method comprising:
preparing at least about 5% volume of diol in alcohol solution with at least about 0.001% volume of catalyst to form a diol-catalyst mixture;
adding the borohydride to the diol-catalyst mixture at a predetermined mole ratio to provide alcoholysis of the borohydride, generating the hydrogen, wherein a borate compound is derived from the alcoholysis of the borohydride; and
reacting an aluminum hydride to the borate compound in a solvent to provide regenerated borohydride.
5. The method of claim 4 wherein the borate compound is a cyclic borate ester, and
wherein the step of reacting includes adding the aluminum hydride to the cyclic borate ester of at least about 1:1 mole ratio in the solvent at about room temperature for between about 2 and 50 hours to provide the regenerated borohydride.
6. The method of claim 4 wherein the borate compound is lithium tetraalkoxyborate, the borohydride is lithium borohydride, and the solvent is tetrahydrofuran, and
wherein the step of reacting includes adding lithium aluminum hydride to the lithium tetraalkoxyborate at about 1:1 mole ratio in between about 0.2 M and 0.3 M tetrahydrofuran solvent at about room temperature for about 2 hours to regenerate the lithium borohydride.
7. The method of claim 4 wherein the borate compound is a cyclic borate ester and wherein the step of reacting includes adding a hydride and aluminum chloride to the cyclic borate ester of at least about 4:1:1 mole ratio in the solvent at about room temperature for between about 1 and 20 hours to provide the aluminum hydride and the regenerated borohydride.
8. The method of claim 4 wherein the borate compound is lithium tetraalkoxyborate, the borohydride is lithium borohydride, and the solvent is tetrahydrofuran, and
wherein the step of reacting includes adding lithium hydride and aluminum chloride to the lithium tetraalkoxyborate at about 4:1:1 mole ratio in between about 0.2 M and 0.3 M tetrahydrofuran solvent at about room temperature about 1 hour to provide aluminum hydride and regenerate lithium borohydride.
9. The method of claim 4 wherein the borate compound is a cyclic borate complex and the solvent is tetrahydrofuran, and
wherein the step of reacting includes adding the aluminum hydride to the cyclic borate complex of at least about 1:1 mole ratio in the tetrahydrofuran solvent at about room temperature for about 7 hours to provide the regenerated borohydride.
10. The method of claim 4 wherein the borohydride is lithium borohydride, the borate compound is lithium borate complex, and the solvent is tetrahydrofuran and,
wherein the step of reacting includes adding lithium aluminum hydride to the lithium borate complex at about 1:1 mole ratio in between about 0.2 M and 0.3 M tetrahydrofuran solvent at about room temperature for about 7 hours to regenerate lithium borohydride.
11. The method of claim 4 wherein the borate compound is a cyclic borate ester and the solvent is tetrahydrofuran, and
wherein the step of reacting includes adding aluminum hydride to the cyclic borate ester of at least about 1:1 mole ratio in the tetrahydrofuran solvent at about room temperature for between about 6 and 80 hours to provide the regenerated borohydride.
12. The method of claim 4 wherein the borate compound is sodium tetraalkoxyborate, the borohydride is sodium borohydride, and the solvent is tetrahydrofuran, and
wherein the step of reacting includes adding sodium aluminum hydride to the sodium tetraalkoxyborate at about 1:1 mole ratio in between about 0.2 M and 0.3 M tetrahydrofuran solvent at about room temperature for about 6 hours to regenerate sodium borohydride.
13. The method of claim 4 wherein the borate compound is trialkyl borate and the solvent is tetrahydrofuran, and
wherein the step of reacting includes adding a hydride and aluminum chloride to trialkyl borate of at least about 4:1:1 mole ratio in tetrahydrofuran solvent at about room temperature for between about 8 and 20 hours to provide the aluminum hydride and the regenerated borohydride.
14. The method of claim 4 wherein the borate compound is trimethyl borate, the borohydride is lithium borohydride, and the solvent is tetrahydrofuran, and
wherein the step of reacting includes adding lithium hydride and aluminum chloride to the trimethyl borate at about 4:1:1 mole ratio in between about 0.2 M and 0.3 M tetrahydrofuran solvent at about room temperature for about 18 hours to provide aluminum hydride and to regenerate lithium borohydride.
15. The method of claim 4 wherein the borate compound is trialkyl borate, the borohydride is sodium borohydride, and the solvent is tetrahydrofuran, and
wherein the step of reacting includes adding sodium hydride and aluminum chloride to trialkyl borate of at least about 4:1:1 mole ratio in tetrahydrofuran solvent at about room temperature for between about 16 and 24 hours to regenerate sodium borohydride.
16. The method of claim 4 wherein the borohydride is sodium borohydride, the borate compound is trimethyl borate, and the solvent is tetrahydrofuran, and
wherein the step of reacting includes adding sodium hydride and aluminum chloride to trimethyl borate at about 4:1:1 mole ratio in between about 0.2 M and 0.3 M tetrahydrofuran solvent at about room temperature for about 16 hours to regenerate sodium borohydride.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A catheter for in vivo detection of nuclear or fluorescent radiation emitted from tagged biological tissue within a human body comprising: an elongated tube having at least one lumen, the lumen extending from a distal end of the tube, for positioning within the human body and a length sufficient such that, in use, a proximal end of the tube is external to the human body, an expandable portion located on the distal end of said tube, drive means for causing the expandable portion to increase in diameter being operatively connected to the expandable portion, control means for the drive means being located at the proximal end of the tube, at least one radiation detector mounted on or in the expandable portion, a signal conduit positioned in said at least one lumen, said signal conduit connected at a first end to the at least one radiation detector and at a second end to diagnostic instrumentation external of the human body wherein the radiation detector is a scintillator, the signal conduit is an optical transmitting liquid that is operatively connected to an external photo multiplier tube or a photosensor, the photo multiplier tube or a photo sensor in turn connected to a signal processor.
2. The catheter of claim 1 wherein the expandable portion located on the distal end is an inflatable balloon.
3. The catheter of claim 2 wherein the drive means to expand the inflatable balloon comprises a controlled quantity of the optical liquid delivered through one of the lumens to the inside of the balloon said optical liquid being non-compressible.
4. The catheter of claim 2 wherein the inflatable balloon is filled with a scintillation liquid, the scintillation liquid being retained in the balloon by an expandable, optically transparent membrane separating the scintillation liquid from the distal end of an inflation lumen extending through the length of the tube, the balloon being inflated by delivering a controlled quantity of a non-compressible liquid through the inflation lumen causing the membrane to expand into the balloon and inflating the balloon, the non-compressible liquid being an optical transmitting fluid.
5. The catheter of claim 1 having a second lumen for delivery of a therapeutic material to the tagged biological tissue or to tissue adjacent to the tagged biological tissue.
6. The catheter of claim 1 also having a position locating means on the distal end thereof for sensing the position of said distal end within the human body using an externally mounted position sensing detector.
7. The catheter of claim 6 wherein said externally mounted position sensing detector comprises magnetic field sensing micro coils which detect the location of the position locating means on the catheter.
8. A catheter for in vivo detection of nuclear or fluorescent radiation emitted from tagged biological tissue within a human body comprising: an elongated tube having at least one lumen, the lumen extending from a distal end of the tube, for positioning within the human body and a length sufficient such that, in use, a proximal end of the tube is external to the human body, an expandable portion located on the distal end of said tube, drive means for causing the expandable portion to increase in diameter being operatively connected to the expandable portion, control means for the drive means being located at the proximal end of the tube, at least one radiation detector mounted on or in the expandable portion, a signal conduit positioned in said at least one lumen, said signal conduit connected at a first end to the at least one radiation detector and at a second end to diagnostic instrumentation external of the human body wherein the expandable portion located on the distal end comprises a tubular extension hinged at a first end to the distal end of the tube, the tubular extension comprising two or more elongated pieces capable of being moved radially outward from a central axis along the length of the tube and being returned to their original position, each elongated piece canying a radiation detector in a central part thereof.
9. The catheter of claim 8 wherein each elongated piece is joined at a second end to the elongated pieces adjacent thereto, the drive means comprising a pull wire having a proximal end extending from the proximal end of the tube and a distal end attached to the elongated pieces at their second end, such that applying a pulling motion to the proximal end of the pull wire causes the central part of each elongated piece to move outward from the central axis and releasing the pull wire allows them to return to their prior position.
10. The catheter of claim 8 the drive means comprising a wedge on the distal end of a pull wire, the pull wire having a proximal end extending from the proximal end of the tube such that applying a pulling motion to the proximal end of the pull wire causes the wedge to move proximally to a point between a central part of each elongated piece, moving each elongated piece outwardly from the central axis, and returning the wedge to its original position allows the elongated pieces to return to their prior position.
11. A catheter for in vivo detection of nuclear radiation emitted from tagged biological tissue within a human body comprising:
an elongated tube having at least one lumen extending from a distal end of the tube for positioned within the human body and a length sufficient such that, in use, a proximal end of the tube is external to the human body,
a detector portion located on the distal end of said tube,
at least one scintillation radiation detector comprising a scintillation material mounted on or in the detector portion,
a light transmission conduit positioned in said at least one lumen, said light transmission conduit connected at a first end to the at least one scintillation radiation detector and at a second end to diagnostic instrumentation external of the human body,
wherein the at least one scintillation radiation detector includes an integral microlens formed on a surface at an interface between the scintillation detector and the light transmission conduit connected to the radiation detector said integral micro lens functioning to focus scintillation light generated into the light transmission conduit.
12. The catheter of claim 11 wherein the integral microlens is formed on a surface of the scintillation material to which the light transmission conduit is joined.
13. The catheter of claim 12 wherein the integral microlens is a diffractive lens.
14. The catheter of claim 12 herein the integral microlens is a Fresnel lens.
15. The catheter of claim 11 wherein the integral microlens is formed on a surface of the light transmission conduit to which the scintillation material is joined.
16. The catheter of claim 11 wherein the integral microlens is formed on both a surface of the light transmission conduit and on a surface of the scintillation material where the light transmission conduit and scintillation material are joined.
17. The catheter of claim 11 wherein the light transmission conduit is an optical fiber or optical transmitting fluid and scintillation light generated by the scintillation material is amplified in the optical fiber by pumping ultraviolet light into the fiber using an external source of light, the ultraviolet light being filtered from entering an external PMT while allowing the scintillation light to enter the external PMT.
18. The catheter of claim 11 wherein the light transmission conduit is an optical fiber or optical transmitting fluid and a source of light is used to deliver therapeutic light to diseased tissue or vulnerable plaque, for the purpose of photodynamic therapy or ablation, through said optical fiber, said optical fiber also providing transmission to the diagnostic instrumentation of scintillation light generated by the scintillation material.
19. A catheter for in vivo detection of nuclear or fluorescent radiation emitted from tagged biological tissue within a human body comprising: an elongated tube having at least one lumen, the lumen extending from a distal end of the tube, for positioning within the human body and a length sufficient such that, in use, a proximal end of the tube is external to the human body, an expandable portion located on the distal end of said tube, drive means for causing the expandable portion to increase in diameter being operatively connected to the expandable portion, control means for the drive means being located at the proximal end of the tube, at least one radiation detector mounted on or in the expandable portion, a signal conduit positioned in said at least one lumen, said signal conduit connected at a first end to the at least one radiation detector and at a second end to diagnostic instrumentation external of the human body, wherein the at least one radiation detector is a scintillation detector and the signal conduit is a light transmitting conduit and the signal conduit is an optical fiber or optical transmitting fluid and scintillation light from the scintillation detector is amplified in the optical fiber by pumping ultraviolet light into the fiber using an external source of light, the ultraviolet light being filtered from entering the PMT while allowing the scintillation light to enter.
20. A catheter for in vivo detection of nuclear or fluorescent radiation emitted from tagged biological tissue within a human body comprising: an elongated tube having at least one lumen, the lumen extending from a distal end of the tube, for positioning within the human body and a length sufficient such that, in use, a proximal end of the tube is external to the human body, an expandable portion located on the distal end of said tube, drive means for causing the expandable portion to increase in diameter being operatively connected to the expandable portion, control means for the drive means being located at the proximal end of the tube, at least one radiation detector mounted on or in the expandable portion, a signal conduit positioned in said at least one lumen, said signal conduit connected at a first end to the at least one radiation detector and at a second end to diagnostic instrumentation external of the human body, wherein the at least one radiation detector is a scintillation detector and the signal conduit is a light transmitting conduit and the signal conduit is an optical fiber or optical transmitting fluid and a source of light is used to deliver therapeutic light to diseased tissue or vulnerable plaque, for the purpose of photodynamic therapy or ablation, through said optical fiber, said optical fiber also providing transmission of the scintillation light from the scintillation detector to the diagnostic instrumentation.