1. A memory system, comprising:
a nonvolatile memory device; and
a controller comprising a working memory and configured to control the nonvolatile memory device,
wherein the nonvolatile memory device stores drive data for accessing the nonvolatile memory device and wherein during an initialization operation of the memory system, the controller activates an operation standby signal after loading a sub-portion of the drive data stored in the nonvolatile memory device into the working memory,
wherein the controller loads an additional sub-portion of the drive data stored in the nonvolatile memory device into the working memory after activating the operation standby signal,
wherein the controller is configured to receive a request from the host, detect a sub-portion of the drive data required to perform an operation indicated by the request, and upon detecting the sub-portion of the drive data required to perform the operation indicated by the request, load the detected sub-portion into the working memory as the additional sub-portion of the drive data, and
wherein the size of the additional sub-portion of the drive data is set so that a time of loading the additional sub-portion of the drive data into the working memory is shorter than a response standby time of a host responsive to the operation standby signal.
2. The memory system of claim 1, wherein upon determining that the state of the request is idle, the controller loads another sub-portion of the drive data into the working memory as the additional sub-portion of the drive data.
3. The memory system of claim 1, wherein a sub-portion of the drive data comprises code and wherein another sub-portion of the drive data comprises a mapping table representing a relationship between logical addresses and physical addresses of the nonvolatile memory device.
4. The memory system of claim 3, wherein yet another sub-portion of the drive data comprises mapping data representing an address region in which the mapping table is stored.
5. The memory system of claim 3, wherein yet another sub-portion of the drive data comprises a table corresponding to an address region in which a file system among the mapping tables is stored.
6. The memory system of claim 3, wherein yet another sub-portion of the drive data comprises a booting code.
7. The memory system of claim 3, wherein yet another sub-portion of the drive data comprises a table corresponding to an address region in which an operating system among the mapping tables is stored.
8. The memory system of claim 1, wherein the nonvolatile memory device is a flash memory device.
9. A system, comprising:
a nonvolatile memory device storing drive data comprising (a) operating data used to perform different memory access operations on the nonvolatile memory device, and (b) meta-data comprising information about the operations associated with different parts of a mapping table;
a controller comprising a working memory and configured to control the nonvolatile memory device,
wherein during an initialization operation of the memory system, the controller activates an operation standby signal after loading the meta-data from the nonvolatile memory device into the working memory but before loading the operating data into the working memory; and
a host that sends requests to the controller to initiate memory access operations on the nonvolatile memory device after receiving the operation standby signal,
wherein the controller receives requests from the host, and upon receiving such a request, examines the meta-data to determine whether operating data required to satisfy the request has been loaded into the working memory, and
when an additional sub-portion of the meta-data is required responsive to the requests from the host, the size of the additional sub-portion of the meta-data is set so that a time of loading the additional sub-portion of the meta-data into the working memory is shorter than a response standby time of the host responsive to the operation standby signal.
10. The system of claim 9, wherein the operating data comprises a memory mapping table divided into multiple parts each containing mappings between logical and physical addresses of the nonvolatile memory device; and
wherein the meta-data comprises information regarding the logical addresses that can be accessed with each of the multiple parts of the mapping table.
11. The system of claim 9, wherein the operating data comprises code used by the controller to control memory access operations.
12. The system of claim 9, wherein the controller loads the required operating data to the working memory as a consequence of determining that the operating data required to satisfy the request has not been loaded into the working memory.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
What is claimed is:
1. A polyisocyanate composition used for binding lignocellulosic materials comprising the reaction product of a polyisocyanate and a polyol, wherein the polyisocyanate composition has a free unreacted diisocyanate content of at least 8% by weight.
2. The polyisocyanate composition according to claim 1, wherein at least 60% of the free unreacted diisocyanate content is 4,4-diphenylmethane diisocyanate.
3. The polyisocyanate composition according to claim 1, wherein 70 to 86% of the free unreacted diisocyanate content is 4,4-diphenylmethane diisocyanate.
4. The polyisocyanate composition according to claim 1, wherein the polyol is a polyether polyol having from 2 to 8 hydroxyl groups and comprises polymerized alkylene units containing at least 15% ethylene oxide units.
5. The polyisocyanate composition according to claim 2, wherein the polyol is a polyether polyol having from 2 to 8 hydroxyl groups and comprises polymerized alkylene units containing at least 15% ethylene oxide units.
6. The polyisocyanate composition according to claim 3, wherein the polyol is a polyether polyol having from 2 to 8 hydroxyl groups and comprises polymerized alkylene units containing at least 15% ethylene oxide units.
7. The polyisocyanate composition according to claim 1, wherein the polyisocyanate further comprises a polyphenyl polymethylene polyisocyanate.
8. The polyisocyanate composition according to claim 2, wherein the polyisocyanate further comprises a polyphenyl polymethylene polyisocyanate.
9. The polyisocyanate composition according to claim 1, wherein the polyisocyanate composition further comprising a polyphenyl polymethylene polyisocyanate.
10. The polyisocyanate composition according to claim 2, wherein the polyisocyanate composition further comprising a polyphenyl polymethylene polyisocyanate.
11. The polyisocyanate composition according to claim 1, wherein the total polyisocyanate composition has an NCO content from 20 to about 30%.
12. The polyisocyanate composition according to claim 2, wherein the total polyisocyanate composition has an NCO content from 20 to about 30%.
13. The polyisocyanate composition according to claim 3, wherein the total polyisocyanate composition has an NCO content from 20 to about 30%.
14. The polyisocyanate composition according to claim 4, wherein the total polyisocyanate composition has an NCO content from 20 to about 30%.
15. The polyisocyanate composition according to claim 7, wherein the total polyisocyanate composition has an NCO content from 20 to about 30%.
16. The polyisocyanate composition according to claim 9, wherein the total polyisocyanate composition has an NCO content from 20 to about 30%.
17. A process for binding a lignocellulosic material comprising the steps of:
a) bringing a polyisocyanate composition into contact with the lignocellulosic material to form a lignocellulosic composite, wherein the polyisocyanate composition comprises the reaction product of a polyisocyanate and a polyol, wherein the polyisocyanate composition has a free unreacted diisocyanate content of at least 8% by weight;
b) optionally applying a paper overlay, a wax based release agent, or a metallic soap solution to the surface of the lignocellulosic composite or to the plates of a pressing means;
c) applying pressure to the lignocellulosic composite using the pressing means; and
d) allowing the lignocellulosic composite to bind.
18. The process according to claim 17, wherein the lignocellulosic composite is hot-pressed between the plates of the pressing means at a temperature in the range from 100 C. to 250 C. and at a specific pressure in the range from 1 to 8 Mpa to yield a product with density between 500 kgm3 and 900 kgm3.
19. The process according to claim 17, wherein the lignocellulosic composite is hot-pressed between the plates of the pressing means at a temperature in the range from 150 C. to 200 C. and at a specific pressure in the range from 2 to 6 Mpa to yield a product with density between 590 kgm3 and 750 kgm3.
20. The process according to claim 17, wherein the lignocellulosic composite is hot-pressed between the plates of the pressing means at a temperature in the range from 100 C. to 250 C. and at a specific pressure in the range from 1 to 8 Mpa wherein core temperature of the lignocellulosic composite during pressing is from 80 C. to 130 C.
21. The process according to claim 17, wherein the lignocellulosic composite is hot pressed.
22. The process according to claim 17, wherein the polyisocyanate composition is brought into contact with the lignocellulosic material in such an amount as to give a weight ratio of polyisocyanate composition to lignocellulosic material in the range 0.1:99.9 to 20:80.
23. The process according to claim 17, wherein at least 60% of the free unreacted diisocyanate content is 4,4-diphenylmethane diisocyanate.
24. The process according to claim 17, wherein 70 to 86% of the free unreacted diisocyanate content is 4,4-diphenylmethane diisocyanate.
25. The process according to claim 17, wherein the polyol is a polyether polyol having from 2 to 8 hydroxyl groups and comprises polymerized alkylene units containing at least 15% ethylene oxide units.
26. The process according to claim 17, wherein the polyisocyanate further comprises a polyphenyl polymethylene polyisocyanate.
27. The process according to claim 17, wherein the polyisocyanate composition further comprising a polyphenyl polymethylene polyisocyanate.
28. The process according to claim 17, wherein the total polyisocyanate composition has an NCO content from 20 to about 30%.