1. A process comprising:
a first heating of a latomer mixture comprising at least one free radical polymerizable monomer, and at least one alkylene anhydride;
after the first heating, dispersing the latomer mixture in an immiscible liquid with high shear to form a miniemulsion;
a second heating of the latomer mixture to form polymeric particles; and
combining at least one amine with the polymeric particles to aggregate the polymeric particles.
2. The process of claim 1, wherein the at least one free radical polymerizable monomer compound is selected from the group consisting of styrenic monomers, conjugated compounds, 9-vinyl carbazole compounds, vinyl chloride compounds, vinyl acetate compounds, acrylic monomers, methacrylates, and mixtures thereof.
3. The process of claim 1, wherein the at least one free radical polymerizable monomer is present in the latomer mixture in an amount of from about 85% to about 99% by weight relative to the at least one alkylene anhydride.
4. The process of claim 1, wherein the at least one alkylene anhydride is present in the latomer mixture in an amount of from about 0.1% to about 20% by weight relative to the at least one free radical polymerizable compound.
5. The process of claim 1, wherein the first heating is at a temperature of from about 50\xb0 C. to about 145\xb0 C., and wherein the second heating is at a higher temperature than the first heating.
6. The process of claim 1, wherein the at least one free radical polymerizable monomer is styrene and wherein the at least one alkylene anhydride is maleic anhydride.
7. The process of claim 1, wherein the at least one free radical polymerizable monomer and the at least one alkylene anhydride react in a molar ratio of about 1:1.
8. The process of claim 1, wherein the miniemulsion comprises at least one surfactant.
9. The process of claim 8, wherein the at least one surfactant is selected from the group consisting of anionic, ionic, nonionic, and cationic surfactants.
10. The process of claim 1, wherein the at least one amine is selected from the group consisting of diamine, polyoxypropylenediamine, diethylene triamine, 2-methylpentamethylene diamine, hexane diamine, hexamethylenediamine, N-isopropyl-N\u2032-phenyl-phenylene diamine, N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N\u2032-phenyl-phenylene-diamine, N,N\u2032-di(2-octyl)-4-phenylene diamine, N,N\u2032-bis(1,4-dimethylpentyl)-4-phenylene diamine, dihydroxy tetraphenyl biphenylene diamine.
11. The process of claim 1, wherein the at least one amine is present in an amount of from about 0.5% to about 10% by weight relative to the amount of the polymeric particle.
12. The process of claim 11, wherein the at least one amine is present in an amount of from about 1% to about 4% by weight relative to the amount of the polymeric particle.
13. The process of claim 1, wherein the polymeric particles have a weight average molecular weight (Mw) of from about 3,000 to about 200,000 and a narrow polydispersity of from about 1.1 to about 3.
14. A process for forming a toner, comprising:
a first heating of a latomer mixture comprising at least one free radical polymerizable monomer, and at least one alkylene anhydride;
after the first heating, dispersing the latorner mixture in an immiscible liquid with high shear to form a miniemulsion;
a second heating of the latomer mixture to form polymeric particles; and
combining at least one amine with the polymeric particles to aggregate the polymeric particles.
15. The process of claim 14, wherein the polymeric particles have a volume average diameter of from about 25 nm to about 50 \u03bcm.
16. The process of claim 14, further comprising blending at least one colorant with the miniemulsion.
17. The process of claim 14, further comprising blending at least one wax with the miniemulsion.
18. The process of claim 14, further comprising blending at least one wax with the latomer mixture.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A method for an engine, comprising:
during high load conditions, when operating with a first gaseous fuel, in response to an elevated exhaust temperature, enriching the engine via injection of a second, liquid fuel while maintaining spark timing; wherein a larger degree of enrichment with the second liquid fuel is provided based on a widened flammability limit of the second fuel, and the elevated exhaust temperature, and wherein the operating includes combusting a mixture of the first and second fuels via spark ignition in the cylinder.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the first gaseous fuel is CNG and wherein the second liquid fuel is gasoline or a gasoline-alcohol fuel blend.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein operating with the first gaseous fuel includes adjusting an amount of first fuel injected into a cylinder based on intake air in the cylinder so as to operate the engine with a substantially stoichiometric combustion air-fuel ratio.
4. The method of claim 3, wherein enriching the engine includes maintaining operation with the first gaseous fuel while increasing an amount of the second fuel injected into the cylinder to operate with an overall rich combustion air-fuel ratio, the amount of the second fuel adjusted based on the elevated exhaust temperature.
5. The method of claim 4, wherein the amount of the second fuel injected is further based on an alcohol content of the second fuel.
6. The method of claim 4, wherein the amount of the second fuel injected is further based on the flammability limit of the second fuel.
7. The method of claim 4, further comprising combusting a mixture of the second fuel and the first fuel in the cylinder via spark ignition.
8. The method of claim 4, wherein maintaining operation with the first fuel while increasing the amount of the second fuel injected into the cylinder includes port injecting the first fuel while direct injecting the second fuel into the cylinder.
9. The method of claim 4, wherein the amount of the first fuel is not adjusted responsive to the elevated exhaust temperature and wherein only the amount of the second fuel is adjusted responsive to the elevated exhaust temperature, the adjusting including adjusting the amount of the second fuel based on a difference between the elevated exhaust temperature and a threshold temperature.
10. The method of claim 9, wherein the amount of the second fuel being adjusted based on the elevated exhaust temperature includes, as a difference between the exhaust temperature and the threshold temperature increases, increasing the amount of the second fuel injected into the cylinder while maintaining the amount of the first fuel injected into the cylinder.
11. The method of claim 10, wherein increasing the amount of the second fuel injected into the cylinder includes increasing the amount of the second fuel responsive to the elevated exhaust temperature until the overall rich combustion air-fuel ratio is at a threshold rich combustion air-fuel ratio.
12. The method of claim 11, further comprising, in response to exhaust temperature still being above the threshold temperature after reaching the threshold rich combustion air-fuel ratio, decreasing opening of an intake throttle while maintaining the amount of the first fuel injected to provide the stoichiometric combustion air-fuel ratio and while maintaining the amount of the second fuel to provide the rich combustion air-fuel ratio.
13. The method of claim 1, wherein maintaining spark timing includes maintaining spark timing at peak torque timing or MBT.
14. An engine method, comprising:
port injecting a first amount of a first, gaseous fuel into an engine cylinder to provide a stoichiometric combustion air-fuel ratio; and
in response to elevated exhaust temperatures, while maintaining injection of the first amount of the first fuel, and while maintaining spark timing, direct injecting a second amount of a second, liquid fuel into the cylinder to provide a richer than stoichiometry combustion air-fuel ratio, and combusting a mixture of the first and second fuels via spark ignition in the cylinder; and
in response to reaching a threshold richer than stoichiometry combustion air-fuel ratio, maintaining injection of the first amount of first fuel and the second amount of second fuel, and addressing elevated exhaust temperatures using throttle adjustments.
15. The method of claim 14, wherein the second amount of the second fuel is based on the elevated exhaust temperature, the second amount of the second fuel increased as a difference between the exhaust temperature and a threshold temperature increases until the threshold richer than stoichiometry combustion air-fuel ratio is reached.
16. The method of claim 15, wherein maintaining spark timing includes maintaining spark timing at peak torque timing.
17. An engine system, comprising:
an engine cylinder;
a first port injector configured to port inject a first, gaseous fuel into the cylinder;
a second direct injector configured to direct inject a second, liquid fuel into the cylinder;
a spark plug for igniting a fuel mixture in the cylinder; and
a controller with computer readable instructions for:
operating the cylinder at stoichiometry by injecting a variable ratio of the first fuel and the second fuel; and
in response to elevated exhaust temperatures, enriching the cylinder by selectively increasing injection of the second fuel while maintaining injection of the first fuel and while also maintaining spark ignition timing at MBT, a larger enrichment provided based on a widened flammability limit of the second fuel and the elevated exhaust temperature and wherein the operating includes combusting a mixture of the first and second fuels via spark ignition in the cylinder.
18. The system of claim 17, wherein the larger enrichment based on the elevated exhaust temperature includes increasing a degree of the enrichment as the exhaust temperature exceeds a threshold temperature until a threshold degree of enrichment is reached.
19. The system of claim 18, wherein an amount of the second fuel injected during the enriching is based on one or more of a flammability limit of the second fuel, an octane rating of the second fuel, and an alcohol content of the second fuel.