1. A liquid crystal display element comprising:
two substrates each covered with a transparent conducting layer, the transparent conducting layer having geometric and potential relief on a surface; and
a liquid crystal layer between the two substrates,
wherein the liquid crystal layer is one of a pure nematic electrooptical matrix and sensitized electrooptical mixture with nanostructures, and the transparent conducting layer is treated with a surface electromagnetic wave to generate the relief.
2. The liquid crystal display element of claim 1, wherein the liquid crystal layer is sensitized with 1 wt. % or less of the nanostructures.
3. The liquid crystal display element of claim 1, wherein the nanostructures comprise fullerenes C60 or C70, single or multi wall carbon nanotubes or nanoparticles.
4. The liquid crystal display element of claim 1, wherein a liquid crystal material of the liquid crystal layer has positive optical and dielectric anisotropy, \u0394n>0 and \u0394\u2208>0, respectively.
5. The liquid crystal display element of claim 1, wherein a switching time of the electrooptical liquid crystal layer is 1 ms or less.
6. The liquid crystal display element of claim 1, wherein the surface electromagnetic wave is generated using a pulsed or quasi-continuous CO2 laser with p- polarized irradiation at a wavelength of about 10.6 micrometers and power of about 30 W.
7. The liquid crystal display element of claim 1, wherein a thickness of the transparent conducting layer is about 0.05 micrometers or less during treatment thereof by the surface electromagnetic wave.
8. The liquid crystal display element of claim 1, wherein the thickness of the electrooptical liquid crystal layer is about 10 micrometers to about 12 micrometers.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A control apparatus for controlling a voltage transforming apparatus including a transformer, power switching elements provided in a primary side thereof and operating to invert a DC input voltage to an AC voltage, synchronous-rectifying switching elements provided in a secondary side thereof and performing synchronous-rectifying control operation in synchronization with said power switching elements in order to rectify said AC voltage transformed by said transformer into a DC output voltage, and a smoothing circuit smoothing said DC output voltage, said control apparatus comprising:
a judging circuit making a judgment as to whether or not an output current of said voltage transforming apparatus is smaller than a specified current on the basis of a primary-side current flowing through a primary coil of said transformer; and
an inhibition circuit inhibiting said synchronous-rectifying switching elements from performing said synchronous-rectifying control operation when said judging circuit judges that said output current is smaller than said specified current;
wherein said judging circuit makes said judgment while compensating for a variation of a relationship between said primary side-current and said output current due to variation of duty ratio of said power switching elements, and variation of at least one of said DC output voltage and said DC input voltage.
2. The control apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said judging circuit includes a comparator comparing a detection value of said primary-side current with a threshold value corresponding to said specified current, and a compensating circuit compensating one of said detection value and said threshold value being inputted to said comparator on the basis of a compensation value by which said relationship between said primary-side current and said output current is compensated for.
3. The control apparatus according to claim 2, further comprising a periodic wave signal generating circuit generating a periodic wave signal repeating a cycle of monotone increase and monotone decrease, said compensating circuit compensating one of said detection value and said threshold value by use of said periodic wave signal.
4. The control apparatus according to claim 3, wherein said periodic wave signal is a triangular wave signal, said compensating circuit compensating one of said detection value and said threshold value by superposing said triangular wave signal onto said detection value.
5. The control apparatus according to claim 3, further comprising an error detecting circuit generating an error signal having a value depending on a value of said output voltage of said voltage transforming apparatus, and a PWM modulating circuit generating PWM-modulated drive signals to be applied to said power switching elements on the basis of comparison result between said error signal and a carrier signal produced from said periodic wave signal.
6. The control apparatus according to claim 2, wherein said compensating circuit compensates one of said detection value and said threshold value in accordance with said DC output voltage of said voltage transforming apparatus.
7. The control apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said inhibition circuit inhibits said synchronous-rectifying switching elements from performing said synchronous-rectifying control operation when said judging circuit judges that said output current immediately before said power switching elements are turned off is smaller than said threshold current.