1. A sweetener comprising glucosylated sweet glycoside derivatives, wherein the glucosylated sweet glycoside derivatives are produced by a process of enzymatic transglucosylation from at least one sweet glycoside selected from the group consisting of stevioside, rebaudioside A, rebaudioside C, and dulcoside A.
2. The sweetener of claim 1, wherein the process of the enzymatic transglucosylation comprises
dissolving starch into water to form a starch suspension;
adding a first batch of CGTase into the starch suspension, resulting in the liquefaction of starch;
adding a purified Stevia extract comprising stevioside, rebaudioside A, rebaudioside C, andor dulcoside A into the liquefied starch suspension, resulting in a reaction mixture; wherein the added Stevia extract is about equal to that of the starch;
adding a second batch of CGTase into the reaction mixture and incubating for a period of time at a predetermined temperature; and
adding sucrose into the reaction mixture and incubating for another period of time;
whereby the enzymatically transglycosylated derivatives are obtained with the most superior sweetness quality and more than 170 of relative sweetness to 5% of sucrose.
3. The sweetener of claim 2, wherein the CGTase is produced by cultures of Bacillus stearothemophilus.
4. The sweetener of claim 2, wherein the process further comprises decolorizing and desalting.
5. The sweetener of claim 4, wherein the decolorizing is performed using activated carbon.
6. The sweetener of claim 4, wherein the desalting is performed by passing through ion exchange resin.
7. The sweetener of claim 2, wherein the process further comprises removing malto- or fructose-terminated oligosaccharides through a column packed with Amberlite XAD16 HP, wherein the column is washed sequentially with water and ethanol with increased concentration; thereby monosaccharides and oligosaccharides are in the fractions of the water and low concentration of ethanol, and glycosylated and non-modified glycosides are in the fractions of high concentrations of ethanol.
8. The sweetener of claim 1, wherein the sweetener has a purity of at least 98%.
9. A sweetener composition comprising fructose-terminated oligosaccharides and glucosylated sweet glycoside derivatives, wherein the fructose-terminated oligosaccharides and glucosylated sweet glycoside derivatives are produced by a process of enzymatic transglucosylation, and wherein the sweet glycosides comprise at least one sweet glycoside selected from the group consisting of stevioside, rebaudioside A, rebaudioside C, and dulcoside A;
whereby the sweetener composition is less fermentable by oral dental-caries causative microorganisms so as to be low-cariogenic.
10. The sweetener composition of claim 9, wherein the process of the enzymatic transglucosylation comprises
dissolving starch into water to form a starch suspension;
adding a first batch of CGTase into the starch suspension, resulting in the liquefaction of starch;
adding a purified Stevia extract comprising stevioside, rebaudioside A, rebaudioside C, andor dulcoside A into the liquefied starch suspension, resulting in a reaction mixture; wherein the added Stevia extract is about equal to that of the starch;
adding a second batch of CGTase into the reaction mixture and incubating for a period of time at a predetermined temperature; and
adding sucrose into the reaction mixture and incubating for another period of time;
whereby the enzymatically transglycosylated fructose-terminated oligosaccharides and glucosylated sweet glycoside derivatives are obtained with the most superior sweetness quality and more than 170 of relative sweetness to 5% of sucrose.
11. The sweetener composition of claim 10, wherein the CGTase is produced by cultures of Bacillus stearothemophilus.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. An apparatus for detecting a blinking state, the apparatus comprising:
a state-of-eye distinguishing means for calculating a feature value that represents a state of an eye, for an eye-area which has been detected by searching a frame image, based on pixel data of pixels that constitute the eye-area;
a threshold value setting means for calculating a first threshold value representing the feature value at a first transition point from an open state to a closed state and a second threshold value representing the feature value at a second transition point from the closed state to the open state, based on the feature value calculated for a targeted eye when the targeted eye is open, and storing the calculated first threshold value and the calculated second threshold value in a memory;
a blinking state detection means for detecting the blinking state of the eye corresponding to the eye-area, by sequentially comparing the feature values, which are sequentially calculated for a series of the frame images by the state-of-eye distinguishing means, with one of the first threshold value and the second threshold value, which have been stored in the memory by the threshold value setting means; and
a timer which is configured to be set at a predetermined time,
wherein said timer is started when a closed eye is detected,
wherein the time of the timer is determined when an open eye is detected, and
wherein the period of time from the closed eye detection to the open eye detection is compared with a predetermined time set by the timer to determine if the eye is blinking.
2. An apparatus, as defined in claim 1, wherein the threshold value setting means extracts the highest value or the lowest value from a plurality of values, that have been calculated by the state-of-eye distinguishing means for a predetermined number of frame images including the targeted eye, and calculates the first threshold value and the second threshold value by assuming that the extracted value is the feature value when the targeted eye is in the open state.
3. An apparatus, as defined in claim 1, further comprising:
a representative face selecting means for selecting one face-area from face-areas detected by searching the frame images, wherein the threshold value setting means calculates the first threshold value and the second threshold value, regarding only the eye or eyes included in the face-area selected by the representative face selecting means as the targeted eye.
4. An apparatus, as defined in claim 1, further comprising:
a state-of-facial-component distinguishing means for searching frame images for an area representing a facial component other than eyes and distinguishing the state of the facial component based on pixel data of pixels that constitute the area detected by searching; and
a state change detection means for detecting a change in the state of the facial component based on the states of the facial component sequentially distinguished by the state-of-facial-component distinguishing means for the series of frame images, wherein the blinking state detection means does not perform detection of a blinking state while the state change detection means is detecting a change in the state of the facial component.
5. An apparatus, as defined in claim 4, wherein the state-of-facial-component distinguishing means calculates the positions of a plurality of feature points of the facial component, and wherein the state change detection means detects a change in the position of each of the feature points in the series of frame images as a change in the state of the facial component.
6. An apparatus, as defined in claim 4, wherein the state-of-facial-component distinguishing means distinguishes the shape of a mouth, and wherein the state change detection means detects a change in the shape of the mouth.
7. An apparatus, as defined in claim 1, wherein the blinking state detection means operates only when the eye-area has been detected.
8. An apparatus, as defined in claim 1, wherein the state-of-eye distinguishing means searches only a search area for the eye-area, wherein the search area for the eye-area is estimated based on a face-area detected by searching the frame images for a face-area.
9. An apparatus, as defined in claim 1, further comprising:
a marking means for generating a mark-synthesized image by synthesizing a mark image representing a detection result obtained by the blinking state detection means in the frame images; and
a display control means for outputting the mark-synthesized image generated by the marking means to a predetermined display device.
10. An apparatus, as defined in claim 9, further comprising:
a representative face selecting means for selecting a face-area from face-areas that have been detected by searching the frame images for a face-area, wherein the marking means synthesizes different mark images depending on whether a blinking state of an eye included in the face-area that has been selected by the representative face selecting means has been detected or a blinking state of an eye included in a face-area other than the face-area that has been selected by the representative face selecting means has been detected.
11. An apparatus, as defined in claim 1, further comprising:
a recording control means for determining, based on a detection result output by the blinking state detection means, timing of recording the frame image or images in a predetermined recording medium and recording the frame image or images in the predetermined recording medium at the determined timing.
12. An apparatus, as defined in claim 11, further comprising:
a representative face selecting means for selecting a face-area from face-areas that have been detected by searching the frame images for a face-area, wherein the recording control means determines timing of recording the frame image or images so that the frame image or images are recorded when no blinking state of an eye included in the face-area selected by the representative face selecting means has become detected.
13. An apparatus, as defined in claim 3, wherein the representative face selecting means selects the face-area based on at least one of the position of the face-area, the size of the face-area, the degree of probability that the face-area is a true face-area and the brightness of the face-area.
14. An imaging system comprising:
an apparatus, as defined in claim 1; and
an imaging unit for generating frame images representing a subject and providing the frame images for the apparatus.
15. A method for detecting a blinking state, the method comprising the steps of:
performing state-of-eye distinguishing processing for calculating a feature value that represents a state of an eye, for an eye-area which has been detected by searching a frame image, based on pixel data of pixels that constitute the eye-area;
performing threshold value setting processing for calculating a first threshold value representing the feature value at a first transition point from an open state to a closed state and a second threshold value representing the feature value at a second transition point from the closed state to the open state, based on the feature value calculated for a targeted eye when the targeted eye is open, and storing the calculated first threshold value and the calculated second threshold value in a memory;
performing blinking state detection processing for detecting the blinking state of the eye corresponding to the eye-area, by sequentially comparing the feature values, which have been calculated for a series of the frame images in the state-of-eye distinguishing processing, with one of the first threshold value and the second threshold value, which have been stored in the memory in the threshold value setting processing;
starting a timer when a closed eye is detected;
determining the time of the timer when an open eye is detected; and
comparing the determined time from the when the closed eye is detected to when the open eye is detected with a predetermined time set by the timer to determine whether the eye is blinking.
16. A non-transitory computer-readable recording medium having stored thereon a program for detecting a blinking state, the program causing a computer to execute the procedures for:
performing state-of-eye distinguishing processing for calculating a feature value that represents a state of an eye, for an eye-area which has been detected by searching a frame image, based on pixel data of pixels that constitute the eye-area;
performing threshold value setting processing for calculating a first threshold value representing the feature value at a first transition point from an open state to a closed state and a second threshold value representing the feature value at a second transition point from the closed state to the open state, based on the feature value calculated for a targeted eye when the targeted eye is open, and storing the calculated first threshold value and the calculated second threshold value in a memory;
performing blinking state detection processing for detecting the blinking state of the eye corresponding to the eye-area, by sequentially comparing the feature values, which have been calculated for a series of the frame images in the state-of-eye distinguishing processing with one of the first threshold value and the second threshold value, which have been stored in the memory in the threshold value setting processing;
starting a timer when a closed eye is detected;
determining the time of the timer when an open eye is detected; and
comparing the determined time from the when the closed eye is detected to when the open eye is detected with a predetermined time set by the timer to determine whether the eye is blinking.