What is claimed is:
1. A dispersion compensating optical fiber comprising:
a refractive index profile selected to result in
a dispersion at 1550 nm which is less than 30 psnmkm;
a kappa value obtained by dividing the dispersion at 1550 nm by a dispersion slope at 1550 nm of between 40 and 60; and
a central segment within the refractive index profile having a 1 and an outer radius r1, a second annular segment within the profile which surrounds the central segment having a 2 and an outer radius r2, a third annular segment in the profile which surrounds the second segment having a 3, and a cladding layer comprising c, wherein 1>3>c>2.
2. The dispersion compensating optical fiber of claim 1 wherein a core moat ratio r1r2 is less than 0.36.
3. The dispersion slope compensating optical fiber of claim 2 wherein the core moat ratio is less than 0.34.
4. The dispersion compensating optical fiber of claim 1 wherein a dispersion slope of the fiber is less than 0.8 psnm2km over the wavelength range 1525 to 1565 nm.
5. The dispersion compensating optical fiber of claim 4 wherein the dispersion slope is less than 1.5 psnm2km over a wavelength range 1525 to 1565 nm.
6. The dispersion compensating optical fiber of claim 1 wherein dispersion slope is between about 1.5 and 3.0 psnm2km over the wavelength range 1530 to 1560 nm.
7. The dispersion compensating optical fiber of claim 6 wherein dispersion slope is between about 1.8 and 2.5 psnm2km over the wavelength range 1530 to 1560 nm.
8. The dispersion compensating optical fiber of claim 1 wherein the dispersion at 1550 nm is less than 50 psnmkm.
9. The dispersion compensating optical fiber of claim 1 wherein the dispersion at 1550 nm is less than 75 psnmkm.
10. The dispersion compensating optical fiber of claim 1 wherein the dispersion at 1550 nm is less than 100 psnmkm.
11. The dispersion compensating optical fiber of claim 1 wherein a dispersion slope is less than 1.5 psnmkm at 1550 nm and the dispersion is less than 70 psnmkm at 1550 nm.
12. The dispersion slope compensating optical fiber of claim 1, wherein
1 is between 1.0 and 2.5 percent and comprises an outer radius r1 between about 1 to 3 microns,
2 is less than about 0.4 percent, and comprises an outer radius r2 between about 3.5 and 8 microns, and
3 is between about 0.2 to 1.0 percent and comprises a center radius r3 between about 5 to 12 microns.
13. The dispersion slope compensating optical fiber of claim 1 wherein 1 is between 1.0 and 2.5 percent and comprises an outer radius r1 between about 1 to 3 microns, 2 is less than about 0.4 percent, and comprises an outer radius r2 between about 3.5 and 8 microns, and 3 is between about 0.2 to 1.0 percent and comprises a center radius r3 between about 5 to 12 microns.
14. The dispersion compensating optical fiber of claim 1 further comprising:
a dispersion at 1550 nm which is greater than 200; and
the central segment has an outer radius r1 and the second annular segment has an outer radius r2 and the core moat ratio taken as r1 divided by r2 is less than 0.4.
15. The dispersion compensating optical fiber of claim 1 further comprising
1 between about 1.6 percent to 2.0 percent, and
2 less than 0.6.
16. The dispersion compensating optical fiber of claim 1 wherein 1 is between 1.6 and 2.0 percent and comprises an outer radius r1 between about 1.5 to 2.0 microns, 2 is less than about 0.6 percent, and comprises an outer radius r2 between about 4.5 and 6 microns, and 3 is between about 0.4 to 0.8 percent and comprises a center radius r3 between about 6 to 10 microns.
17. The dispersion slope compensating optical fiber of claim 16 wherein r3 is spaced from r2 by greater than 1.0 microns.
18. A dispersion compensating module comprising at least one fiber made in accordance with claim 1.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A method for producing optically active alcohols, comprising reducing a ketone in the presence of an iridium(III) complex having a chiral prolinamide compound as a ligand
wherein the ketone is a compound represented by formula I:
(wherein R1 and R2 are different from each other, and each represent an optionally substituted straight or branched alkyl group, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl group, an optionally substituted aryl group, an optionally substituted heteroaryl group, an optionally substituted aralkyl group, an optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl group, an optionally substituted alkenyl group or an optionally substituted alkynyl group, and
R1 and R2 are bound to each other at any appropriate position to form a ring, the ring optionally containing one or more atoms which may be the same or different and are selected from an oxygen atom, an optionally substituted nitrogen atom and a sulfur atom),
wherein the ring is a condensed ring of an optionally substituted aliphatic carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring and an optionally substituted aromatic or hetero-aromatic ring, wherein the chiral prolinamide compound is a compound represented by formula III:
(wherein R3 represents a hydrogen atom or an optionally substituted heteroaryl group, and the symbol * indicates that the carbon atom is a chiral center).
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the optically active alcohol is a compound represented by formula II:
(wherein R1 and R2 are as defined in formula I, and the symbol * indicates that the carbon atom is a chiral center).
3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the chiral prolinamide compound is (R)-proline heteroaryl amide or (S)-proline heteroaryl amide.
4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the chiral prolinamide compound is (R)\u2014N-(6-quinolinyl)-2-pyrrolidinecarboxamide or (S)\u2014N-(6-quinolinyl)-2-pyrrolidinecarboxamide.
5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the chiral prolinamide compound is (R)\u2014N-(2-methoxy-3-dibenzofuranyl)-2-pyrrolidinecarboxamide or (S)\u2014N-(2-methoxy-3-dibenzofuranyl)-2-pyrrolidinecarboxamide.
6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the chiral prolinamide compound is (R)-2-pyrrolidinecarboxamide or (S)-2-pyrrolidinecarboxamide.
7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the iridium(III) complex having a chiral prolinamide compound as a ligand is an (R)- or (S)-chloro(1,2,3,4,5-\u03b7)-pentamethyl-2,4-cyclopentadien-1-ylN-(2-methoxy-3-dibenzofuranyl)-2-pyrrolidinecarboxamidato-\u03baN1,\u03baN2iridium(III) catalyst, or an (R)- or (S)-chloro(1,2,3,4,5-\u03b7)-pentamethyl-2,4-cyclopentadien-1-yl(N-6-quinolinyl-2-pyrrolidinecarboxamidato-\u03baN1,\u03baN2)iridium(III) catalyst.
8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the iridium(III) complex having a chiral prolinamide compound as a ligand is an (R)- or (S)-chloro (1,2,3,4,5-\u03b7)-pentamethyl-2,4-cyclopentadien-1-yl (2-pyrrolidinecarboxamidato-\u03baN1,\u03baN2)iridium(III) catalyst.
9. The method according to claim 1, wherein the iridium(III) complex having a chiral prolinamide compound as a ligand is crystalline.
10. The method according to claim 1, wherein the ketone is reduced by reacting with a hydrogen donor compound.
11. The method according to claim 10, wherein the hydrogen donor compound is formic acid or a salt thereof.
12. A method for producing an optically active alcohol, comprising reducing a ketone in the presence of an iridium(III) complex having a chiral prolinamide compound as a ligand, wherein the chiral prolinamide compound is (R)\u2014N-(6-quinolinyl)-2-pyrrolidinecarboxamide, (S)\u2014N-(6-quinolinyl)-2-pyrrolidinecarboxamide, (R)\u2014N-(2-methoxy-3-dibenzofuranyl)-2-pyrrolidinecarboxamide or (S)\u2014N-(2-methoxy-3-dibenzofuranyl)-2-pyrrolidinecarboxamide.
13. The method according to claim 12, wherein the ketone is a compound represented by formula I:
(wherein R1 and R2 are different from each other, and each represent an optionally substituted straight or branched alkyl group, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl group, an optionally substituted aryl group, an optionally substituted heteroaryl group, an optionally substituted aralkyl group, an optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl group, an optionally substituted alkenyl group or an optionally substituted alkynyl group, and
R1 and R2 may be bound to each other at any appropriate position to form a ring, the ring optionally containing one or more atoms which may be the same or different and are selected from an oxygen atom, an optionally substituted nitrogen atom and a sulfur atom).
14. The method according to claim 13, wherein the ring is a condensed ring of an optionally substituted aliphatic carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring and an optionally substituted aromatic or hetero-aromatic ring.
15. The method according to claim 12, wherein the optically active alcohol is a compound represented by formula II:
wherein R1 and R2 are as defined in formula I, and the symbol * indicates that the carbon atom is a chiral center.
16. The method according to claim 12, wherein the iridium(III) complex having a chiral prolinamide compound as a ligand is crystalline.
17. The method according to claim 12, wherein the ketone is reduced by reacting with a hydrogen donor compound.
18. The method according to claim 17, wherein the hydrogen donor compound is formic acid or a salt thereof.
19. A method for producing an optically active alcohol, comprising reducing a ketone in the presence of an iridium(III) complex having a chiral prolinamide compound as a ligand, wherein the iridium(III) complex having a chiral prolinamide compound as a ligand is an (R)- or (S)-chloro(1,2,3,4,5-\u03b7)-pentamethyl-2,4-cyclopentadien-1-ylN-(2-methoxy-3-dibenzofuranyl)-2-pyrrolidinecarboxamidato-\u03baN1,\u03baN2iridium(III) catalyst, or an (R)- or (S)-chloro(1,2,3,4,5-\u03b7)-pentamethyl-2,4-cyclopentadien-1-yl(N-6-quinolinyl-2-pyrrolidinecarboxamidato-\u03baN1,\u03baN2)iridium(III) catalyst.
20. The method according to claim 19, wherein the ketone is a compound represented by formula I:
(wherein R1 and R2 are different from each other, and each represent an optionally substituted straight or branched alkyl group, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl group, an optionally substituted aryl group, an optionally substituted heteroaryl group, an optionally substituted aralkyl group, an optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl group, an optionally substituted alkenyl group or an optionally substituted alkynyl group, and
R1 and R2 may be bound to each other at any appropriate position to form a ring, the ring optionally containing one or more atoms which may be the same or different and are selected from an oxygen atom, an optionally substituted nitrogen atom and a sulfur atom).
21. The method according to claim 20, wherein the ring is a condensed ring of an optionally substituted aliphatic carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring and an optionally substituted aromatic or hetero-aromatic ring.
22. The method according to claim 19, wherein the optically active alcohol is a compound represented by formula II:
wherein R1 and R2 are as defined in formula I, and the symbol * indicates that the carbon atom is a chiral center.
23. The method according to claim 19, wherein the iridium(III) complex having a chiral prolinamide compound as a ligand is crystalline.
24. The method according to claim 19, wherein the ketone is reduced by reacting with a hydrogen donor compound.
25. The method according to claim 24, wherein the hydrogen donor compound is formic acid or a salt thereof.