What is claimed is:
1. A surveillance apparatus comprising:
input means for inputting images in a time series;
background image memory means for registering a plurality of background images from said images;
difference image memory means for calculating a minimum value of difference degree of an absolute value of a difference between said background image and an image afresh inputted for each pixel and storing said difference; and
judgment means for judging an existenceabsence of an invading object on the basis of said difference degree.
2. A surveillance apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said background image comprises a single or a plurality of pixel values registered for each pixel.
3. A surveillance apparatus according to claim 2, wherein:
said background image is registered or erased for each pixel;
erasing is determined on the basis of a period from a registration time of said pixel to a time at which said pixel is last looked up, and a period from a time at which said pixel is last looked up to a present time;
when registration is made, a new pixel value is written to an empty region if said empty region exists in said background image memory means, and if said empty region does not exist, importance of each pixel value of a corresponding pixel is calculated and is overwritten to an image value having the lowest degree of importance.
4. A surveillance apparatus according to claim 1, which further includes:
memory means for recording said image inputted afresh when said judgment means judges that an invading object exists.
5. A surveillance apparatus according to claim 1, wherein:
said difference image memory means includes minimum value image memory means for storing a minimum value image comprising an absolute value of a difference for each pixel and block-wise mean image memory means for dividing said minimum value image into blocks, and calculating and storing a mean value of an absolute value of a difference for each block; and
said judgment means judges an existenceabsence of an invading object on the basis of a time series change of said mean value.
6. A recording medium having recorded thereon a surveillance program executed by a computer including inputoutput means, a CPU and a memory, said program comprising the steps of:
inputting in a time series images from said inputoutput means;
registering a plurality of background images from said images into said memory;
calculating a minimum value of difference degree of an absolute value of a difference between said background image and an image inputted afresh for each pixel, and storing said minimum value in said memory; and
judging an existenceabsence of an invading object on the basis of said difference degree.
7. A recording medium according to claim 6, wherein said background image comprises a single or a plurality of pixel values registered for each pixel.
8. A recording medium according to claim 7, wherein:
said surveillance program includes a step of erasing said background image;
in said erasing step, a pixel to be erased is decided on the basis of a period from a registration time of each of said pixel values to a time at which it is last looked up, and a period from the time at which it is last looked up to a present time; and
in said registration step, a new pixel value is written to an empty region if said empty region exists in said background image memory means, and if said empty region does not exist, a degree of importance for each pixel value of a corresponding pixel is calculated and is overwritten to a pixel value having the lowest degree of importance.
9. A recording medium according to claim 6, wherein when said surveillance program further includes a step of recording said image inputted afresh when said judgment means judges that an invading object exists.
10. A recording medium according to claim 6, wherein said surveillance program further includes the steps of:
storing a minimum value image comprising an absolute value of a difference for each pixel; and
dividing said minimum value image into blocks, and calculating and storing a mean value of an absolute value of a difference for each of said blocks; and wherein:
said judgment step judges an existenceabsence of an invading object on the basis of a time series change of said mean value.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A solar cell comprising a crystalline silicon substrate and having surfaces provided with electrodes including finger electrodes,
wherein the finger electrodes are placed in parallel to wire marks in the surfaces of the substrate.
2. The solar cell according to claim 1, wherein the finger electrodes are formed in parallel to the wire marks in the surfaces of the substrate, using the wire marks as reference marks.
3. The solar cell according to claim 2, further comprising bus bar electrodes which cross the finger electrodes.
4. The solar cell according to claim 3, wherein the bus bar electrodes are formed perpendicularly to the wire marks.
5. A solar cell module comprising a plurality of solar cells and wiring members electrically connecting the solar cells with each other, wherein
the solar cells include photoelectric conversion units and electrodes formed on the photoelectric conversion units in parallel to wire marks in a substrate,
the wiring members being connected to overlap with the electrodes.
6. The solar cell module according to claim 5, wherein the electrodes include finger electrodes formed in parallel to the wire marks, and bus bar electrodes crossing the finger electrodes, the bus bar electrodes being connected to the wiring members.