1. A system for reversing atrophy of the function of the gastrointestinal tract, comprising:
an article adapted for insertion into the gastrointestinal tract in the human body, by insertion of the article into the rectum, the article having a portion thereof which vibrates when the article is activated, at a selected frequency and amplitude of 20-50 Hz and 0.02-0.13 inches, wherein the vibrations are directed to and stimulate the nerve endings or the nerve endings and muscles along the gastrointestinal tract, wherein the system includes a flexible shaft, a forward tip end and a rear handle end, wherein the flexible shaft is long enough that the forward tip end can extend through the colon to the ileocecal valve, with the rear end remaining outside of the body, and wherein the forward tip end is bulbous and has a diameter such that it can extend into the rectum and the gastrointestinal tract but is too large to extend into the urethra.
2. The system of claim 1, wherein the article is a probe assembly having a tip end capable of vibrating, a handle and a flexible shaft connecting the tip end and the handle, the probe assembly including a system for vibrating the tip, the probe assembly being adapted to be inserted into a colon portion of the gastrointestinal tract through the rectum.
3. The system of claim 2, wherein the system for vibrating is contained within the probe assembly.
4. The system of claim 2, wherein the system for vibrating is positioned external to the probe assembly and is connected to the tip end thereof.
5. The system of claim 2, including a system to push andor pull the probe assembly, wherein the system to push andor pull the probe assembly extends from the rectum while the probe assembly is present in the gastrointestinal tract.
6. The system of claim 1, wherein the forward tip end has a rubber covering.
7. The system of claim 1, wherein the article is a probe assembly having a flexible shaft and a handle and includes a plurality of vibrating portions positioned at separate spaced points along a length thereof.
8. The system of claim 1, wherein the article is a probe assembly which includes a plurality of probe tips joined in tandem along the length of the probe assembly.
9. The system of claim 1, wherein the forward tip end is separable from the flexible shaft following initial insertion of the probe assembly.
10. The system of claim 1, including a clamp element having opposing jaws at one end, wherein one of the jaws includes a vibrating element, the other jaw including the clamping side, and wherein the clamp element includes the control member for operating the movable opposing jaws.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
What is claimed is:
1. A polymerization catalyst precursor comprising:
a) a metal from the Group-3 or lanthanide metals;
b) a neutral, multidentate ligand comprising at least two Group-15 moieties wherein at least one of the Group-15 moieties connects to the metal;
c) a monoanion connected to the metal;
d) a bridge, wherein the bridge connects the monoanion to the multidentate ligand;
e) an abstractable ligand; and
f) an olefin insertion ligand.
2. The catalyst precursor of claim 1 wherein the multidentate ligand comprises at least three Group-15 moieties.
3. The catalyst precursor of claim 2 wherein at least one Group-15 moiety connects to a substituted or unsubstituted organic group.
4. The catalyst precursor of claim 3 further comprising at least one Group-14 moiety connected between at least two of the Group-15 moieties.
5. The catalyst precursor of claim 1 wherein at least one Group-15 moiety connects to a substituted or unsubstituted organic group.
6. The catalyst precursor of claim 5 wherein the multidentate ligand contains a ring comprising at least two of the Group-15 moieties.
7. The catalyst precursor of claim 6 wherein the ring comprises at least three Group-15 moieties.
8. The catalyst precursor of claim 7 wherein the ring further comprises at least one Group-14 moiety connected between at least two of the Group-15 moieties.
9. The catalyst precursor of claim 2 wherein the bridge comprises at least one Group-13-to-16 element.
10. The catalyst precursor of claim 9 wherein the metal is a lanthanide.
11. The catalyst precursor of claim 9 wherein the metal is a Group-3 transition metal.
12. The catalyst precursor of claim 1 wherein the abstractable ligand is a radical independently selected from hydride, hydrocarbyl, alkoxide, aryloxide, amide, or phosphide radicals.
13. The catalyst precursor of claim 1 wherein the olefin insertion ligand is a radical independently selected from hydride, hydrocarbyl, alkoxide, aryloxide, amide, or phosphide radicals.
14. The catalyst precursor of claim 12 wherein the abstractable ligand is independently one of 3-methylpentyl, butoxy, butyl, dimethylamido, 3,6-dimethylphenoxy, dimethylphosphido, diphenylamido, diphenylphosphido, ethoxy, diethyl(triethylsilyl), ethyl(trimethylsilyl), ethylpentylphosphido, heptyl, hexoxy, hexyl, isohexyl, isopentoxy, isopentyl, isopropoxy, isopropyl, methoxy, dimethyl(triethylsilyl), methyl(trimethylsilyl), methylethylamido, 2-methy-4-ethylphenoxy, methylethylphosphido, methylnonylphosphido, methylpropylamido, methylpropylphosphido octyl, pentoxy, pentyl, phenoxy, diphenylethylamido, phenylethylphosphido, propoxy, propyl, t-butoxy, and t-butyl.
15. The catalyst precursor of claim 12 wherein the abstractable ligand is independently one of methyl(triethylsilyl), methyl(trimethylsilyl), phenyl, neopentyl, and benzyl.
16. The catalyst precursor of claim 1 wherein the abstractable ligand is a divalent anionic chelating ligand.
17. The catalyst precursor of claim 16 wherein the abstractable ligand is an alkylidenyl or a cyclometallated hydrocarbyl radical.
18. The catalyst precursor of claim 1 wherein the abstractable ligand is a diene.
19. A polymerization catalyst precursor comprising:
a) a metal from Group-3 or lanthanide metals;
b) a multidentate ligand connected to the metal comprising:
(i) a ring comprising at least two Group-15 moieties, each connected to another through at least one Group-14 moiety wherein the ring connects to the metal and wherein each Group-15 moiety is optionally bonded to a substituted or unsubstituted organic group;
(ii) a monoanion connected to the metal; and
(iii) a bridge that connects the monoanion to the ring; and
c) at least one abstractable ligand; and
d) at least one olefin insertion ligand.
20. An olefin polymerization process comprising:
a) providing monomer;
b) providing a polymerization catalyst precursor comprising:
(i) a metal from Group-3 or lanthanide metals;
(ii) a multidentate ligand comprising:
a first ligand part comprising at least two Group-15 moieties, wherein the at least two Group 15 moieties connect to each other through at least one Group-14 moiety wherein the first ligand part connects to the metal and wherein each Group-15 moiety is optionally bonded to a substituted or unsubstituted organic group;
a monoanion connected to the metal;
a bridge that connects the monoanion to the first ligand part; and
at least one abstractable ligand;
at least one olefin insertion ligand; and
c) activating the catalyst precursor; and
d) contacting the monomer with the catalyst under suitable polymerization conditions.
21. The process of claim 20 wherein the multidentate ligand comprises at least three Group-15 moieties.
22. The process of claim 20 wherein the multidentate ligand contains a ring comprising at least two of the Group-15 moieties.
23. The process of claim 22 wherein the multidentate ligand contains a ring comprising at least three Group-15 moieties.
24. The process of claim 20 wherein the bridge comprises at least one Group-13-to-16 element.
25. A polymer prepared by contacting suitable monomer with a catalyst comprising:
a) a metal from the Group-3 or lanthanide metals;
b) a neutral, multidentate ligand comprising at least two Group-15 moieties with at least one of the Group-15 moieties connected to the metal;
c) a monoanion connected to the metal;
d) a bridge that connects the monoanion to the multidentate ligand; and
e) at least one olefin insertion ligand.
26. The polymer of claim 25 wherein the multidentate ligand comprises at least three Group-15 moieties.
27. The polymer of claim 26 wherein at least one Group-15 moiety connects to a substituted or unsubstituted organic group.
28. The polymer of claim 27 further comprising at least one Group 14 moiety connected between at least two of the Group-15 moieties.
29. The polymer of claim 25 wherein at least one Group-15 moiety connects to a substituted or unsubstituted organic group.
30. The polymer of claim 25 wherein the multidentate ligand contains a ring comprising at least two of the Group-15 moieties.
31. The polymer of claim 30 wherein the ring comprises at least three Group-15 moieties.
32. The polymer of claim 31 wherein the ring further comprises at least one Group-14 moiety connected between at least two of the Group-15 moieties.
33. The polymer of claim 32 wherein the bridge comprises at least one Group-13-to-16 element.
34. The polymer of claim 33 wherein the metal comprises at least one lanthanide metal.
35. The polymer of claim 33 wherein the metal comprises at least one Group-3 transition metal.
36. A polymer prepared by contacting suitable monomer with a catalyst activated with a suitable activator wherein the catalyst comprises:
a) a metal from Group-3 or lanthanide metals;
b) a multidentate ligand comprising:
(i) a ring comprising at least two Group-15 moieties, each connected to another through at least one Group-14 moiety wherein the ring connects to the metal and wherein each Group-15 moiety is optionally bonded to a substituted or unsubstituted organic group;
(ii) a monoanion connected to the metal;
(iii) a bridge that connects the monoanion to the ring; and
(iv) at least one radical independently selected from hydride, hydrocarbyl, alkoxide, aryloxide, amide or phosphide radicals; an alkylidenyl or a cyclometallated hydrocarbyl radical; or a diene.
37. A polymer made by the process comprising:
a) providing monomer;
b) providing a polymerization catalyst comprising:
(i) a metal from Group-3 or lanthanide metals;
(ii) a multidentate ligand comprising:
a first ligand part comprising at least two Group-15 moieties, each bridged to another through at least one Group-14 moiety wherein the first ligand part connects to the metal and wherein each Group-15 moiety is optionally bonded to a substituted or unsubstituted organic group;
a monoanion connected to the metal;
a bridge that connects the monoanion to the first ligand part; and
(iii) at least one radical independently selected from hydride, hydrocarbyl, alkoxide, aryloxide, amide or phosphide radicals; an alkylidenyl or a cyclometallated hydrocarbyl radical; or a diene.
c) contacting the monomer with the catalyst under suitable polymerization conditions.
38. A catalyst precursor comprising a metal complex with the formula:
M(LTE)(Q)nLw
where
a) M is a Group-3 or lanthanide metal;
b) LTE is a multidentate ligand wherein L is a multidentate portion, E is an anion; and T is a group connecting L and E;
c) Q are radical ligands independently selected from hydride, hydrocarbyl, alkoxide, aryloxide, amide or phosphide radicals; an alkylidenyl or a cyclometallated hydrocarbyl radical; or a diene.
d) n is the number of anionic ligands described as Q;
e) L is an optional Lewis base; and
f) w0, 1, or 2.
39. The catalyst precursor of claim 38 wherein L is
C6H12-xPn3R2Rx
and
a) R is independently selected from
(i) C1-C20 hydrocarbyl radicals;
(ii) C1-C20substituted hydrocarbyl radicals having at least one hydrogen group wherein one of the at least one hydrogen groups is substituted by a halogen; amido; phosphido; alkoxy; or aryloxy group, and
(iii) C1-C20 hydrocarbyl-substituted Group-13-14 metalloid radicals;
b) R is independently selected from
(i) Hydrogen;
(ii) C1-C20) hydrocarbyl radicals;
(iii) C1-C20substituted hydrocarbyl radicals having at least one hydrogen group wherein one of the at least one hydrogen groups is substituted by a halogen; amido; phosphido; alkoxy; or aryloxy group; and
(iv) C1-C20 hydrocarbyl-substituted Group-13-14 metalloid radicals;
c) Pn is a pnictide; and
d) x is the number of ring-atom R substitutions.
40. The catalyst precursor of claim 39 wherein Pn is selected from phosphorous or nitrogen.
41. The catalyst precursor of claim 39 wherein T comprises at least one Group-14 or -15 element.
42. The catalyst precursor of claim 40 wherein E comprises at least one Group-14-to-16 element.
43. The catalyst precursor of claim 42 wherein E is selected from cyclopentadienyl, substituted amido, substituted phosphido, oxygen, sulfur, or selenium moieties.
44. The catalyst precursor of claim 40 wherein x2.
45. A catalyst comprising an activator and a metal complex with the following formula
(C6H12-xN3R2RxTNR)MQ2Lw or (C4H8-xN3R4RxTNR)MQ2Lw
wherein
a) M is a Group-3 or lanthanide metal;
b) N is nitrogen;
c) T is a covalent bridging group comprising at least one Group-14 or -15 atom;
d) R is independently selected from
(i) hydrogen;
(ii) C1-C20 hydrocarbyl radicals;
(iii) C1-C20substituted hydrocarbyl radicals having at least one hydrogen group wherein one of the at least one hydrogen groups is substituted by a halogen; amido; phosphido; alkoxy; or aryloxy group; and
(iv) C1-C20 hydrocarbyl-substituted Group-13-14 metalloid radicals;
e) R and R are independently selected from
(i) C1-C20 hydrocarbyl radicals;
(ii) C1-C20substituted hydrocarbyl radicals having at least one hydrogen group wherein one of the at least one hydrogen groups is substituted by a halogen; amido; phosphido; alkoxy; or aryloxy group; and
(iii) C1-C20 hydrocarbyl-substituted Group-13-14 metalloid radicals;
f) Q are radicals independently selected from hydride hydrocarbyl, alkoxide, aryloxide, amide or phosphide radicals; or two Q are an alkylidenyl or a cyclometallated hydrocarbyl radical, or a diene;
g) L are Lewis basic ligands; and
h) w is 0, 1, or 2.
46. A catalyst comprising an activator and a metal complex with the following formula
(C6H12-xN3R2RxTCp)MQ2Lw or (C4H8-xN3R2RxTCp)MX2Lw
wherein
a) M is a Group-3 or lanthanide metal;
b) R is independently selected from
(i) hydrogen;
(ii) C1-C20 hydrocarbyl radicals;
(iii) C1-C20substituted hydrocarbyl radicals having at least one hydrogen group wherein one of the at least one hydrogen groups is substituted by a halogen; amido; phosphido; alkoxy; or aryloxy group; and
(iv) C1-C20 hydrocarbyl-substituted Group-13-14 metalloid radicals;
c) R is independently selected from
(i) C1-C20 hydrocarbyl radicals;
(ii) C1-C20substituted hydrocarbyl radicals having at least one hydrogen group wherein one of the at least one hydrogen groups is substituted by a halogen; amido; phosphido; alkoxy; or aryloxy group; and
(iii) C1-C20 hydrocarbyl-substituted Group-13-14 metalloid radicals;
d) T is a covalent bridging group comprising at least one Group-14 or -15 atom;
e) Q are radicals independently selected from hydride, hydrocarbyl, alkoxide, aryloxide, amide or phosphide radicals; or two Q are an alkylidenyl or a cyclometallated hydrocarbyl radical, or a diene;
f) L are Lewis basic ligands;
g) Cp is a cyclopentadienyl ligand;
h) N is nitrogen;
i) w is 0, 1, or 2; and
j) x is the number of ring-atom, R substitutions.
47. A polymer made using a catalyst precursor comprising a metal complex with the formula:
M(LTE)(Q)nLw
where
a) M is a Group-3 or lanthanide metal;
b) LTE is a multidentate ligand wherein L is a multidentate portion, E is an anion; and T is a covalent bridging group between L and E;
c) Q is a radical independently selected from hydride, hydrocarbyl, alkoxide, aryloxide, amide or phosphide radicals; an alkylidenyl or a cyclometallated hydrocarbyl radical; or a diene.
d) n is 1 or 2;
e) L is an optional Lewis base; and
f) w is 0, 1, or 2.
48. The polymer of claim 47 wherein L, is
C6H12-xX3R2R or C4H8-xX3R4Rx
and
a) R are independently selected from
(i) hydrogen;
(ii) C1-C20 hydrocarbyl radicals;
(iii) C1-C20substituted hydrocarbyl radicals having at least one hydrogen group wherein one of the at least one hydrogen groups is substituted by a halogen; amido; phosphido; alkoxy; or aryloxy group; and
(iv) C1-C20 hydrocarbyl-substituted Group-13-14 metalloid radicals;
b) R are independently selected from
(i) C1-C20 hydrocarbyl radicals;
(ii) C1-C20substituted hydrocarbyl radicals having at least one hydrogen group wherein one of the at least one hydrogen groups is substituted by a halogen; amido; phosphido; alkoxy; or aryloxy group; and
(iii) C1-C20 hydrocarbyl-substituted Group-13-14 metalloid radicals;
c) X is a pnictide; and
d) x is the number of ring-atom R substitutions.
49. The polymer of claim 48 wherein Pn is phosphorous or nitrogen.
50. The polymer of claim 48 wherein T comprises at least one Group-14 or -15 element.
51. The polymer of claim 48 wherein E comprises at least one Group-14 to-16 element.
52. A polymer made using a catalyst system comprising an activator and a metal complex with the following formula
(C6H12-xN3R2RxTNR)MX2Lw or (C4H8-xN3R2RxTNR)MX2Lw
wherein
a) M is a Group-3 or lanthanide metal;
b) N is nitrogen
c) T is a covalent bridging group comprising at least one Group-14 or -15 atom;
d) R and R are independently selected from
(i) C1-C20 hydrocarbyl radicals;
(ii) C1-C20substituted hydrocarbyl radicals having at least one hydrogen group wherein one of the at least one hydrogen group is substituted with a group selected from halogen; amido; phosphido; alkoxy; or aryloxy; and
(iii) C1-C20 hydrocarbyl-substituted Group-13-14 metalloid radicals;
c) R are independently selected from
(i) hydrogen;
(ii) C1-C20 hydrocarbyl radicals;
(iii) C1-C20substituted hydrocarbyl radicals having at least one hydrogen group wherein one of the at least one hydrogen group is substituted with a group selected from halogen; amido; phosphido; alkoxy; or aryloxy; and
(iv) C1-C20 hydrocarbyl-substituted Group-13-14 metalloid radicals;
f) Q is a radical independently selected from hydride, hydrocarbyl, alkoxide, aryloxide, amide or phosphide radicals; an alkylidenyl or a cyclometallated hydrocarbyl radical, or a diene;
g) L is a Lewis basic ligands; and
h) w is 0, 1, or 2; and
i) x is the number of ring-atom, R substitutions.
53. A polymer made with a catalyst system comprising an activator and a metal complex with the following formula
(C6H12-xN3R2RxTCp)MX2Lw or (C4H8-xN3R2RxTCp)MX2Lw
wherein
a) M is a Group-3 or lanthanide metal;
b) N is nitrogen;
c) Cp is a cyclopentadienyl ligand;
d) T is a covalent bridging group comprising at least one Group-14 or -15 atom;
e) R is independently selected from
(i) hydrogen;
(ii) C1-C20 hydrocarbyl radicals;
(iii) C1-C20substituted hydrocarbyl radicals having at least one hydrogen group wherein one of the at least one hydrogen group is substituted with a group selected from halogen; amido; phosphido; alkoxy; or aryloxy; and
(iv) C1-C20 hydrocarbyl-substituted Group-13-14 metalloid radicals;
f) R and R are independently selected from
(i) C1-C20 hydrocarbyl radicals;
(ii) C1-C20substituted hydrocarbyl radicals having at least one hydrogen group wherein one of the at least one hydrogen group is substituted with a group selected from halogen; amido; phosphido; alkoxy; or aryloxy; and
(iii) C1-C20 hydrocarbyl-substituted Group-13-14 metalloid radicals;
g) Q is a radical independently selected from hydride, hydrocarbyl, alkoxide, aryloxide, amide or phosphide radicals; an alkylidenyl or a cyclometallated hydrocarbyl radical; or a diene;
h) L is a Lewis basic ligands; and
i) w is 0, 1, or 2; and
j) x is the number of ring-atom, R substitutions.
54. A catalyst precursor comprising a ligand wherein the ligand has the structure in I or II
7
wherein
a) R and R are independently selected from
(i) hydrogen;
(ii) C1-C20 hydrocarbyl radicals;
(iii) C1-C20substituted hydrocarbyl radicals having at least one hydrogen group wherein one of the at least one hydrogen groups is substituted by a halogen; amido; phosphido; alkoxy; or aryloxy group; and
(iv) C1-C20 hydrocarbyl-substituted Group-13-14 metalloid radicals;
b) X is a pnictide; and
c) x is the number of ring-atom R substitutions.
55. The catalyst precursor of claim 54 wherein X is selected from phosphorous or nitrogen.
56. The catalyst precursor of claim 55 wherein x2.
57. A catalyst comprising an activator and a metal complex wherein the metal complex has the formula shown in I or II
8
wherein
a) M is a Group-3 or lanthanide metal;
b) T is a covalent bridging group comprising at least one Group-14 or -15 atom;
c) R and R are independently selected from
(i) hydrogen;
(ii) C1-C20 hydrocarbyl radicals;
(iii) C1-C20substituted hydrocarbyl radicals having at least one hydrogen group wherein one of the at least one hydrogen groups is substituted by a halogen; amido; phosphido; alkoxy; or aryloxy group; and
(iv) C1-C20 hydrocarbyl-substituted Group-13-14 metalloid radicals;
d) R is independently selected from
(i) C1-C20 hydrocarbyl radicals;
(ii) C1-C20substituted hydrocarbyl radicals having at least one hydrogen group wherein one of the at least one hydrogen groups is substituted by a halogen; amido; phosphido; alkoxy; or aryloxy group; and
(iii) C1-C20 hydrocarbyl-substituted Group-13-14 metalloid radicals;
e) Q is a radical independently selected from hydride, hydrocarbyl, alkoxide, aryloxide, amide or phosphide radicals; an alkylidenyl or a cyclometallated hydrocarbyl radical; or a diene;
f) L are Lewis basic ligands;
g) w is 0, 1, or 2;
h) X is a Group-15 atom; and
i) J is a Group-15 atom when z1 or a Group-16 atom when z0.
58. A catalyst comprising an activator and a metal complex with the formula I or II:
9
wherein
a) M is a Group-3 or lanthanide metal;
b) R, R, and R are independently selected from
(i) hydrogen;
(ii) C1-C20 hydrocarbyl radicals;
(iii) C1-C20substituted hydrocarbyl radicals having at least one hydrogen group wherein one of the at least one hydrogen groups is substituted by a halogen; amido; phosphido; alkoxy; or aryloxy group; and
(iv) C1-C20 hydrocarbyl-substituted Group-13-14 metalloid radicals;
c) T is a covalent bridging group comprising at least one Group-14 or -15 atom;
d) Q is a radical independently selected from hydride, hydrocarbyl, alkoxide, aryloxide, amide or phosphide radicals; an alkylidenyl or a cyclometallated hydrocarbyl radical; or a diene;
e) X is a Group-15 metal;
f) L are Lewis basic ligands; and
g) w is 0, 1, or 2.
59. An article of manufacture produced using the method of claims 20-24.
60. An article of manufacture produced using the catalyst of claims 19, 45, 46, 57, and 58.
61. An article of manufacture produced using the catalyst precursor of claims 118, 38-44, and 54-56.
62. An article of manufacture produced using the polymer of claims 25-37 and 47-53.