1. A process to produce a composition of matter, said process comprising contacting an organometal compound, a treated solid oxide compound, and an organoaluminum compound to produce said composition,
wherein said composition consists essentially of a post-contacted organometal compound, a post-contacted treated solid oxide compound, and optionally, a post-contacted organoaluminum compound, and
wherein said composition can polymerize ethylene into a polymer with an activity greater than a composition that uses the same organometal compound, and the same organoaluminum compound, but uses untreated Ketjen grade B alumina instead of said treated solid oxide compound, and
wherein said organometal compound has the following general formula
(X1)(X2)(X3)(X4)M1
wherein M1 is selected from the group consisting of titanium, zirconium, and hafnium, and
wherein (X1) is independently selected from the group consisting of cyclopentadienyls, indenyls, fluorenyls, substituted cyclopentadienyls, substituted indenyls, and substituted fluorenyls, and
wherein said substituents on said substituted cyclopentadienyls, substituted indenyls, and substituted fluorenyls, are selected from the group consisting of aliphatic groups, cyclic groups, combinations of aliphatic and cyclic groups, and organometallic groups, and hydrogen; and
wherein (X3) and (X4) are independently selected from the group consisting of halides, aliphatic groups, cyclic groups, combinations of aliphatic and cyclic groups, and organometallic groups, and
wherein (X2) is selected from the group consisting of Group OMC-I or Group OMC-II, and
wherein said organoaluminun compound has the following general formula.
Al(X5)n(X6)3-n
wherein (X5) is a hydrocarbyl having from 1-20 carbon atoms, and
wherein (X6) is a halide, hydride, or alkoxide, and
wherein \u201cn\u201d is a number from 1 to 3 inclusive.
2. A process to produce a composition of matter, said process comprising contacting an organometal compound, a treated solid oxide compound, and an organoaluminum compound to produce said composition,
wherein said composition consists essentially of a post-contacted organometal compound, a post-contacted treated solid oxide compound, and optionally, a post-contacted organoaluminum compound, and
wherein said composition can polymerize ethylene into a polymer with an activity greater than 100 (gP(gS\xb7hr)), and
wherein said organometal compound has the following general formula
(X1)(X2)(X3)(X4)M1
wherein M1 is selected from the group consisting of titanium, zirconium, and hafnium, and
wherein (X1) is independently selected from the group consisting of cyclopentadienyls, indenyls, fluorenyls, substituted cyclopentadienyls, substituted indenyls, and substituted fluorenyls, and
wherein said substituents on said substituted cyclopentadienyls, substituted indenyls, and substituted fluorenyls, are selected from the group consisting of aliphatic groups, cyclic groups, combinations of aliphatic and cyclic groups, and organometallic groups, and hydrogen; and
wherein (X3) and (X4) are independently selected from the group consisting of halides, aliphatic groups, cyclic groups, combinations of aliphatic and cyclic groups, and organometallic groups, and
wherein (X2) is selected from the group consisting of Group OMC-I or Group OMC-II, and
wherein said organoaluminun compound has the following general formula.
Al(X5)n(X6)3-n
wherein (X5) is a hydrocarbyl having from 1-20 carbon atoms, and
wherein (X6) is a halide, hydride, or alkoxide, and
wherein \u201cn\u201d is a number from 1 to 3 inclusive, and
wherein said treated solid oxide compounds comprise oxygen and at least one element selected from the group consisting of groups 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, and 15 of the periodic table, including lanthanides and actinides.
3. A process according to claim 2 wherein said activity is greater than 250.
4. A process according to claim 3 wherein said activity is greater than 500.
5. A process according to claim 4 wherein said activity is greater than 1000.
6. A process according to claim 5 wherein said activity is greater than 2000.
7. A composition produced by the process of claim 2.
8. A process of using the composition of claim 7 to polymerize monomers into polymers.
9. A manufacture that comprises polymers produced according to claim 8.
10. A machine that comprises manufactures according to claim 9.
11. A process according to claim 8 wherein said polymers are produced under slurry polymerization conditions.
12. A process according to claim 11 wherein said polymerization is conducted in a loop reactor.
13. A process according to claim 12 wherein said polymerization is conducted in the presence of a diluent that comprises, in major part, isobutane.
14. A manufacture that comprises polymers produced according to claim 13.
15. A machine that comprises manufactures according to claim 14.
16. A composition produced by the process of claim 6.
17. A process of using the composition of claim 16 to polymerize monomers into polymers.
18. A manufacture that comprises polymers produced according to claim 17.
19. A machine that comprises manufactures according to claim 18.
20. A process according to claim 17 wherein said polymers are produced under slurry polymerization conditions.
21. A process according to claim 20 wherein said polymerization is conducted in a loop reactor.
22. A process according to claim 21 wherein said polymerization is conducted in the presence of a diluent that comprises, in major part, isobutane.
23. A manufacture that comprises polymers produced according to claim 22.
24. A machine that comprises manufactures according to claim 23.
25. A process to produce a composition of matter, said process comprising contacting an organometal compound, a treated solid oxide compound, and an organoaluminum compound to produce said composition,
wherein said composition consists essentially of a post-contacted organometal compound, a post-contacted treated solid oxide compound, and optionally, a post-contacted organoaluminum compound, and
wherein said composition can polymerize ethylene into a polymer with an activity greater than 2000 (gP(gS\xb7hr)), and
wherein said organometal compound is selected from the group consisting of
bis(cyclopentadienyl) hafnium dichloride;
bis(cyclopentadienyl) zirconium dichloride;
ethyl(indenyl)2hafnium dichloride;
ethyl(indenyl)2zirconium dichloride;
ethyl(tetrahydroindenyl)2hafnium dichloride;
ethyl(tetrahydroindenyl)2zirconium dichloride;
bis(n-butylcyclopentadienyl) hafnium dichloride;
bis(n-butylcyclopentadienyl) zirconium dichloride;
((dimethyl)(diindenyl) silane) zirconium dichloride;
((dimethyl)(diindenyl) silane) hafnium dichloride;
((dimethyl)(ditetrahydroindenyl) silane) zirconium dichloride;
((dimethyl)(di(2-methyl indenyl)) silane) zirconium dichloride;
bis(fluorenyl) zirconium dichloride, and
wherein said organoaluminum compound is selected from the group consisting of
trimethylaluminum;
triethylaluminum;
tripropylaluminum;
diethylaluminum ethoxide;
tributylaluminum;
triisobutylaluminum hydride;
triisobutylaluminum;
diethylaluminum chloride, and
wherein said solid oxide compounds are selected from the group consisting of Al2O3, B2O3, BeO, Bi2O3, CdO, CO3O4, Cr2O3, CuO, Fe2O3, Ga2O3, La2O3, Mn2O3, MoO3, NiO, P2O5, Sb2O5, SiO2, SnO2, SrO, ThO2, TiO2, V2O5, WO3, Y2O3, ZnO, ZrO2; and mixtures thereof, and wherein said treated solid oxides have been treated with fluoride or chloride or both.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. Method for actuating an electrically actuated friction brake (1) that is driven by an electric motor (21), in which for a braking operation, in order to achieve a predefined setpoint braking effect of the friction brake (1), a brake lining (3, 6) is pressed against a friction surface by setting a setpoint position of the friction brake (1) that is associated with the setpoint braking effect, characterized in that an actuation energy (EE) of the electric motor (21) is determined for the braking operation, and the ascertained actuation energy (EE) is determined as the actual actuation energy (EE_actual) in the predefined setpoint position of the friction brake (1), and a setpoint actuation energy (EE_setpoint) is determined with respect to the setpoint position or with respect to a setpoint braking effect from known data concerning the friction brake (1), and a deviation between the actual actuation energy (EE_actual) and the setpoint actuation energy (EE_setpoint) is compensated for by actuating the friction brake (1).
2. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that at the end of the braking operation the friction brake (1) is actuated for compensating for the deviation between the actual actuation energy (EE_actual) and the setpoint actuation energy (EE_setpoint) in order to achieve the setpoint braking effect.
3. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that the deviation is compensated for by changing the setpoint position.
4. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that an actual braking effect and a setpoint braking effect are determined from the actual actuation energy (EE_actual) and the setpoint actuation energy (EE_setpoint), respectively, and a deviation between the actual braking effect and a setpoint braking effect is compensated for.
5. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that a wear adjuster (11) of the friction brake (1) is actuated at the end of the braking operation in order to change an air gap as a function of the deviation between the actual actuation energy (EE_actual) and the setpoint actuation energy (EE_setpoint).
6. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that a wear adjuster (11) of the friction brake (1) is actuated after a certain time period after the braking operation in order to change an air gap as a function of the deviation between the actual actuation energy (EE_actual) and the setpoint actuation energy (EE_setpoint).
7. Method according to claim 6, characterized in that deviations which occur are averaged over this time period.
8. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that for the braking operation, an energy absorption capacity (EV) of the friction brake (1) is determined prior to achieving a setpoint position or setpoint braking effect, from a known motor braking energy (EB) of the electric motor (21) and the actuation energy (EE), and during the braking operation the instantaneous kinetic energy (EK) of the electric motor (21) is compared to the energy absorption capacity (EV) associated with the instantaneous position or braking effect, and when the two match, the electric motor (21) is switched over to deceleration in order to influence the time sequence of the braking effect for achieving the setpoint position or the setpoint braking effect.
9. Method according to claim 8, characterized in that a desired residual speed of the actuation is maintained at the end of the braking operation.
10. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that the friction brake (1) is driven by a combination of the electric motor (21) and an auxiliary energy source (32), the proportion of the auxiliary energy source (32) being in the range of 0 to 100%, preferably 20 to 100%.
11. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that the friction brake (1) is operated on a vehicle wheel, and the setpoint braking effect is limited to a stored, from current roadway conditions dependent, lock-free braking effect, with which locking of the vehicle wheel is prevented.