What is claimed is:
1. An alkaline battery comprising:
a cathode comprising an active cathode material including a lambda-manganese dioxide and a gamma-manganese oxide;
an anode comprising zinc;
a separator between the anode and the cathode; and
an alkaline electrolyte contacting the anode and the cathode.
2. The battery of claim 1, wherein the fraction of lambda-manganese dioxide is substantially less than the fraction of gamma-manganese oxide.
3. The battery of claim 1, wherein the weight ratio of lambda-manganese dioxide to gamma-manganese dioxide ranges from 1:19 to 3:1.
4. The battery of claim 1, wherein the weight ratio of lambda-manganese dioxide to gamma-manganese dioxide ranges from 1:9 to 1:1.
5. The battery of claim 1, wherein the weight ratio of lambda-manganese dioxide to gamma-manganese dioxide ranges from 1:3 to 1:1.
6. The battery of claim 1, wherein the cathode includes carbon particles.
7. The battery of claim 6, wherein the cathode includes between 2 wt % and 10 wt % of carbon particles.
8. The battery of claim 6, wherein the carbon particles include expanded graphite, natural graphite, or a blend thereof.
9. The battery of claim 6, wherein the carbon particles include from 10 to 90% by weight natural graphite.
10. The battery of claim 1, wherein the gamma-manganese oxide is an electrochemically-produced manganese dioxide.
11. An alkaline battery comprising:
a cathode comprising an active cathode material including a lambda-manganese dioxide and a gamma-manganese dioxide in a weight ratio of at least 1:9, a natural graphite and an expanded graphite;
an anode including zinc;
a separator between the anode and the cathode; and
an electrolyte contacting the cathode, the anode and the separator.
12. The battery of claim 1 1, wherein the weight ratio of lambda-manganese dioxide to gamma-manganese dioxide ranges from 1:3 to 1:1.
13. The electrochemical cell of claim 11, wherein the cathode includes carbon particles.
14. The electrochemical cell of claim 13, wherein the cathode includes between 2 wt % and 10 wt % of carbon particles.
15. The electrochemical cell of claim 13, wherein the carbon particles include from 10 to 90% by weight natural graphite.
16. A method of manufacturing an alkaline battery comprising:
providing a positive electrode including an active cathode material including lambda-manganese oxide and a gamma-manganese dioxide; and
forming a battery including the positive electrode and a zinc electrode.
17. The method of claim 16, wherein providing the electrode includes preparing lambda-manganese dioxide by a method comprising:
contacting water with a lithium manganese oxide;
adding an acid to the water and compound until the water has a pH of 1 or less;
separating a solid from the water and acid; and
drying the solid at a temperature of 150 C. or below to obtain the lambda-manganese dioxide.
18. The method of claim 17, wherein the lithium manganese oxide is a compound of the formula Li1xMn2xO4, wherein x is from 0.02 to 0.02 and the compound has a B.E.T. specific surface area of between 1 and 10 m2g.
19. The method of claim 17, wherein the solid is dried at a temperature of less than about 120 C.
20. The method of claim 16, wherein providing a positive electrode includes combining between 2 wt % and 10 wt % carbon particles with the active cathode material.
21. The method of claim 20, wherein the carbon particles include expanded graphite, natural graphite, or a blend thereof.
22. The method of claim 15, wherein the gamma-manganese oxide is an electrochemically-produced manganese dioxide.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A light source structure of a projector, comprising:
a solid state lighting element generating a plurality of radial beams;
an optical collimator lens positioned on a light path of the radial beams; and
a micro-lens aligned with the solid state lighting element and the optical collimator lens;
wherein the radial beams strike the optical collimator lens where the radial beams are converted into a plurality of parallel beams, which is transmitted to the micro-lens and are focused by the micro-lens into a projecting beam.
2. The light source structure of claim 1, wherein the optical collimator lens is positioned in front of and aligned with the solid state lighting element, and the optical collimator lens comprises a first incident surface facing the solid state lighting element and a first exiting surface opposite to the first incident surface.
3. The light source structure of claim 2, wherein the micro-lens is positioned in front of and aligned with the optical collimator lens, and the micro-lens comprises a second incident surface facing the first exiting surface of the optical collimator lens.
4. The light source structure of claim 4, wherein the solid state light element comprises light emitting diode.
5. The light source structure of claim 4, wherein the solid state light element comprises laser diode.
6. A light source structure of a projector, comprising:
a solid state lighting array comprising a plurality of solid state lighting elements to generate a plurality of radial beams;
an optical collimator lens array comprising a plurality of optical collimator lenses positioned on a light path of the radial beams; and
a micro-lens array comprising a plurality of micro-lenses that each micro-lens is aligned with a corresponding solid state lighting element and a corresponding optical collimator lens;
wherein the radial beams strike the optical collimator lens array where the radial beams are converted into a plurality of parallel beams, which transmit to the micro-lens array and are focused by the micro-lens array into projecting beams.
7. The light source structure of claim 6, wherein the optical collimator lens array is positioned in front the solid state lighting array.
8. The light source structure of claim 7, wherein both of the optical collimator lens array and the micro-lens array are square arrays.
9. The light source structure of claim 8, wherein the optical collimator lens array is positioned in a lattice frame.
10. The light source structure of claim 9, wherein the micro-lens array is positioned in front of the optical collimator lens array.
11. The light source structure of claim 10, wherein the micro-lens array is a square array corresponding to the optical collimator lens array.
12. The light source structure of claim 10, wherein each optical collimator lens comprises a first incident surface facing the corresponding solid state lighting element and a first exiting surface opposite to the first incident surface.
13. The light source structure of claim 12, wherein each micro-lens comprises a second incident surface facing the first exiting surface of the corresponding optical collimator lens.
14. The light source structure of claim 6, wherein the solid state lighting elements are electrically connected.
15. The light source structure of claim 6, wherein each solid state light element comprises light emitting diode or laser diode.