I claim:
1. A method for preserving a cell or tissue specimen comprising the steps of contacting the specimen with a solution comprising a non-permeating co-solute characterized by its ability to limit the amount of a permeating cryoprotectant to permeate into the specimen.
2. The method for preserving a cell or tissue specimen as claimed in claim 1, wherein the solution further comprises a permeating cryoprotectant and a non-permeating cryoprotectant.
3. The method for preserving a cell or tissue specimen as claimed in claim 1, further comprising the step of contacting the specimen with a cryopreservation solution comprising a permeating cryoprotectant, a non-permeating cryoprotectant and a non-permeating co-solute.
4. The method for preserving a cell or tissue specimen as claimed in claim 2, wherein the cryoprotectant is selected from the group consisting of dimethylsulfoxide, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol and glycerol.
5. The method for preserving a cell or tissue specimen as claimed in claim 2, wherein the non-permeating cryoprotectant is selected from the group consisting of dextrans, starches, polyethylene glycol, polyvinylpyrrolidone, Ficol and peptides.
6. The method for preserving a cell or tissue specimen as claimed in claim 1, wherein the non-permeating co-solute is selected from the group consisting of an amino acid and derivatives thereof, a betaine, a carbohydrate and a sugar alcohol, wherein the carbohydrate is selected from the group consisting of an aldose monosaccharide, a ketose monosaccharide, an amino sugar, an alditol, an inositol, aidonic, uronic and aldaric acids, disaccharides and polysaccharides.
7. The method for preserving a cell or tissue specimen as claimed in claim 1, wherein the total concentration of non-permeating co-solute in the co-solute solution is between 0.1 and 0.7 moll and is equal to a maximum possible concentration that does not substantially damage cells.
8. The method for preserving a cell or tissue specimen as claimed in claim 6, wherein the co-solute is an amino acid.
9. The method for preserving a cell or tissue specimen as claimed in claim 2, wherein the method is performed in two or more stages of contacting the sample with increasingly higher concentrations of the permeating cryoprotectant and the co-solute.
10. The method for preserving a cell or tissue specimen as claimed in claim 2, wherein the method is performed by simultaneously increasing concentrations of both the permeating cryoprotectant and the co-solute from an initial concentration to a final concentration according to a desired profile.
11. The method for preserving a cell or tissue specimen as claimed in claim 2, wherein the rehydration solution further comprises a permeating rehydration cryoprotectant.
12. The method for preserving a cell or tissue specimen as claimed in claim 11, further comprising the step of rehydrating the specimen by contacting the preserved specimen with a rehydration solution comprising a non-permeating rehydration co-solute characterized by its ability to limit the amount of a permeating cryoprotectant to permeate into the specimen, such that cryoprotectant within the specimen is removed from cells of the specimen.
13. The method for preserving a cell or tissue specimen as claimed in claim 12, wherein the permeating rehydration cryoprotectant is selected from the group consisting of dimethylsulfoxide, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol and glycerol.
14. The method for preserving a cell or tissue specimen as claimed in claim 12, wherein the rehydration step is performed by simultaneously decreasing concentrations of both the permeating rehydration cryoprotectant and the rehydration co-solute from an initial concentration to a final concentration according to a desired profile.
15. The method for preserving a cell or tissue specimen as claimed in claim 12, wherein the non-permeating rehydration co-solute is selected from the group consisting of an amino acid and derivatives thereof, a betaine, a carbohydrate and a sugar alcohol, wherein the carbohydrate is selected from the group consisting of an aldose monosaccharide, a ketose monosaccharide, an amino sugar, an alditol, an inositol, aidonic, uronic and aldaric acids, disaccharides and polysaccharides.
16. The method for preserving a cell or tissue specimen as claimed in claim 1, wherein the contacting step is performed at room temperature or higher.
17. The method for preserving a cell or tissue sample as claimed in claim 1, wherein the specimen can be stably stored at a temperature greater than 4 C.
18. A cryopreservation solution for use in cryopreserving a cell or tissue specimen comprising a permeating cryoprotectant, a non-permeating cryoprotectant and a non-permeating co-solute.
19. The cryopreservation solution as claimed in claim 18, wherein the permeating cryoprotectant is selected from the group consisting of dimethylsulfoxide, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol and glycerol.
20. The cryopreservation solution as claimed in claim 18, wherein the non-permeating cryoprotectant is selected from the group consisting of dextrans, starches, polyethylene glycol, polyvinylpyrrolidone, Ficol and peptides.
21. The cryopreservation solution as claimed in claim 18, wherein the non-permeating co-solute is selected from the group consisting of an amino acid and derivatives thereof a betaine, a carbohydrate and a sugar alcohol, wherein the carbohydrate is selected from the group consisting of an aldose monosaccharide, a ketose monosaccharide, an amino sugar, an alditol, an inositol, aidonic, uronic and aldaric acids, disaccharides and polysaccharides.
22. A rehydration solution for use in rehydrating cryopreserved cell or tissue specimen comprising a permeating rehydration cryoprotectant and a non-permeating rehydration co-solute.
23. The rehydration solution as claimed in claim 22, wherein the permeating rehydration cryoprotectant is selected from the group consisting of dimethylsulfoxide, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol and glycerol.
24. The rehydration solution as claimed in claim 22, wherein the non-permeating rehydration co-solute is selected from the group consisting of an amino acid and derivatives thereof, a betaine, a carbohydrate and a sugar alcohol, wherein the carbohydrate is selected from the group consisting of an aldose monosaccharide, a ketose monosaccharide, an amino sugar, an alditol, an inositol, aidonic, uronic and aldaric acids, disaccharides and polysaccharides.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A semiconductor device comprising:
a semiconductor chip;
a transmitter circuit on the semiconductor chip to receive input bits and to responsively generate a serial output signal having a sequence of signal levels, the input bits having a data rate, and the signal levels having a rate equal to the data rate;
where
the transmitter circuit includes a filter having three taps, each tap driven responsive to a respective one of the input bits, and
the filter is to attenuate signal levels in the serial output signal representing no variation between adjacent input bits relative to variation between the adjacent input bits, such that signal levels in the serial output signal are emphasized for bits that represent transitions in logic level between adjacent ones of the inputs bits relative to bits that do not represent transitions in logic level between the adjacent ones of the input bits.
2. The semiconductor device of claim 1, where each signal level in the serial output signal has one of at least four values, including a first value if a first one and a second one of the input bits each have a first binary state, a second value if the first and second ones of the input bits each have a second binary state, a third value if the first and second ones of the input bits have the first and second binary states, respectively, and a fourth value if the first and second ones have the second and first binary states, respectively.
3. The semiconductor device of claim 2, where the first and second ones of the input bits are adjacent ones of the input bits.
4. The semiconductor device of claim 3, where:
the transmitter circuit is to drive a differential output;
the first value and the second value represent substantially equal drive strength but with opposite polarity in the differential output;
the third value and the fourth value represent substantially equal drive strength but with opposite polarity in the differential output;
the third value represents the same polarity but greater drive strength in the differential output than the second value; and
the fourth value represents the same polarity but greater drive strength in the differential output than the first value.
5. The semiconductor device of claim 2, where the first and the second ones of the input bits represent a current bit to be transmitted by the transmitter circuit and an immediately previous bit in the input bits, respectively.
6. The semiconductor device of claim 1, where the transmitter circuit generates each signal level responsive to each of the three taps.
7. The semiconductor device of claim 6, where the filter has five taps including the three taps, and where the transmitter circuit generates each signal level responsive to each of the five taps.
8. The semiconductor device of claim 1, where for each one of two possible binary states for each input bit, the transmitter circuit generates the serial output signal using one of at least two possible drive strengths, including a first drive strength when a current bit has a binary state equal to an immediately subsequent bit in the input bits, and a second drive strength when the current bit has a binary state not equal to the immediately subsequent bit in the input bits.
9. The semiconductor device of claim 1, where the semiconductor device is to accept parallel data and is to band limit and encode the parallel data to generate the input bits.
10. The semiconductor device of claim 9, where the semiconductor device is to encode 8 bits of parallel data to responsively generate 10 bits of band limited, encoded data as part of the input bits.
11. The semiconductor device of claim 1, where the signal levels of the serial output sequence are to vary in frequency over a range that includes Rmax, Rmax2 and Rmax3, where Rmax represents an alternating sequence of ones and zeros in the input bits.
12. The semiconductor device of claim 1, where the transmitter circuit is programmable to adjust attenuation provided by the filter.
13. The semiconductor device of claim 12, further comprising a memory to store a drive strength used to transmit a given bit from the input bits, the drive strength accessed at an address in the memory dependent upon collective output of the three taps.
14. The semiconductor device of claim 1, where the transmitter circuit is programmable responsive to measurements taken at a receiver via a training process.
15. A semiconductor device, comprising:
a semiconductor chip;
a transmitter circuit on the semiconductor chip to receive input bits and to responsively generate a serial output signal having a sequence of signal levels;
where
the transmitter circuit includes a filter with three taps,
each input bit is represented by one signal level only in the serial output signal, and
the transmitter circuit is to use the filter to emphasize signal levels representing transition in binary state between adjacent input bits, relative to no transition in binary state between adjacent input bits.
16. The semiconductor device of claim 15, where each signal level in the serial output signal has one of at least four values, including a first value if a first one and a second one of the input bits each have a first binary state, a second value if the first and second ones of the input bits each have a second binary state, a third value if the first and second ones of the input bits have the first and second binary states, respectively, and a fourth value if the first and second ones have the second and first binary states, respectively.
17. The semiconductor device of claim 16, where:
the transmitter circuit is to drive a differential output;
the first value and the second value represent substantially equal drive strength but with opposite polarity in the differential output;
the third value and the fourth value represent substantially equal drive strength but with opposite polarity in the differential output;
the third value represents the same polarity but greater drive strength in the differential output than the second value; and
the fourth value represents the same polarity but greater drive strength in the differential output than the first value.
18. The semiconductor device of claim 15, where the input bits represent a first data rate, and the serial output signal has a second data rate, substantially equal to the first data rate.
19. The semiconductor device of claim 15, where the transmitter circuit generates each signal level responsive to each of the three taps.
20. The semiconductor device of claim 19, where the filter has five taps including the three taps.
21. The semiconductor device of claim 16, where the semiconductor device is to accept parallel data and where the signal levels of the serial output signal are to vary in frequency over a range that includes Rmax, Rmax2 and Rmax3, where Rmax represents an alternating sequence of ones and zeros in the parallel data.
22. The semiconductor device of claim 15, where the transmitter circuit is programmable to adjust attenuation provided by the filter.
23. The semiconductor device of claim 15, where the transmitter circuit is programmable responsive to measurements taken at a receiver via a training process.
24. A semiconductor device comprising:
a semiconductor chip;
a transmitter circuit on the semiconductor chip to receive input bits and to responsively generate a serial output signal having a sequence of signal levels;
where
the transmitter circuit includes a filter having three taps, including a tap representing a current one of the input bits to be transmitted, and a tap representing an adjacent, prior input bit in the input bits,
each input bit is represented by exactly one signal level in the serial output signal, where each signal level has one of at least four possible values, depending on a binary state of a current bit to be transmitted, and depending upon whether an adjacent input bit in the input bits is of the same binary state as the current bit to be transmitted, and
each signal level is produced by a combination of each tap from the filter, driven responsive to the binary states of corresponding bits from the input bits.
25. The semiconductor device of claim 24, where each input bit is represented in the serial output signal in a manner that emphasizes transition in logic level relative to the adjacent prior input bit.
26. The semiconductor device of claim 24, where each signal level has one of exactly four possible values, depending on the binary state of the current bit to be transmitted, and depending upon whether the adjacent input bit in the input bits is of the same binary state as the current bit to be transmitted.
27. The semiconductor device of claim 26, where the four possible values are respectively a first value if a first one and a second one of the input bits each have a first binary state, a second value if the first and second ones of the input bits each have a second binary state, a third value if the first and second ones of the input bits have the first and second binary states, respectively, and a fourth value if the first and second ones have the second and first binary states, respectively.
28. The semiconductor device of claim 27, where:
the transmitter circuit is to drive a differential output;
the first value and the second value represent substantially equal drive strength but with opposite polarity in the differential output;
the third value and the fourth value represent substantially equal drive strength but with opposite polarity in the differential output;
the third value represents the same polarity but greater drive strength in the differential output than the second value; and
the fourth value represents the same polarity but greater drive strength in the differential output than the first value.
29. The semiconductor device of claim 24, where the semiconductor device is to accept parallel data and where the signal levels of the serial output signal are to vary in frequency over a range that includes Rmax, Rmax2 and Rmax3, where Rmax represents an alternating sequence of ones and zeros in the parallel data.
30. The semiconductor device of claim 24, where the transmitter circuit is programmable to adjust attenuation provided by the filter.
31. The semiconductor device of claim 30, where the transmitter circuit is programmable responsive to measurements taken at a receiver via a training process.
32. A semiconductor device, comprising:
a semiconductor chip;
a transmitter circuit on the semiconductor chip to receive input bits and to responsively generate a serial output signal having a sequence of signal levels;
where
the transmitter circuit includes a three tap filter to produce a single signal level in the serial output signal for each bit in the input sequence, each signal level having one four possible values, depending on a value of a current input bit to be transmitted, and depending upon whether an adjacent input bit in the input bits has a common binary state to the current input bit to be transmitted, each tap receiving a different one of the input bits to produce the signal level for the current input bit, each signal level produced responsive to all three taps of the filter.
33. The semiconductor device of claim 32, where the four possible values are respectively a first value if a first one and a second one of the input bits each have a first binary state, a second value if the first and second ones of the input bits each have a second binary state, a third value if the first and second ones of the input bits have the first and second binary states, respectively, and a fourth value if the first and second ones have the second and first binary states, respectively.
34. The semiconductor device of claim 33, where:
the transmitter circuit is to drive a differential output;
the first value and the second value represent substantially equal drive strength but with opposite polarity in the differential output;
the third value and the fourth value represent substantially equal drive strength but with opposite polarity in the differential output;
the third value represents the same polarity but greater drive strength in the differential output than the second value; and
the fourth value represents the same polarity but greater drive strength in the differential output than the first value.
35. The semiconductor device of claim 34, where the semiconductor device is to accept parallel data and where the signal levels of the serial output signal are to vary in frequency over a range that includes Rmax, Rmax2 and Rmax3, where Rmax represents an alternating sequence of ones and zeros in the parallel data.
36. A semiconductor device comprising:
a semiconductor chip;
a transmitter circuit on the semiconductor chip to receive input bits and to responsively generate a serial output signal having a sequence of signal levels, the input bits having a data rate, and the signal levels having a rate equal to the data rate;
where
the transmitter circuit includes a filter driven responsive to three respective ones of the input bits, and
the filter is to attenuate signal levels in the serial output signal representing no variation between adjacent input bits relative to variation between the adjacent input bits, such that signal levels in the serial output signal are emphasized for bits that represent transitions in logic level between adjacent ones of the inputs bits relative to bits that do not represent transitions in logic level between the adjacent ones of the input bits.
37. The semiconductor device of claim 36, where each signal level in the serial output signal has one of at least four values, including a first value if a first one and a second one of the input bits each have a first binary state, a second value if the first and second ones of the input bits each have a second binary state, a third value if the first and second ones of the input bits have the first and second binary states, respectively, and a fourth value if the first and second ones have the second and first binary states, respectively.
38. The semiconductor device of claim 36, where:
the transmitter circuit is to drive a differential output;
the first value and the second value represent substantially equal drive strength but with opposite polarity in the differential output;
the third value and the fourth value represent substantially equal drive strength but with opposite polarity in the differential output;
the third value represents the same polarity but greater drive strength in the differential output than the second value; and
the fourth value represents the same polarity but greater drive strength in the differential output than the first value.
39. The semiconductor device of claim 36, where the filter has three taps, each tap driven responsive to a respective one of the three input bits.
40. The semiconductor device of claim 39, where the transmitter circuit generates each signal level responsive to each of the three taps.
41. The semiconductor device of claim 40, where the transmitter circuit is programmable to adjust attenuation provided by the filter.
42. The semiconductor device of claim 40, where the signal levels of the serial output sequence are to vary in frequency over a range that includes Rmax, Rmax2 and Rmax3, where Rmax represents an alternating sequence of ones and zeros in the input bits.
43. The semiconductor device of claim 42, where the semiconductor device is to encode 8 bits of parallel data to responsively generate 10 bits of band limited, encoded data as part of the input bits.