1. A system for use in tapping a pipe carrying fluid under pressure, comprising:
first and second metal collars, each formed of attachable upper and lower semi-toroidal portions that, when assembled on the pipe and attached to each other, provide internal cylindrical surfaces conforming to the pipe external cylindrical surface, each collar having at least one internal circumferential sealing groove therein, the collars when assembled on the pipe providing spaced-apart external cylindrical surfaces;
gaskets formed about the pipe external cylindrical surface and received in each said internal circumferential sealing groove in said collars;
a lower semi-tubular metal containment member of internal cylindrical diameter conforming to said external cylindrical surfaces of said collars and providing paralleled horizontal edges; and
an upper semi-tubular metal containment member of internal cylindrical diameter conforming to said external cylindrical surfaces of said collars and providing paralleled horizontal edges that match said horizontal edges of said lower containment member when the containment members are assembled on said collars, the upper containment member having an integral upwardly extending tubular access portion providing a passageway for tapping the pipe, the upper and lower containment members being weldable to each other and to said collars to fully encompass a portion of the pipe while providing access for tapping the pipe and without welding to the pipe, said collars having a thickness such that no portion of the pipe rises to ignition temperature as a result of welding.
2. A system according to claim 1, including:
a flange in a horizontal plane affixed at an upper end of said tubular access portion extending from said upper containment member to which apparatus may be fixed for tapping the pipe.
3. A system according to claim 1, including:
spacers affixed to the internal surfaces of said upper and lower containment members of thickness substantially equal the thickness of said collars.
4. A system according to claim 1 wherein said gaskets are formed of elastomer cords.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A device for measuring a body-tissue water content metric as a fraction of the fat-free tissue content of a patient using optical spectrophotometry, comprising:
a probe housing configured to be placed proximal to a tissue location which is being monitored;
light emission optics connected to the housing and configured to direct radiation at the tissue location;
light detection optics connected to the housing and configured to receive radiation from the tissue location; and
a processing device configured to process radiation from the light emission optics and the light detection optics and to compute the metric wherein the metric comprises a ratio of the water content of a portion of patient’s tissue in relation to the lean or fat-free content of a portion of patient’s tissue, wherein the processing device receives and compares at least two sets of optical measurements from at least two different wavelengths, where absorption of light at the at least two different wavelengths is primarily due to water which is in the vascular blood and in the extravascular tissue, and where a ratio of the at least two measurements provides a measure proportional to the difference between the fractions of water in the blood and surrounding tissue location.
2. The device of claim 1 wherein the body-tissue water content metric is computed as a fraction of bone-free-fat-free tissue content.
3. The device of claim 1 comprising a display device connected to the probe housing and configured to display the water content.
4. The device of claim 1 wherein the light emission optics and the light detection optics are spaced between 1 and 5 mm from one another at the tissue location.
5. The device of claim 1, wherein the body-tissue metric is monitored intermittently.
6. The device of claim 1 wherein the body-tissue metric is monitored continuously.
7. The probe housing of the device of claim 1 comprising a spring-loaded probe configured to automatically activate a display device connected to the probe housing when the spring-loaded probe is pressed against and near a tissue location which is being monitored.
8. The device of claim 1, wherein the light emission optics are tuned to emit radiation at a plurality of narrow spectral wavelengths chosen so that the biological compound of interest will absorb light at the plurality of narrow spectral wavelengths and so that absorption by interfering species will be at a minimum, where a minimum absorption comprises an absorption by an interfering species which is less than 10% of the absorption of the biological compound of interest.
9. The device of claim 1, wherein the light emission optics are tuned to emit radiation at a plurality of narrow spectral wavelengths chosen to be preferentially absorbed by tissue water, non-heme proteins and lipids, where preferentially absorbed wavelengths comprise wavelengths whose absorption is substantially independent of the individual concentrations of non-heme proteins and lipids, and is substantially dependent on the sum of the individual concentrations of non-heme proteins and water.
10. The device of claim 1, wherein the light emission optics are tuned to emit radiation at a plurality of narrow spectral wavelengths chosen to ensure that measured received radiation are substantially insensitive to scattering variations and such that the optical path lengths through the dermis at the wavelengths are substantially equal.
11. The device of claim 1, wherein the light emission optics are tuned to emit radiation at a plurality of narrow spectral wavelengths chosen to ensure that measured received radiation from the tissue location are insensitive to temperature variations, where the wavelengths are temperature isosbestic in the water absorption spectrum or the received radiation are combined in a way that substantially cancel temperature dependencies of the individual received radiation when computing tissue water fractions.
12. The device of claim 1, wherein the light emission optics are tuned to emit radiation at a plurality of narrow spectral wavelengths chosen from one of three primary bands comprising wavelengths of approximately 950\u20131400 nm, approximately 1500\u20131800 nm and approximately 2000\u20132300 nm.
13. The device of claim 1, wherein the light emission optics and the light detection optics are mounted within the probe housing and positioned with appropriate alignment to enable detection in a transmissive mode.
14. The device of claim 1, wherein the light emission optics and the light detection optics are mounted within the probe housing and positioned with appropriate alignment to enable detection in a reflective mode.
15. The device of claim 1, wherein the light emission optics and the light detection optics are placed within a remote unit and are configured to deliver light to and receive light from the probe housing via optical fibers.
16. The device of claim 1, wherein the light emission optics comprise at least one of a (a) incandescent light source, (b) white light source, and (c) light emitting diode (\u201cLED\u201d).
17. The device of claim 1, wherein the processing device receives and compares at least two sets of optical measurements, where the at least first set of optical measurements corresponds to the detection of light whose absorption is primarily due to water and non-heme proteins, and where the at least second set of optical measurements corresponds to the detection of light whose absorption is primary due to water, and where a comparison of the at least two optical measurements provides a measure of a fat-free or lean water fraction within the tissue location.
18. The device of claim 1, wherein the processing device receives and compares at least two sets of optical measurements, where the at least two sets of optical measurements are based on received radiation from at least two wavelengths and which are combined to form a ratio of combinations of the received radiation.
19. The device of claim 18, wherein the processing device forms a weighted summation of the combinations.
20. A device for measuring a body-tissue water content metric as a fraction of the fat-free tissue content of a patient using optical spectrophotometry, comprising:
a probe housing configured to be placed proximal to a tissue location which is being monitored;
light emission optics connected to the housing and configured to direct radiation at the tissue location;
light detection optics connected to the housing and configured to receive radiation from the tissue location;
a processing device configured to process radiation from the light emission optics and the light detection optics and to compute the metric wherein the metric comprises a ratio of the water content of a portion of patient’s tissue in relation to the lean or fat-free content of a portion of patient’s tissue; and
a pressure transducer configured to measure the compressibility of tissue for deriving an index of a fraction of free water within the tissue.
21. The device of claim 20, wherein the processing device receives and compares at least two sets of optical measurements, wherein the at least two sets of optical measurements are based on received radiation from at least two wavelengths and which are combined to form a ratio of combinations of the received radiation.
22. A device for measuring a body-tissue water content metric as a fraction of the fat-free tissue content of a patient using optical spectrophotometry, comprising:
a probe housing configured to be placed proximal to a tissue location which is being monitored;
light emission optics connected to the housing and configured to direct radiation at the tissue location;
light detection optics connected to the housing and configured to receive radiation from the tissue location;
a processing device configured to process radiation from the light emission optics and the light detection optics and to compute the metric wherein the metric comprises a ratio of the water content of a portion of patient’s tissue in relation to the lean or fat-free content of a portion of patient’s tissue; and
a mechanism configured to mechanically induce a pulse within the tissue location to permit measurements related to the differences between an intravascular fluid volume and an extravascular fluid volume fractions under weak-pulse conditions.
23. The device of claim 22, wherein the processing device receives and compares at least two sets of optical measurements, wherein the at least two sets of optical measurements are based on received radiation from at least two wavelengths and which are combined to form a ratio of combinations of the received radiation.
24. A device for measuring a body-tissue water content metric as a fraction of the fat-free tissue content of a patient using optical spectrophotometry, comprising:
a probe housing configured to be placed proximal to a tissue location which is being monitored;
light emission optics connected to the housing and configured to direct radiation at the tissue location;
light detection optics connected to the housing and configured to receive radiation from the tissue location;
a processing device configured to process radiation from the light emission optics and the light detection optics and to compute the metric wherein the metric comprises a ratio of the water content of a portion of patient’s tissue in relation to the lean or fat-free content of a portion of patient’s tissue; and
a mechanism configured to mechanically minimize the pressure at the tissue location to permit measurements related to the unperturbed fluid volume fraction in the tissue.
25. The device of claim 24, wherein the processing device receives and compares at least two sets of optical measurements, wherein the at least two sets of optical measurements are based on received radiation from at least two wavelengths and which are combined to form a ratio of combinations of the received radiation.
26. A device for measuring a body-tissue water content metric as a fraction of the fat-free tissue content of a patient using optical spectrophotometry, comprising:
a probe housing configured to be placed proximal to a tissue location which is being monitored;
light emission optics connected to the housing and configured to direct radiation at the tissue location;
light detection optics connected to the housing and configured to receive radiation from the tissue location;
a processing device configured to process radiation from the light emission optics and the light detection optics and to compute the metric wherein the metric comprises a ratio of the water content of a portion of patient’s tissue in relation to the lean or fat-free content of a portion of patient’s tissue; and
a mechanism configured to mechanically induce pressure at the tissue location to permit measurement of the extravascular fluid fraction in the absence of the intravascular fluid fraction.
27. The device of claim 26, wherein the processing device receives and compares at least two sets of optical measurements, wherein the at least two sets of optical measurements are based on received radiation from at least two wavelengths and which are combined to form a ratio of combinations of the received radiation.
28. A device for measuring a body-tissue water content metric as a fraction of the fat-free tissue content of a patient using optical spectrophotometry, comprising:
a probe housing configured to be placed proximal to a tissue location which is being monitored;
light emission optics connected to the housing and configured to direct radiation at the tissue location;
light detection optics connected to the housing and configured to receive radiation from the tissue location;
a processing device configured to process radiation from the light emission optics and the light detection optics and to compute the metric wherein the metric comprises a ratio of the water content of a portion of patient’s tissue in relation to the lean or fat-free content of a portion of patient’s tissue; and
a mechanism configured to mechanically vary pressure at the tissue location to permit measurement of both the intravascular and extravascular water fraction.
29. The device of claim 28, wherein the processing device receives and compares at least two sets of optical measurements, wherein the at least two sets of optical measurements are based on received radiation from at least two wavelengths and which are combined to form a ratio of combinations of the received radiation.
30. A device for measuring a body-tissue water content metric as a fraction of the fat-free tissue content of a patient using optical spectrophotometry, comprising:
a probe housing configured to be placed proximal to a tissue location which is being monitored;
light emission optics connected to the housing and configured to direct radiation at the tissue location;
light detection optics connected to the housing and configured to receive radiation from the tissue location; and
a processing device configured to process radiation from the light emission optics and the light detection optics and to compute the metric wherein the metric comprises a ratio of the water content of a portion of patient’s tissue in relation to the lean or fat-free content of a portion of patient’s, wherein the water content metric, fwl is determined such that
f
w
l
=
\u2211
n
=
1
N
\u2062
\u2062
p
n
\u2062
log
\u2062
{
R
\u2061
(
\u03bb
n
)
}
–
\u2211
n
=
1
N
\u2062
\u2062
p
n
\u2062
log
\u2062
{
R
\u2061
(
\u03bb
N
+
1
)
}
\u2211
m
=
1
M
\u2062
\u2062
q
m
\u2062
log
\u2062
{
R
\u2061
(
\u03bb
m
)
}
–
\u2211
m
=
1
M
\u2062
\u2062
q
m
\u2062
log
\u2062
\u2062
{
R
\u2061
(
\u03bb
M
+
1
)
}
,
\u2003and where:
pn and qm are calibration coefficients;
R(\u03bb) is a measure of a received radiation at a wavelength; and
n=1\u2013N and m=1\u2013M represent indices for a plurality of wavelengths which may comprise of the same or different combinations of wavelengths.
31. The tissue water fraction as determined in claim 30, wherein M and N are both equal to 3, the wavelengths indexed by m and n comprise of the same combination of wavelengths, and the first, second, third and fourth wavelengths are approximately 1180, 1245, 1275 and 1330 nm respectively.
32. A device for measuring a body-tissue metric using optical spectrophotometry, comprising:
a probe housing configured to be placed proximal to a tissue location which is being monitored;
light emission optics connected to the housing and configured to direct radiation at the tissue location;
light detection optics connected to the housing and configured to receive radiation from the tissue location; and
a processing device configured to process radiation from the light emission optics and the light detection optics to compute the metric wherein the body tissue metric comprises a quantified measure of a ratio of a difference between the water fraction in the blood and the water fraction in the extravascular tissue over the fractional volume concentration of hemoglobin in the blood.
33. The device of claim 32 wherein the metric is a water balance index Q, such that:
Q
=
f
w
IV
–
f
w
EV
f
h
IV
=
a
1
\u2062
(
\u0394
\u2062
\u2062
R
R
)
\u03bb
1
(
\u0394
\u2062
\u2062
R
R
)
\u03bb
2
+
a
0
where fwIV and fwEV are the fractional volume concentrations of water in blood and tissue, respectively, fhIV is the fractional volume concentration of hemoglobin in the blood, (\u0394RR)\u03bb is the fractional change in reflectance at wavelength \u03bb, due to a blood volume change in the tissue, and a0 and a1 are calibration coefficients.
34. The device of claim 33 comprising an input device configured to enable a user to input a fractional hemoglobin concentration in blood for use by the processing device.
35. The device of claim 34 wherein the processing device is configured to compute a measure of the change in water content between the intravascular fluid volume (\u201cIFV\u201d) and extravascular fluid volume (\u201cEFV\u201d) using the water index.
36. The device of claim 33 wherein the first and second wavelengths are approximately 1320 nm and approximately 1160 nm respectively.
37. The device of claim 32 wherein the light emission optics are tuned to emit radiation at a plurality of narrow spectral wavelengths chosen from one of three primary bands of wavelengths of approximately 950\u20131400 nm, approximately 1500\u20131800 nm and approximately 2000\u20132300 nm.
38. The device of claim 32 wherein the body-tissue metric comprises an integral of the difference to provide a measure of the water that shifts into and out of the capillaries.
39. A method for measuring a body-tissue water content metric in a human tissue location as a fraction of the fat-free tissue content of a patient using optical spectrophotometry, comprising:
emitting radiation at the tissue location using light emission optics configured to direct radiation at the tissue location;
detecting radiation using light detection optics configured to receive radiation from the tissue location;
processing the radiation from the light emission optics and the light detection optics;
computing the water content metric, wherein the water content metric, fwl is determined such that
f
w
l
=
\u2211
n
=
1
N
\u2062
\u2062
p
n
\u2062
log
\u2062
{
R
\u2061
(
\u03bb
n
)
}
–
\u2211
n
=
1
N
\u2062
\u2062
p
n
\u2062
log
\u2062
{
R
\u2061
(
\u03bb
N
+
1
)
}
\u2211
m
=
1
M
\u2062
\u2062
q
m
\u2062
log
\u2062
{
R
\u2061
(
\u03bb
m
)
}
–
\u2211
m
=
1
M
\u2062
\u2062
q
m
\u2062
log
\u2062
\u2062
{
R
\u2061
(
\u03bb
M
+
1
)
}
,
and
\u2062
\u2062
where
\u2062
:
pn and qm are calibration coefficients;
R(\u03bb) is a measure of a received radiation at a wavelength;
n=1\u2013N and m=1\u2013M represent indexes for a plurality of wavelengths which may comprise of the same or different combinations of wavelengths; and
displaying the water content metric on a display device connected to the probe housing.
40. A method for measuring a body-tissue metric in a human tissue location using optical spectrophotometry, comprising:
emitting radiation using light emission optics configured to direct radiation at the tissue location;
detecting radiation using light detection optics configured to receive radiation from the tissue location;
processing the radiation from the light emission optics and the light detection optics to compute the metric wherein the body fluid-related metric comprises a quantified measure of a ratio of a difference between the water fraction in the blood and the water fraction in the extravascular tissue over the fractional volume concentration of hemoglobin in the blood; and
displaying the metric or a quantity derived from the metric on a display device.
41. The method of claim 40 wherein the metric is a water balance index Q, such that:
Q
=
f
w
IV
–
f
w
EV
f
h
IV
=
a
1
\u2062
(
\u0394
\u2062
\u2062
R
R
)
\u03bb
1
(
\u0394
\u2062
\u2062
R
R
)
\u03bb
2
+
a
0
where fwIV and fwEV are the fractional volume concentrations of water in blood and tissue, respectively, fhIV is the fractional volume concentration of hemoglobin in the blood, (\u0394RR)\u03bb is the fractional change in reflectance at wavelength \u03bb, due to a blood volume change in the tissue, and a0 and a1 are calibration coefficients.
42. A method of measuring a physiological parameter in a human tissue location, comprising:
emitting radiation at the tissue location using light emission optics configured to direct radiation at the tissue location;
detecting radiation using light detection optics configured to receive radiation from the tissue location;
processing the radiation from the light emission optics and the light detection optics; and
computing the physiological parameter, wherein the parameter is determined such that it is equal to
\u2211
n
=
1
N
\u2062
\u2062
p
n
\u2062
log
\u2062
{
R
\u2061
(
\u03bb
n
)
}
–
\u2211
n
=
1
N
\u2062
\u2062
p
n
\u2062
log
\u2062
{
R
\u2061
(
\u03bb
N
+
1
)
}
\u2211
m
=
1
M
\u2062
\u2062
q
m
\u2062
log
\u2062
{
R
\u2061
(
\u03bb
m
)
}
–
\u2211
m
=
1
M
\u2062
\u2062
q
m
\u2062
log
\u2062
\u2062
{
R
\u2061
(
\u03bb
M
+
1
)
}
,
\u2003and where:
pn and qm are calibration coefficients;
R(\u03bb) is a measure of a received radiation at a wavelength;
n=1\u2013N and m=1\u2013M represent indexes for a plurality of wavelengths which may comprise of the same or different combinations of wavelengths.
43. The method of claim 42, wherein the physiological parameter comprises the tissue water fraction in the tissue location.
44. The method of claim 42, wherein the physiological parameter comprises an oxygen saturation value in the tissue location.
45. The method of claim 42, wherein the physiological parameter comprises a fractional hemoglobin concentration in the tissue location.
46. The method of claim 42, wherein the physiological parameter comprises the fractional concentration of hemoglobin in a first set comprised of one or more species of hemoglobin with respect to the concentration of hemoglobin in a second set comprised of one or more hemoglobin species in tissue.
47. The method of claim 46 wherein the coefficients, pn, cancel the absorbance contributions from all tissue constituents except the hemoglobin species included in set 1 and the coefficients, qm, are chosen to cancel the absorbance contributions from all tissue constituents except the hemoglobin species included in set 2.