1. A method for producing a hole in any material by means of controlled fracturing using non-rotary machining comprising the steps of:
fixturing the workpiece to a table of a non-rotary holemaking machine tool;
fixturing the cutting tool to the column of the machine tool;
positioning the face of the cutting tool perpendicular to the centerline of the proposed hole;
approaching the surface of the workpiece with the cutting tool to a predetermined clearance level;
driving the cutting tool into the workpiece to a depth necessary to make a through-hole;
creating a hole of a desired size and shape using a drive mechanism;
withdrawing the cutting tool from the workpiece to a predetermined level;
resetting cutting tool using the drive mechanism;
repositioning the workpiece so the face of cutting tool is perpendicular to centerline of a subsequent hole; and
retracting the cutting tool from the work envelope upon completion of the holemaking process.
2. A method for producing a hole in any material by means of controlled fracturing using non-rotary machining as in claim 1, wherein the step of creating a hole further comprises the steps of:
using the force of the cutting tool to induce instantaneous strain in the material of the workpiece thus causing shear bands to emanate from the face of the cutting tool;
concentrating heat generated by the force within the shear bands to form connecting cracks;
separating a slug, in the form of the size and shape of the cutting tool’s face, from the workpiece leaving a through-hole; and
driving the cutting tool to a depth sufficient to eject the slug.
3. A method for creating a hole in a material using a non-rotary machining process comprising the steps of:
fixturing a workpiece to a table of a non-rotary holemaking machine tool;
fixturing the cutting tool to the column of the machine tool;
positioning the face of the cutting tool perpendicular to the centerline of a proposed hole;
approaching the surface of the workpiece with the cutting tool to a predetermined clearance level;
determining a force needed to create the proposed hole of a desired size and shape at the predetermined clearance level;
driving the cutting tool into the workpiece using the force necessary such that the depth creates a hole through the workpiece;
withdrawing the cutting tool from the workpiece to a predetermined level;
resetting the cutting tool using the drive mechanism;
repositioning the workpiece so the face of cutting tool is perpendicular to centerline of a subsequent hole; and
retracting the cutting tool from the work envelope upon completion of the holemaking process.
4. A method for creating a hole as in claim 3, further comprising the steps of:
creating shear bands to emanate from the face of the cutting tool using the force of the cutting tool;
forming connecting cracks by concentrating heat generated by the force within the shear bands;
forming a slug in the workpiece at the position of the hole using the force of the cutting tool; and
ejecting the slug using the cutting tool.
5. A method for non-rotary holemaking comprising the steps of:
fixturing a workpiece to a table of a non-rotary holemaking machine tool;
fixturing the cutting tool to the column of the machine tool;
positioning the face of the cutting tool perpendicular to the centerline of a proposed hole;
approaching the surface of the workpiece with the cutting tool to a predetermined clearance level;
determining a force needed to create the proposed hole of a desired size and shape at the predetermined clearance level;
driving the cutting tool into the workpiece using the force necessary such that the depth creates a hole through the workpiece by creating shear bands to emanate from the face of the cutting tool using a driving force of the cutting tool;
forming a slug in the workpiece at the position of the hole using the force of the cutting tool; and
ejecting the slug using the cutting tool.
6. A method for non-rotary holemaking as in claim 5, further comprising the steps of:
withdrawing the cutting tool from the workpiece to a predetermined level;
resetting the cutting tool using the drive mechanism;
repositioning the workpiece so the face of the cutting tool is perpendicular to centerline of a subsequent hole; and
retracting the cutting tool from the work envelope upon completion of the holemaking process.
7. An apparatus for producing a hole in a workpiece by means of controlled fracturing using a non-rotary machining process, comprising:
a moveable column;
a machine tool attached to the column for positioning the tool relative to the workpiece using a combination of linear and rotary motions along both linear and rotary axes; and
wherein the machine tool is driven with sufficient force in a substantially linear motion to induce an instantaneous strain in a workpiece for shearing a fractured hole having a predetermined shape.
8. An apparatus for producing a hole in a workpiece as in claim 7, wherein the machine tool is moveable in a 3-dimensional work envelope.
9. An apparatus for producing a hole in a workpiece as in claim 7, wherein the machine tool is configured as a ball-nosed end mill used for rotary milling.
10. An apparatus for producing a hole in a workpiece as in claim 7, wherein the linear and rotary axis are both mechanically and electronically controlled.
11. An apparatus for producing a hole in a workpiece as in claim 7, wherein the machine tool is driven using a force generated from at least one from the group of electromagnetic, pneumatic, or hydraulic components.
12. An apparatus for producing a hole in a workpiece as in claim 7, wherein the workpiece is a non-metallic carbon fiber composite material.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. An imaging lens, consisting of, in the recited order from an object side:
a negative first lens group consisting of only a first lens, which is a single biconcave lens; and
a positive second lens group consisting of a cemented lens that is formed by bonding a second lens, which is a biconvex lens, and a third lens, which is a negative meniscus lens, in this order from the object side and that has a positive refractive power as a whole; an aperture stop; and a cemented lens that is formed by bonding a fourth lens which is a biconvex lens and a fifth lens which is a negative meniscus lens in this order from the object side and that has a positive refractive power as a whole,
wherein the imaging lens satisfies conditional expression (5) given below:
1.5<(dsi)f<3.2\u2003\u2003(5),
where:
dsi: the distance (the back focus portion corresponds to the air conversion distance) between an aperture stop and an image formation surface on the optical axis; and
f: the focal length of the entire lens system.
2. The imaging lens of claim 1, wherein the imaging lens satisfies a conditional expression (3) given below:
0.5<fg2f<2.5\u2003\u2003(3),
where:
fg2: the focal length of the second lens group; and
f: the focal length of the entire lens system.
3. The imaging lens of claim 1, wherein the imaging lens satisfies a conditional expression (4) given below:
\u22122<f1fg2<0\u2003\u2003(4),
where:
f1: the focal length of the first lens; and
fg2: the focal length of the second lens group.
4. An imaging apparatus, comprising the imaging lens of claim 1.
5. An imaging lens, consisting of in the recited order from an object side:
a negative first lens group consisting of only a first lens, which is a single biconcave lens; and
a positive second lens group consisting of a cemented lens that is formed by bonding a second lens, which is a positive lens, and a third lens, which is a negative lens, in this order from the object side and that has a positive refractive power as a whole; an aperture stop; and a cemented lens that is formed by bonding a fourth lens which is a positive lens and a fifth lens which is a negative lens in this order from the object side and that has a positive refractive power as a whole,
wherein the imaging lens satisfies a conditional expression (1a) given below:
50<\u03bdd2+\u03bdd3<110\u2003\u2003(1a),
where:
\u03bdd2: the Abbe number at the d line of the second lens; and
\u03bdd3: the Abbe number at the d line of the third lens.
6. The imaging lens of claim 5, wherein the imaging lens satisfies a conditional expression (1a\u2032) given below:
60<\u03bdd2+\u03bdd3<100\u2003\u2003(1a\u2032).
7. The imaging lens of claim 6, wherein the second lens which is a biconvex lens, the third lens which is a negative lens with a concave surface toward the object side, the fourth lens which is a biconvex lens, and the fifth lens which is a negative lens with a concave surface toward the object side.
8. The imaging lens of claim 6, the third lens has a meniscus shape.
9. The imaging lens of claim 6, the fifth lens has a meniscus shape.
10. The imaging lens of claim 6, wherein the imaging lens comprises a cemented lens, which is formed by cementing the fourth lens and the fifth lens together and which has a positive refractive power as a whole.
11. The imaging lens of claim 5, wherein the imaging lens satisfies a conditional expression (1a\u2033) given below:
65<\u03bdd2+\u03bdd3<85\u2003\u2003(1a\u2033).
12. The imaging lens of claim 5, wherein the second lens which is a biconvex lens, the third lens which is a negative lens with a concave surface toward the object side, the fourth lens which is a biconvex lens, and the fifth lens which is a negative lens with a concave surface toward the object side.
13. The imaging lens of claim 5, the third lens has a meniscus shape.
14. The imaging lens of claim 5, the fifth lens has a meniscus shape.
15. The imaging lens of claim 5, wherein the imaging lens comprises a cemented lens, which is formed by cementing the fourth lens and the fifth lens together and which has a positive refractive power as a whole.
16. The imaging lens of claim 5, wherein the imaging lens satisfies a conditional expression (3) given below:
0.5<fg2f<2.5\u2003\u2003(3),
where:
fg2: the focal length of the second lens group; and
f: the focal length of the entire lens system.
17. An imaging apparatus, comprising the imaging lens of claim 5.
18. An imaging lens, consisting of, in the recited order from an object side:
a negative first lens group consisting of only a first lens, which is a single biconcave lens; and
a positive second lens group consisting of a cemented lens that is formed by bonding a second lens, which is a biconvex lens, and a third lens, which is a negative meniscus lens, in this order from the object side and that has a positive refractive power as a whole; an aperture stop; and a cemented lens that is formed by bonding a fourth lens which is a biconvex lens and a fifth lens which is a negative meniscus lens in this order from the object side and that has a positive refractive power as a whole,
wherein the imaging lens satisfies a conditional expression (6) given below:
0.42<(dsi)L<1\u2003\u2003(6),
where:
L: the total optical length.