1. A system to prevent chemical fouling on a reverse osmosis membrane, the system comprising:
a pre-treatment means that pre-treats raw water;
a reverse osmosis membrane apparatus including a reverse osmosis membrane that yields recycled water and concentrated water from pre-treated inflow water, salts being removed in the recycled water and salts in raw water being concentrated in the concentrated water;
a monitoring apparatus, disposed at an inflow water line through which the inflow water flows in andor a concentrated water line through which the concentrated water flows out, which monitors the presence of chemical fouling causal substances in the inflow water or the concentrated water; and
a removal apparatus that removes the chemical fouling causal substances from the inflow water on the front upstream side of the inflow into the reverse osmosis membrane apparatus, upon the presence of chemical fouling causal substances in the inflow water or the concentrated water being confirmed as a result of the monitoring by the monitoring apparatus.
2. The system to prevent chemical fouling on a reverse osmosis membrane according to claim 1, wherein
the monitoring apparatus performs chemical monitoring to determine the chemical fouling causal substance.
3. The system to prevent chemical fouling on a reverse osmosis membrane according to claim 1, wherein
the monitoring apparatus branches off a part of the inflow water and confirms degradation of membrane due to the presence of chemical fouling by a small membrane apparatus for chemical fouling monitoring.
4. A method to prevent chemical fouling on a reverse osmosis membrane, the method comprising:
a pre-treatment process that pre-treats raw water;
a reverse osmosis membrane process that separates permeate water and concentrated water from pre-treated inflow water by a reverse osmosis membrane, salts being removed in the permeate water and salts in raw water being concentrated in the concentrated water;
a monitoring process that monitors the presence of chemical fouling causal substances in the inflow water of the reverse osmosis membrane process or the concentrated water of the reverse osmosis membrane process; and
a removing process that removes the chemical fouling causal substances from the inflow water on the front stream side of the inflow into the reverse osmosis membrane apparatus, upon the presence of chemical fouling causal substances in the inflow water or the concentrated water being confirmed as a result of the monitoring by the monitoring process.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A composite, comprising:
a matrix comprising a polyether;
a dispersion aid, wherein the dispersion aid comprises a lithium-based anionic surfactant; and
a plurality of pristine nanotubes, wherein the plurality of pristine nanotubes is dispersed in the polyether.
2. The composite according to claim 1, wherein the polyether comprises a biocompatible polyether.
3. The composite according to claim 1, wherein the polyether comprises a water soluble polyether.
4. The composite according to claim 1, wherein the polyether is selected from the group consisting of polyethylene oxide and polyethylene glycol.
5. The composite according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of pristine nanotubes comprise single-walled carbon nanotubes.
6. The composite according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of pristine nanotubes is well dispersed.
7. The composite according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of pristine nanotubes in the polyether is at least at a concentration characterized by a percolation threshold selected from the group consisting of an electrical percolation threshold, a geometrical percolation threshold, and combinations thereof.
8. The composite according to claim 1, wherein the composite is well homogenized.
9. The composite according to claim 1, wherein a conductivity of the composite is greater than that of the polyether.
10. The composite according to claim 1, wherein the melting point of the composite is less than that of the polyether.
11. The composite according to claim 1, wherein a rate of crystallization of the composite is less than that of the polyether.
12. The composite according to claim 1, wherein the dispersion aid is selected from the group consisting of amphiphilic surfactants and block copolymers.
13. The composite according to claim 1, wherein the dispersion aid comprises a dodecyl saturated carbon chain.
14. The composite according to claim 1, wherein the melting point of the composite is less than the melting point of the polyether, and a rate of crystallization of the composite is less than a rate of crystallization of the polyether.
15. The composite according to claim 1, wherein the concentration of the plurality of pristine nanotubes is at least about 0.03 percent by weight of the composite.
16. A composition, comprising:
a plurality of pristine single walled carbon nanotubes;
a matrix comprising a polyether, wherein the plurality of pristine nanotubes is dispersed in the polyether; and
a compatibilizer comprising a lithium-based anionic surfactant.
17. The composition according to claim 16, wherein the melting point of the composition is less than the melting point of the polyether, and the rate of crystallization of the composition is less than the rate of crystallization of the polymer.
18. A composition, comprising:
a plurality of pristine single walled carbon nanotubes with a concentration of at least about 0.03 percent by weight;
a matrix comprising a polyether selected from the group consisting of polyethylene oxide and polyethylene glycol, wherein the plurality of pristine nanotubes is dispersed in the polyether; and
a compatibilizer comprising a lithium-based anionic surfactant.