1. An apparatus for controlling the liquid level in a container containing saturated vapor and liquid, and for recovering heat from the liquid discharged from said container by said level control apparatus, comprising:
a. A float actuated mechanical control valve wherein said float is supported by a liquid level that is in vapor and liquid communication with said level in said container;
b. A heat recovery heat exchanger having hot and cold ends;
c. A first conduit conveying liquid from said container to said hot end;
d. A second conduit for conveying cooled container liquid from said cold end to said mechanical float-actuated control valve; and
e. A third conduit for removal of cooled reduced pressure liquid from said valve
2. The apparatus according to claim 1 wherein said container is comprised of a steam-heated heat exchanger for a fluid, wherein said saturated vapor is steam, and additionally comprised of a feed-effluent heat exchanger for the fluid supplied to and from said steam-heated heat exchanger, and wherein said heat recovery heat exchanger is arranged for parallel fluid flow with said feed-effluent heat exchanger.
3. The apparatus according to claim 1 wherein said float is contained in said container.
4. The apparatus according to claim 1 additionally comprised of a housing for said float that is external to said container, plus at least one fluid conduit connecting said housing to said container.
5. The apparatus according to claim 1 wherein said valve is comprised of:
a. A rod that rotates inside a cylinder;
b. Inlet and outlet ports in said cylinder that connect to inlet and outlet fluid conduits of said valve;
c. A mechanical connection between said float and said rod, whereby float movement causes the rod to rotate; and
d. An opening in said rod that aligns with said cylinder openings at one float position, and misaligns with them at another.
6. The apparatus according to claim 1 wherein said container is a desorption column and said saturated vapor is sorbate, and said liquid is sorbent.
7. The apparatus according to claim 1 wherein said container is a distillation column.
8. A heat recovery steam trap for a steam heated fluid heat exchanger, comprised of:
a. A condensate level sensing steam trap, that prevents level buildup in said fluid heat exchanger;
b. A condensate heat recovery heat exchanger; and
c. A means for routing condensate from said fluid heat exchanger sequentially first to said condensate heat recovery heat exchanger, then to said steam trap.
9. The apparatus according to claim 8 additionally comprised of a float for said steam trap that senses said level.
10. The apparatus according to claim 8 additionally comprised of a level sensor that sends an electronic signal to said steam trap, which is an electronically-actuated valve.
11. The apparatus according to claim 8 additionally comprised of a means for splitting said heated fluid into two parallel streams and routing one stream to said fluid heat exchanger and the other stream to said condensate heat recovery heat exchanger.
12. The apparatus according to claim 8 additionally comprised of a second indirect acting steam trap connected to said condensate heat recovery heat exchanger.
13. An apparatus for removing condensate from a container, comprised of:
a. An indirect acting level control valve for said container;
b. A heat recovery heat exchanger in fluid communication with said container; and
c. A conduit connecting said heat recovery heat exchanger to said indirect acting level control valve.
14. The apparatus according to claim 13 additionally comprised of an electronic level sensor, and wherein said valve is an electronically actuated valve that receives a signal from said sensor.
15. The apparatus according to claim 13 wherein said valve is float actuated and additionally comprised of a housing for said valve and float that is external to said container.
16. The apparatus according to claim 13 wherein said valve and said float are located internal to said container.
17. The apparatus according to claim 13 wherein said valve is a float valve comprised of:
a. A float;
b. A rod that rotates inside a cylinder;
c. Inlet and outlet ports in said cylinder that connect to inlet and outlet fluid conduits of said valve;
d. A mechanical connection between said float and said rod, whereby float movement causes the rod to rotate; and
e. An opening in said rod that aligns with said cylinder openings at one float position, and misaligns with them at another.
18. The apparatus according to claim 13 wherein said container is a mass transfer column.
19. The apparatus according to claim 13 additionally comprised of a second indirect acting valve and a second conduit that connects said heat recovery heat exchanger to said second valve.
20. The apparatus according to claim 13 wherein said heat recovery heat exchanger is at least partly located inside said container.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. An organic light emitting diode (OLED) display, comprising:
a substrate having a plurality of pixels;
a first pixel defining layer on the substrate, the first pixel defining layer dividing the plurality of pixels;
a connection wire on the first pixel defining layer, the connection wire electrically connecting two adjacent pixels; and
a second pixel defining layer on the first pixel defining layer, the second pixel defining layer covering the connection wire.
2. The OLED display of claim 1, wherein:
each of the plurality of pixels includes a pixel electrode and a pixel terminal extending from the pixel electrode, and
the first pixel defining layer includes one or more connection holes exposing respective pixel terminals of the two adjacent pixels.
3. The OLED display of claim 2, wherein the connection wire electrically connects the two adjacent pixels through the connection holes.
4. The OLED display of claim 1, wherein:
one of the two adjacent pixels is a defective pixel and the another one of the two adjacent pixels is a normal pixel, and
the defective pixel is driven by a signal applied to the normal pixel.
5. The OLED display of claim 4, wherein:
a plurality of thin film transistors are provided between the substrate and each pixel terminal to supply a signal for driving each pixel,
the normal pixel of the two adjacent pixels is electrically connected with a respective one of the thin film transistors corresponding to the normal pixel, and
the defective pixel of the two adjacent pixels is electrically disconnected from a respective one the thin film transistors corresponding to the defective pixel.
6. The OLED display of claim 1, wherein the connection wire includes at least one of tungsten, chromium, molybdenum, aluminum, titanium, and tantalum, or an alloy thereof.
7. The OLED display of claim 2, wherein:
the first pixel defining layer includes a plurality of first openings to expose each the pixel electrode, and
the second pixel defining layer includes a plurality of second openings to expose each pixel electrode.
8. The OLED display of claim 2, wherein the second pixel defining layer is disposed to fill the connection holes.
9. The OLED display of claim 2, wherein the second pixel defining layer is disposed between pixel terminals of the two adjacent pixels.
10. The OLED display of claim 9, wherein:
pixel terminals of the two adjacent pixels are exposed through a single connection hole, and
the first pixel defining layer includes a first portion formed in a connection hole and a second portion relatively thicker than the first portion.
11. The OLED display of claim 10, wherein:
the second pixel defining layer covers the first portion, and
an upper side of the second pixel defining layer and an upper side of the second portion of the first pixel defining layer correspond to each other.
12. A manufacturing method of an organic light emitting diode (OLED) display, the manufacturing method comprising:
forming a plurality of pixels and a plurality of thin film transistors electrically connected to the plurality of pixels, respectively, on a substrate;
forming a first pixel defining layer dividing the plurality of pixels;
detecting a defective pixel by testing the plurality of pixels;
disconnecting an electrical connection between the defective pixel and a respective one of the thin film transistors;
forming a connection wire for electrical connection between the defective pixel and a pixel adjacent to the defective pixel; and
forming a second pixel defining layer on the first pixel defining layer to cover the connection wire.
13. The manufacturing method of the OLED display of claim 12, wherein:
the pixels respectively include pixel electrodes and pixel terminals extended from the pixel electrodes, and
the thin film transistors are electrically connected with the pixel terminals.
14. The manufacturing method of the OLED display of claim 13, wherein the forming of the connection wire includes forming a connection hole by removing a portion of the first pixel defining layer to expose the defective pixel and the pixel terminal of the pixel that is adjacent to the defective pixel.
15. The manufacturing method of the OLED display of claim 14, wherein the forming of the connection wire includes connecting the pixel terminal of the defective pixel and the pixel terminal of the pixel that is adjacent to the defective pixel with the connection wire through the connection hole.
16. The manufacturing method of the OLED display of claim 12, wherein the forming of the connection wire includes depositing at least one of tungsten, chromium, molybdenum, aluminum, titanium, and tantalum, or an alloy thereof using a chemical vapor deposition method.
17. The manufacturing method of the OLED display of claim 12, wherein the disconnecting the electrical connection between the defective pixel and the respective one of the thin film transistors includes cutting the electrical connection using a laser.
18. The manufacturing method of the OLED display of claim 12, wherein:
each thin film transistor includes a semiconductor layer, a source electrode, and a drain electrode, the source electrode and the drain electrodes contacting the semiconductor layer, and
the disconnecting of the electrical connection between the defective pixel and the respective one of the thin film transistors includes cutting the source electrode or the drain electrode.