1. A pharmaceutical composition comprising:
an effective amount of an activated fatty acid;
an effective amount of a secondary agent selected from a group consisting of a cytoprotective agent, an angiotensin II inhibitor, an angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, and a combination thereof; and
a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent, excipient, carrier, or combination thereof.
2. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the secondary agent is selected from a group consisting of amifostine, 2-mercaptoethane sulfonate sodium, and a combination thereof.
3. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the secondary agent is selected from a group consisting of irbesartan, losartan, ramipril, enalapril, lisinopril, quinapril, benazepril, captopril, fosinopril, trandolapril, moexipril, perindopril, and a combination thereof.
4. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the pharmaceutical composition further comprises a second fatty acid component having a non-activated fatty acid selected from a group consisting of linoleic acid, a-linoleic acid, y-linoleic acid, oleic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and derivatives thereof.
5. A method for treating a kidney injury or disease in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to the subject a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of an activated fatty acid, a prodrug, or a metabolite thereof; and a secondary agent selected from a group consisting of a cytoprotective agent, an angiotensin II inhibitor, an angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, and a combination thereof.
6. The method of claim 5, wherein the kidney injury or disease is selected from a group consisting of acute renal failure, intravascular blood volume depletion, structural lesions of the renal arteries, drug effects on renal blood flow, renal hypoperfusion, damage to kidney tubules, damage to glomeruli, damage to interstitium, damage to vascular tissues within the kidney, kidney disease related to urinary tract obstruction, kidney stones, kidney tumor, prostatic hyperplasia, kidney strictures, drug-induced nephropathy, radiation induced nephropathy, microagiopathic hemolysis, minimal-change nephritis, hypercalcemia, hyperuricemia, lysozymuria, disseminated intravascular coagulopathy, immune complex-mediated glomerulopathy, paraprotein-related nephropathy, amyloidosis, urinary tract infections, functional abnormalities and a combination thereof.
7. The method of claim 5, wherein the angiotensin II inhibitor is selected from a group consisting of irbesartan, losartan, and a combination thereof.
8. The method of claim 5, wherein the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor is selected from a group consisting of Ramipril, enalapril, lisinopril, quinapril, benazepril, captopril, fosinopril, trandolapril, moexipril, perindopril, and a combination thereof.
9. The method of claim 5, wherein the activated fatty acid is an unsaturated or polyunsaturated fatty acid having an aliphatic chain comprised of 4 to 25 carbons and one or more electron withdrawing groups associated with at least one carbon-carbon double bond, the one or more electron withdrawing groups being selected from the group consisting of aldehyde (\u2014COH), acyl (\u2014COR), carbonyl (\u2014CO), carboxylic acid (\u2014COOR), ester (\u2014COOR), halides (\u2014Cl, \u2014F, \u2014Br, \u2014I), fluoromethyl (\u2014CFn, n=1-3), allyl fluoride (\u2014CH=CHCH2F), cyano (\u2014CN), sulfoxide (\u2014SOR), sulfonyl (\u2014SO2R), sulfonic acid (\u2014SO3H), 1\xb0, 2\xb0 and 3\xb0 ammonium (\u2014NR3+), or nitro (\u2014NO2), wherein R is a hydrogen, methyl or C2-C6 alkyl.
10. The method of claim 9, wherein the one or more electron withdrawing groups are positioned on one of an alpha carbon, beta carbon or gamma carbon of a carbon-carbon double bond in the aliphatic chain.
11. The method of claim 5, wherein the activated fatty acid is selected from a group consisting of nitro-linoleic acid, keto-linoleic acid, nitro-oleic acid, keto-oleic acid and a combination thereof.
12. The method of claim 5, wherein the activated fatty acid is nitro-oleic acid.
13. The method of claim 5, wherein the pharmaceutical composition further comprises an antioxidant, a statin, a squalene synthesis inhibitor, an azetidinone-based compound, a low-density lipoprotein (LDL) catabolism activator, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) antagonist, a PPAR agonist, an antiarrhythmic agent, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) or a combination thereof.
14. The method of claim 5, wherein the secondary agent is selected from a group consisting of amifostine, 2-mercapto ethane sulfonate sodium and a combination thereof.
15. The method of claim 5, wherein the pharmaceutical composition further comprises a second fatty acid component having a non-activated fatty acid selected from a group consisting of linoleic acid, a-linoleic acid, y-linoleic acid, oleic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and derivatives thereof.
16. A method of treating hypoperfusion of a kidney in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to the subject a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of an activated fatty acid, a prodrug, or a metabolite thereof; and a secondary agent selected from a group consisting of a cytoprotective agent, an angiotensin II inhibitor, an angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, and a combination thereof.
17. A method of treating a functional abnormality in a urinary tract in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to the subject a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of an activated fatty acid, a prodrug, or a metabolite thereof; and
a secondary agent selected from a group consisting of a cytoprotective agent, an angiotensin II inhibitor, an angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, and a combination thereof.
18. A method of treating renal dysfunction in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to the subject a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of an activated fatty acid, a prodrug, or a metabolite thereof; and a secondary agent selected from a group consisting of a cytoprotective agent, an angiotensin II inhibitor, an angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, and a combination thereof.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1-38. (canceled)
39. A method comprising:
starting a first betting session;
communicating wagering information to at least one user, the wagering information comprising at least one betting value corresponding to a value of a reference variable associated with an object;
receiving from the at least one user a bet request on the at least one betting value achieving a level at a later time that is above or below the value of the reference variable at a first time in the first betting session; and
starting a second betting session essentially immediately after expiration of the first betting session.
40. The method of claim 39, comprising settling bets received in the first betting session concurrently with the running of the second betting session.
41. The method of claim 39, wherein at least one of the first and the second betting sessions comprising at least one of a five-minute expiration, a half-hour expiration, and an hour expiration.
42. The method of claim 39, wherein the betting value comprises a market value of the object.
43. The method of claim 39, wherein the value of the reference variable at the later time is determined at an end time of the session.
44. The method of claim 39, wherein the betting value corresponds to an amount above the value of the reference variable.
45. The method of claim 39, wherein the betting value corresponds an amount below the value of the reference variable.
46. The method of claim 39, wherein the wagering information comprises a plurality of betting values, a first betting value corresponding to an amount above the reference variable and a second betting value corresponding to an amount below the reference variable.
47. The method of claim 39, wherein the object comprises a wagering event.
48. The method of claim 39, wherein the object comprises at least one of a security and an index.
49. The method of claim 39, comprising determining odds for at least one of an up bet request and a down bet request, the wagering information comprising the odds for the at least one of the up bet request and the down bet request.
50. The method of claim 39, wherein the betting value is set at the start of and remains unchanged for at least the first betting session, the method comprising determining odds for at least one of an up bet request and a down bet request based at least on the value of the reference variable at a time after the start of the betting session, and wherein the wagering information comprises the odds for the at least one of the up bet request and the down bet request.
51. The method of claim 50, wherein the bet request comprises odds determined at the time of the bet request.
52. The method of claim 50, comprising determining at least one of the up bet odds and the down bet odds and communicating the wagering information comprising the at least one of the up bet odds and the down bet odds automatically to reflect movement in the value of the reference variable during the betting session.
53. The method of claim 39, comprising determining odds for at least one of an up bet request and a down bet request, the odds remaining unchanged for at least the first betting session.
54. The method of claim 53, comprising communicating the wagering information comprising the betting value automatically to reflect movement in the value of the reference variable.
55. The method of claim 39, comprising receiving at least one bet request;
determining that the at least one bet request is attempting to bet on outdated data; and
communicating a message indicating that the at least one bet request is invalid.
56. A system comprising at least one processor and a memory element having software stored thereon that when executed performs a method comprising:
starting a first betting session;
communicating wagering information to at least one user, the wagering information comprising at least one betting value corresponding to a value of a reference variable associated with an object;
receiving from the at least one user a bet request on the at least one betting value achieving a level at a later time that is above or below the value of the reference variable at a first time in the first betting session; and
starting a second betting session essentially immediately after expiration of the first betting session.
57. The system of claim 56, the method comprising settling bets received in the first betting session concurrently with the running of the second betting session.
58. The system of claim 56, wherein at least one of the first and the second betting sessions comprising at least one of a five-minute expiration, a half-hour expiration, and an hour expiration.
59. The system of claim 56, wherein the betting value comprises a market value of the object.
60. The system of claim 56, wherein the value of the reference variable at the later time is determined at an end time of the session.
61. The system of claim 56, wherein the betting value corresponds to an amount above the value of the reference variable.
62. The system of claim 56, wherein the betting value corresponds an amount below the value of the reference variable.
63. The system of claim 56, wherein the wagering information comprises a plurality of betting values, a first betting value corresponding to an amount above the reference variable and a second betting value corresponding to an amount below the reference variable.
64. The system of claim 56, wherein the object comprises a wagering event.
65. The system of claim 56, wherein the object comprises at least one of a security and an index.
66. The system of claim 56, the method comprising determining odds for at least one of an up bet request and a down bet request, the wagering information comprising the odds for the at least one of the up bet request and the down bet request.
67. The system of claim 56, wherein the betting value is set at the start of and remains unchanged for at least the first betting session, the method comprising determining odds for at least one of an up bet request and a down bet request based at least on the value of the reference variable at a time after the start of the betting session, and wherein the wagering information comprises the odds for the at least one of the up bet request and the down bet request.
68. The system of claim 67, wherein the bet request comprises odds determined at the time of the bet request.
69. The system of claim 67, the method comprising determining at least one of the up bet odds and the down bet odds and communicating the wagering information comprising the at least one of the up bet odds and the down bet odds automatically to reflect movement in the value of the reference variable during the betting session.
70. The system of claim 69, the method comprising determining odds for at least one of an up bet request and a down bet request, the odds remaining unchanged for at least the first betting session.
71. The system of claim 70, the method comprising communicating the wagering information comprising the betting value automatically to reflect movement in the value of the reference variable.
72. The system of claim 56, the method comprising receiving at least one bet request;
determining that the at least one bet request is attempting to bet on outdated data; and
communicating a message indicating that the at least one bet request is invalid.