1. A system comprising:
a context model to provide context information corresponding to one or more bits to be encoded,
wherein the context information provides historical information about the one or more bits to be encoded;
a probability estimation machine coupled to the context model to estimate best representations of the one or more bits from the context model based at least in part on the context information provided by the context model;
a bit generator coupled to the probability estimation machine to output one or more encoded bits that represent the one or more bits based at least in part on the estimated representations;
an encoder rate control coupled to an output of the bit generator to control an encoding rate of the one or more bits by determining average codeword length; and
a signaling block coupled to the encoder rate control to signal a decoder regarding a new quantization level for the one or more bits using header data that is part of a compressed data stream output of an encoder.
2. The system defined in claim 1 wherein the encoder rate control adjusts quantization.
3. The system defined in claim 1 wherein the signaling block generates the header data for the compressed data stream output of the encoder which is concatenated onto the compressed bit stream to indicate to the decoder the new level of quantization.
4. The system defined in claim 1 wherein the encoder rate control stores
an indication of the quantization level is necessary for subsequent use by the decoder.
5. The system of claim 1, further comprising:
a counter coupled to the encoder rate control to determine the average codeword length, wherein
the counter comprises a register and an adder to add codeword lengths and determine the average codeword length from results of the addition.
6. The system of claim 1, wherein the determined average codeword length identifies an encoding rate, and wherein the encoder rate control determines whether the encoding rate indicates that compression is at a desired level and adjusts a compression rate based on the desired level.
7. A method comprising:
providing, with a context model, information corresponding to one or more bits to be encoded,
wherein the information provided by the context model provides historical information about the one or more bits to be encoded;
estimating, with a probability estimation machine coupled with the context model, best representations of the one or more bits based at least in part on the information provided by the context model;
providing, with a probability estimation machine coupled with the context model, one or more encoded bits that represent the one or more bits based at least in part on the estimated best representations;
controlling, with an encoder rate control coupled with the probability estimation machine, the encoding rate of the one or more bits by determining average codeword length, and
signaling, with a signaling block coupled with the encoder rate control, a decoder regarding a new quantization level for the one or more bits using header data that is part of a compressed data stream output of an encoder.
8. The method defined in claim 7 wherein the control of the encoding rate adjusts quantization.
9. The method defined in claim 7 further comprising:
generating the header data for the compressed data stream output of the encoder which is concatenated onto the compressed bit stream to indicate to the decoder the new level of quantization.
10. The method defined in claim 7 further comprising: storing an indication of the quantization level that is necessary for subsequent use by the decoder.
11. The method defined in claim 7, wherein the encoder codes bit planes of wavelet transformed pixels from the reversible wavelet transform and stored bit planes of wavelet transform pixels.
12. The method defined in claim 7 wherein the encoder codes the most important data of coefficients in a set of coefficients immediately in coefficient order and then codes the less important data and embeds the less important data by order based, in part, on a plurality of signaling bits.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
That which is claimed is:
1. A composition comprising a ZSM-5 zeolite having incorporated therein a promoter comprising carbon and at least one metal or metal oxide.
2. A process according to claim 1 wherein the weight ratio of said promoter to said zeolite is in the range of from about 0.0001:1 to about 1:1.
3. A process according to claim 1 wherein the weight ratio of said promoter to said zeolite is in the range of from 0.005:1 to 0.75: 1.
4. A composition according to claim 1 wherein the atomic ratio of carbon to said metal or metal of said metal oxide is in the range of from about 0.01:1 to about 50:1.
5. A composition according to claim 1 wherein the atomic ratio of carbon to said metal or metal of said metal oxide is in the range of from 0.5:1 to 10:1.
6. A composition according to claim 3 wherein the atomic ratio of carbon to metal or metal of said metal oxide is in the range of from 0.5:1 to 10:1.
7. A composition comprising a ZSM-5 zeolite having incorporated therein a promoter comprising carbon and at least one metal or metal oxide of Groups III-VIII of the Periodic Table of the Elements wherein the weight ratio of said promoter to said zeolite is in the range of from about 0.0001:1 to about 1:1.
8. A process according to claim 7 wherein the weight ratio of said promoter to said zeolite is in the range of from 0.005:1 to 0.75:1 and the atomic ratio of carbon to said metal or the metal of said metal oxide is in the range of from 0.5:1 to 10:1.
9. A composition comprising a ZSM-5 zeolite having impregnated thereon a promoter comprising carbon and at least one metal or metal oxide selected from the group consisting of molybdenum, manganese, iron, chromium, hafnium, ruthenium, tungsten, cobalt, rhenium, rhodium, iridium, nickel, palladium, platinum, lanthanum, any oxides thereof, and combinations of two or more thereof wherein the weight ratio of said promoter to said zeolite is in the range of from about 0.005:1 to about 0.75:1 and the atomic ratio of carbon to molybdenum is in the range of from 0.5:1 to 10:1.
10. A composition according to claim 9 wherein said metal or the metal of said metal oxide is molybdenum.
11. A process for producing a zeolite composition comprising (1) contacting a ZSM-5 zeolite with at least one metal compound selected from the group consisting of molybdenum compounds, lanthanum compounds, tungsten compounds, chromium compounds, iron compounds, ruthenium compounds, manganese compounds, rhenium compounds, cobalt rhodium compounds, iridium compounds, nickel compounds, palladium compounds, platinum compounds, hafnium compound, and combinations of two or more thereof under a condition sufficient to incorporate said metal compound into said zeolite to form a modified zeolite; (2) calcining said modified zeolite to produce a calcined modified zeolite; and (3) contacting said calcined modified zeolite with a hydrocarbon to produce a carbon-modified zeolite.
12. A process according to claim 11 wherein said metal compound is selected from the group consisting of molybdenum chlorides, molybdenum acetates, molybdenum fluorides, molybdenum hexacarbonyl, molybdenum sulfides, sodium molybdates, potassium molybdates, molybdenum oxychlorides, ammonium tetrathiomolybdate, ammonium molybdate, ammonium dimolybdate, ammonium heptamolybdate, and combinations of two or more thereof.
13. A process according to claim 11 wherein said metal compound is ammonium heptamolybdate.
14. A process according to claim 13 wherein the contacting in step (3) is carried in the presence of hydrogen.
15. A process comprising contacting a fluid, which comprises at least one saturated hydrocarbon, with a catalyst composition under a condition sufficient to effect the conversion of a hydrocarbon to a C6 to C8 aromatic hydrocarbon wherein said catalyst composition comprises a ZSM-5 zeolite having incorporated therein a promoter comprising carbon and at least one metal or metal oxide selected from the group consisting of molybdenum, manganese, iron, chromium, hafnium, ruthenium, tungsten, cobalt, rhenium, rhodium, iridium, nickel, palladium, platinum, lanthanum, any oxides thereof, and combinations of two or more thereof.
16. A process according to claim 14 wherein the weight ratio of said promoter to said zeolite is in the range of from about 0.0001:1 to about 1.1.
17. A process according to claim 14 wherein the weight ratio of said promoter to said zeolite is in the range of from 0.005:1 to 0.75:1.
18. A process according to claim 14 wherein said atomic ratio of carbon to said metal or to the metal of said metal oxide is in the range of from about 0.01:1 to about 50:1.
19. A process according to claim 14 wherein the weight ratio of said promoter to said zeolite is in the range of from 0.005:1 to 0.75:1 and the atomic ratio of carbon to said metal or to the metal of said metal oxide is in the range of from 0.5:1 to 10:1.
20. A process according to claim 14 wherein said catalyst composition consists essentially of a ZSM-5 zeolite having impregnated thereon carbon and at least one metal or metal oxide selected from molybdenum, manganese, iron, chromium, hafnium, ruthenium, tungsten, cobalt, rhenium, rhodium, iridium, nickel, palladium, platinum, lanthanum, any oxides thereof, and combinations of two or more thereof wherein the weight ratio of said promoter to said zeolite is in the range of from about 0.0001:1 to about 1:1 and the atomic ratio of carbon to said metal or the metal of said metal oxide is in the range of from about 0.01:1 to about 50:1.
21. A process according to claim 20 wherein the weight ratio of said promoter to said zeolite is in the range of from 0.005:1 to 0.75:1 and the atomic ratio of carbon to said metal or the metal of said metal oxide is in the range of from 0.5:1 to 10:1.
22. A process according to claim 14 wherein said contacting is carried out in the presence of a hydrogen-containing fluid.
23. A process according to claim 21 wherein said contacting is carried out in the presence of a hydrogen-containing fluid.
24. A process according to claim 23 wherein said condition comprises a weight hourly space velocity of said fluid in the range of about 0.1 to about 30 g feedg catalysthour, a gas hourly space velocity of said hydrogen-containing fluid in the range of about 10 ft3 gasft3 catalysthour to about 5,000 ft3 gasft3 catalysthour, a molar ratio of hydrogen to said C9 aromatic compound in the range of about 0.5:1 to about 5:1, a pressure in the range of about 50 psig to about 750 psig, and a temperature in the range of about 250 C. to about 1000 C.
25. A process according to claim 24 wherein said condition comprises a weight hourly space velocity of said fluid in the range of about 0.1 to about 30 g feedg catalysthour, a gas hourly space velocity of said hydrogen-containing fluid in the range of about 10 ft3 gasft3 catalysthour to about 5,000 ft3 gasft3 catalysthour, a molar ratio of hydrogen to said C9 aromatic compound in the range of about 0.5:1 to about 5:1, a pressure in the range of about 50 psig to about 750 psig, and a temperature in the range of about 250 C. to about 1000 C.
26. A hydrocarbon conversion process comprising contacting, in the presence of a hydrogen-containing fluid, a fluid comprising at least one saturated hydrocarbon with a catalyst composition under a condition sufficient to effect the conversion of said saturated hydrocarbon to a C6 to C8 aromatic hydrocarbon wherein said catalyst composition is prepared by the steps comprising: (1) contacting a ZSM-5 zeolite with a metal compound selected from the group consisting of molybdenum compounds, lanthanum compounds, tungsten compounds, chromium compounds, iron compounds, ruthenium compounds, manganese compounds, rhenium compounds, cobalt rhodium compounds, iridium compounds, nickel compounds, palladium compounds, platinum compounds, hafnium compound, and combinations of any two or more thereof under a condition sufficient to impregnate said activity promoter onto said zeolite to form a modified zeolite; (2) calcining said modified zeolite to produce a calcined; and (3) contacting, in the presence of hydrogen, said calcined modified zeolite with a hydrocarbon to produce a carbon-modified zeolite.
27. A process according to claim 26 wherein said metal compound is selected from the group consisting of molybdenum chlorides, molybdenum acetates, molybdenum fluorides, molybdenum hexacarbonyl, molybdenum sulfides, sodium molybdates, potassium molybdates, molybdenum oxychlorides, ammonium tetrathiomolybdate, ammonium molybdate, ammonium dimolybdate, ammonium heptamolybdate, and combinations of two or more thereof.
28. A process according to claim 27 wherein said metal compound is ammonium heptamolybdate.
29. A process according to claim 26 wherein said saturated hydrocarbon is selected to form the group consisting of ethane, propanes, butanes, pentanes, hexanes, gasoline, and combinations of two or more thereof.
30. A process according to claim 28 wherein said saturated hydrocarbon is ethane.
31. A process according to claim 29 wherein said saturated hydrocarbon is ethane.
32. A process comprising contacting a fluid which comprises at least one saturated hydrocarbon, in the presence of hydrogen, with a catalyst composition under a condition sufficient to effect the conversion of a saturated hydrocarbon to a C6 to C8 aromatic hydrocarbon wherein said catalyst composition comprises a carburized Mo-promoted ZSM-5 zeolite.
33. A process according to claim 32 wherein said saturated hydrocarbon comprises ethane.