1. A process for the conversion of olefins into aldehydes, comprising
contacting an olefin stream with a catalyst in a solvent to form at least one aldehyde,
wherein
the catalyst is a rhodium compound in combination with a ligand represented by the following formula:
wherein R1 and R2 are the same or different, contain a combined total of up to about 40 carbon atoms, and are selected from the group consisting of an alkyl group, a cycloalkyl group, and an aryl group,
the olefin stream contains up to about 1,000 ppm acetylene,
the ligand to rhodium molar ratio is from about 1:1 to about 1000:1, and
said acetylene does not substantially reduce the conversion activity of the catalyst.
2. (canceled)
3. (canceled)
4. The process according to claim 1, wherein the ligand to rhodium molar ratio is from about 10:1 to about 750:1.
5. The process according to claim 4, wherein the ligand to rhodium molar ratio is from about 50:1 to about 400:1.
6. (canceled)
7. (canceled)
8. The process according to claim 1, wherein the conversion activity of the catalyst is reduced less than 10%.
9. The process according to claim 8, wherein the conversion activity of the catalyst is reduced less than 5.0%.
10. The process according to claim 9, wherein the conversion activity of the catalyst is reduced less than 1.0%.
11. The process according to claim 1, wherein the olefin is ethylene.
12. The process according to claim 1, wherein the aldehyde is propionaldehyde.
13. (canceled)
14. The process according to claim 1, wherein the alkyl group is selected from the group consisting of ethyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, 2-ethylhexyl, octyl, decyl, dodecyl, octadecyl and various isomers thereof.
15. The process according to claim 14, wherein the alkyl groups are substituted with up to two substituents selected from the group consisting of alkoxy, cycloalkoxy, formyl, alkanoyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aryloxy, aroyl, carboxyl, carboxylate salts, alkoxycarbonyl, alkanoyloxy, cyano, sulfonic acid, and sulfonate salt.
16. The process according to claim 1, wherein the cycloalkyl group is selected from the group consisting of benzyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl and cycloheptyl.
17. The process according to claim 1, wherein the aryl group is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl and substituted derivatives thereof.
18. A process for the conversion of olefins into aldehydes, comprising
contacting an olefin stream with a catalyst in a solvent to form at least one aldehyde,
wherein
the catalyst is a rhodium compound in combination with a ligand represented by one of the following formulas:
the olefin stream contains up to about 1,000 ppm acetylene.
the ligand to rhodium molar ratio is from about 1:1 to about 1000:1, and
said acetylene does not substantially reduce the conversion activity of the catalyst.
19-25. (canceled)
26. The process according to claim 18, wherein the ligand to rhodium molar ratio is from about 1:1 to about 90:1.
27. The process according to claim 26, wherein the ligand to rhodium molar ratio is from about 3:1 to about 30:1.
28. The process according to claim 18, wherein the olefin is ethylene.
29. The process according to claim 18, wherein the aldehyde is propionaldehyde.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. An apparatus comprising:
a plurality of OLEDs, wherein each OLED comprises:
a first electrode;
a second electrode disposed over the first electrode; and
an organic electroluminescent (EL) material disposed between the first and the second electrodes;
a first capping layer, wherein the first capping layer is disposed over the second electrode of at least a first portion of the plurality of OLEDs such that the first capping layer is optically coupled to at least the first portion of the plurality of OLEDs; and
a second capping layer, wherein the second capping layer is disposed over the second electrode of at least a second portion of the plurality of OLEDs such that the second capping layer is optically coupled to the second portion of the plurality of OLEDs but not the first portion of the plurality of OLEDs.
2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the plurality of OLEDs comprises a plurality of red OLEDs, a plurality of blue OLEDs, and a plurality of green OLEDs.
3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the plurality of OLEDs further comprise a third portion of OLEDs that is different from the first and second portions, further comprising a third capping layer disposed over the second electrode of at least the third portion of the plurality of OLEDs such that the third capping layer is optically coupled to at least the third portion of the plurality of OLEDs.
4. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein the second or the third capping layers were not deposited through a fine metal mask (FMM).
5. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the second capping layer is not optically coupled to the plurality of blue OLEDs or the plurality of green OLEDs and wherein the third capping layer is not optically coupled to the plurality of red OLEDs or the plurality of blue OLEDs.