What is claimed is:
1. A repair method for a structure having an open flaw in a welding heat-affected portion, comprising:
removing at least a part of the open flaw and thereby forming a concave portion in the welding heat affected portion;
forming build-up weld layers so as to fill the concave portion; and
treating a surface of the build-up weld layers to reduce tensile residual stress by means of at least one of laser peening, shot blasting and water jet machining.
2. The repair method as recited in claim 1, further comprising:
prior to the forming of the concave portion, cleaning a surface of the welding heat affected portion.
3. A repair method for a structure having an open flaw in a welding heat-affected portion, comprising:
cleaning a surface of the welding heat-affected portion,
forming build-up weld layers on a region including the open flaw to seal the open flaw therewith; and
treating a surface of the build-up weld layers to reduce tensile residual stress by means of at least one of laser peening, shot blasting and water jet machining.
4. The repair method as recited in claim 1, wherein, when a part of an open flaw remains on the concave portion after the forming of the concave portion, in the forming of the build-up weld layers, the remained open flaw is sealed with an initial build-up weld layer.
5. The repair method as recited in claim 1, wherein the forming of the build-up weld layers is carried out by one of irradiating a laser beam as a welding wire is supplied and arc welding as a welding wire is supplied.
6. The repair method as recited in claim 1, wherein forming build-up weld layers, a welding heat input is between 0.1 kJcm and 5 kJcm.
7. The repair method as recited in claim 2, wherein the cleaning is accomplished by at least one of irradiation of a laser beam, grinder machining, and flap wheel machining.
8. The repair method as recited in claim 1, wherein the forming of the concave portion is accomplished by one of mechanical grinding and electric discharge machining.
9. The repair method as recited in claim 1, wherein the concave portion is substantially trapezoidal in cross-section.
10. The repair method as recited in claim 3, wherein forming build-up weld layers, an open flaw in the welding heat-affected portion is sealed with an initial build-up weld layer.
11. The repair method as recited in claim 3, wherein the forming of the build-up weld layers is carried out by one of irradiating a laser beam as a welding wire is supplied or arc welding as a welding wire is supplied.
12. The repair method as recited in claim 3, wherein forming build-up layers, a welding heat input is between 0.1 kJcm and 5 kJcm.
13. The repair method as recited in claim 3, wherein the cleaning is accomplished by at least one of irradiation of a laser beam, grinder processing, and flap wheel processing.
14. The repair method as recited in claim 4, wherein forming an initial build-up weld layer is carried out as removing water in the open flaw.
15. The repair method as recited in claim 10, wherein the forming of the initial build-up weld layer is carried out as removing water in the open flaw.
16. A repair welding apparatus comprising:
a laser oscillator; and
a processing head optically connected to the laser oscillator and movably configured to be arranged on a surface of a structure member, the processing head comprising:
a nozzle which forms an outlet for a shield gas, a laser beam supplied from the laser oscillator and a welding wire;
an ultrasonic vibrating element arranged adjacent to the nozzle; and
an optical system adapted to focus a laser beam supplied from the laser oscillator and apply a resultant laser beam through the outlet in the nozzle to a portion to be welded on the surface of the structure member.
17. The repair welding apparatus as recited in claim 16, further comprising:
a shield gas supply source, fluidically connected to the processing head, which supplies the shield gas to the nozzle.
18. The repair welding apparatus as recited in claim 16, wherein the ultrasonic vibrating element vibrates the nozzle in a manner sufficient to discharge water contained in an open flaw on the structure member.
19. The repair welding apparatus as recited in claim 16, further comprising:
a welding wire supply source, connected to the processing head; and
a motor, which is one of a servomotor and an ultrasonic motor, configured to supply the welding wire from the welding wire supply source to the nozzle.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A multi-stage transmission of a planetary design for an automatic transmission of a motor vehicle, the multi step transmission comprising:
a drive shaft (1) and an output shaft (2) which are disposed in a transmission housing (G);
first, second, third and fourth planetary gear sets (P1, P2, P3, P4), each of the first, the second, the third, and the fourth planetary gear sets (P1, P2, P3, P4) comprising a sun gear, a carrier and a ring gear;
a third rotatable shaft (3), a fourth rotatable shaft (4), a fifth rotatable shaft (5), a sixth rotatable shaft (6), a seventh rotatable shaft (7) and at least one eighth rotatable shaft (8);
at least six shift elements (03, 05, 07, 13, 16, 18) comprising a first brake (03), a second brake (05), a third brake (07), a first clutch (13), a second clutch (16), and a third clutch (18) whose selected engagement produces different transmission ratios between the drive shaft (1) and the output shaft (2) such that nine forward gears and a reverse gear can be achieved;
the first and the second planetary gear sets (P1, P2) form a shiftable front-mounted gear set, and the third and the fourth planetary gear sets (P3, P4) form a main gear set;
wherein the ring gear of the second planetary gear set (P2) is connectable to the housing (G) of the transmission by the fifth shaft (5) via the second brake (05);
the seventh shaft (7) is connected to at least one element of the main gear set, and is connectable to the housing (G) of the transmission via the third brake (07);
the sixth shaft (6) is connected to at least one further element of the main gear set, and is connectable to the drive shaft (1) via the second clutch (16);
the output shaft (2) is connected to at least one other element of the main gear set;
the front-mounted gear set is shiftable;
the carriers of the first and the second planetary gear sets (P1, P2) are coupled together via the fourth shaft (4) which is connected to an additional element of the main gear set;
the ring gear of the first planetary gear set (P1) is coupled to the sun gear of the second planetary gear set (P2) via the eighth shaft (8) which is connectable to the drive shaft (1) via the third clutch (18); and
the sun gear of the first planetary gear set (P1) is connectable to the housing (G) of the transmission by the third shaft (3), via the first brake (03), and the third shaft (3) is connectable to the drive shaft (1) via the first clutch (13).
2. The multi-stage transmission according to claim 1, wherein the fourth shaft (4) is connected to the ring gear of the third planetary gear set (P3);
the sixth shaft (6) is connected to the ring gear of the fourth planetary gear set (P4) and the carrier of the third planetary gear set (P3), and the sixth shaft (6) is connectable to the drive shaft (1) via the second clutch (16);
the seventh shaft (7) is connected to the sun gears of the third and the fourth planetary gear sets (P3, P4), and the sixth shaft (6) is connected is connectable to the housing (G) of the transmission via the third brake (07); and
the output shaft (2) is connected to the carrier of the fourth planetary gear set (P4).
3. The multi-stage transmission according to claim 2, wherein the main gear set is a Simpson gear set comprising the third and the fourth planetary gear sets (P3, P4) having a common sun gear, two carriers, and two ring gears, and the seventh shaft (7) is connected to the common sun gear.
4. The multi-stage transmission according to claim 2, wherein the second clutch (16), when viewed axially, is located upstream of the main gear set in a power flow direction.
5. The multi-stage transmission according to claim 2, wherein the second clutch (16), when viewed axially, is located between the main gear set and the front-mounted gear set.
6. The multi-stage transmission according to claim 1, wherein the fourth shaft (4) is connected to the sun gear of the third planetary gear set (P3);
the sixth shaft (6) is connected to the carrier of the third planetary gear set (P3) and to the ring gear of the fourth planetary gear set (P4), and the sixth shaft (6) is connectable to the drive shaft (1) via the second clutch (16);
the seventh shaft (7) is connected to the sun gear of the fourth planetary gear set (P4), and the seventh shaft (7) is connectable to the housing (G) of the transmission via the third brake (07); and
the output shaft (2) is connected to the ring gear of the third planetary gear set (P3) and the carrier of the fourth planetary gear set (P4).
7. The multi-stage transmission according to claim 6, wherein the second clutch (16), when viewed axially, is located between the third and the fourth planetary gear sets (P3, P4) of the main gear set.
8. The multi-stage transmission according to claim 1, wherein the third and the fourth planetary gear sets (P3, P4) are one of combined and reduced to a Ravigneaux set (9) having a common carrier and a common ring gear;
the fourth shaft (4) is connected to a first sun gear of the Ravigneaux set (9);
the sixth shaft (6) is connected to the common ring gear of the Ravigneaux set (9), and is connectable via the second clutch (16) to the drive shaft (1);
the seventh shaft (7) is connected to a second sun gear of the Ravigneaux set (9), and the seventh shaft (7) is connectable to the housing (G) of the transmission via the third brake (07), and output drive is achieved via the carrier of the Ravigneaux set (9).
9. The multi-stage transmission according to claim 1, wherein the third and the fourth planetary gear sets (P3, P4) are combined to a Ravigneaux set (9) having a common carrier and a common ring gear;
the fourth shaft (4) is connected to a second sun gear of the Ravigneaux set (9);
the sixth shaft (6) is connected to the common carrier of the Ravigneaux set (9), and is connectable to the drive shaft (1) via the second clutch (16);
the seventh shaft (7) is connected to a first sun gear of the Ravigneaux set (9), and the seventh shaft (7) is connectable to the housing (G) of the transmission via the third brake (07); and
output drive is achieved via the common ring gear of the Ravigneaux set (9).
10. The multi-stage transmission according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the third clutch (18) and the third brake (07) is a claw shift element, and the first and the second clutches (13, 16) and the first and the second brakes (03, 05) are friction elements.
11. The multi-stage transmission according to claim 1, wherein a first gear is achieved by engagement of the third clutch (18) and the second and the third brakes (05, 07);
a second gear is achieved by engagement of the first and the third brakes (03, 07) and the third clutch (18);
a third gear is achieved by engagement of the third brake (07) and the first and the third clutches (13, 18);
a fourth gear is achieved by engagement of at least the third brake (07) and the second clutch (16);
a fifth gear is achieved by engagement of the first, the second and the third clutches (13, 16, 18);
a sixth gear is achieved by engagement of the first brake (03) and the second and the third clutches (16, 18);
a seventh gear is achieved by engagement of the second brake (05) and the second and the third clutches (16, 18);
an eighth gear is achieved by engagement of the first and the second brakes (03, 05) and the second clutch (16); and
a ninth gear is achieved by engagement of the second brake (05) and the first and the second clutches (13, 16).
12. The multi-stage transmission according to claim 1, wherein the reverse gear is achieved by engagement of the second and the third brakes (05, 07) and the first clutch (13).
13. The multi-stage transmission according to claim 1, wherein the first and the second planetary gear sets (P1, P2), which form the forward-mounted gear set, are arranged concentric with one another, when viewed axially so that the first, the second, the third and the fourth planetary gear sets (P1, P2, P3, P4) are arranged in three gear set planes, when viewed spatially axially.
14. The multi-stage transmission according to claim 1, wherein the first clutch (13) and the first brake (03) have a common inner lamella carrier.