1. A method of securing an industrial control system, comprising:
operating the industrial control system in an open mode, wherein communications between a plurality of devices of the industrial control system are unencrypted when the industrial control system is in the open mode;
exchanging security tokens between the plurality of devices of the industrial control system; and
ceasing operating the industrial control system in the open mode and instead operating the industrial control system in a secure mode, wherein the communications between the plurality of devices of the industrial control system are encrypted using the security tokens when the industrial control system is operating in the secure mode.
2. The method of claim 1, comprising the plurality of devices acquiring respective security tokens from a security server of the industrial control system.
3. The method of claim 2, wherein acquiring respective security tokens comprises the plurality of devices acquiring respective certificates from a certificate authority (CA) hosted by the security server.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of devices comprises a human machine interface (HMI) system, a manufacturing execution system (MES), a supervisor control and data acquisition (SCADA) system, or a distributed control system (DCS), or a combination thereof.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of devices includes a device hosting an industrial control system configuration application.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of devices includes an industrial controller.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of devices includes a field device configured to perform at least one measurement of the operation of a monitored system.
8. The method of claim 7, wherein the monitored system comprises a gas turbine system, an automated manufacturing system, a petroleum refinery system, a chemical production system, a gasification system, an automated power generation system, a power plant, a steam turbine system, or a wind turbine system, or a combination thereof.
9. A method of securing an industrial control system, comprising:
transmitting unencrypted data between a first device and a second device of an industrial control system;
generating a first security token and a second security token for the first and second devices, respectively, using at least one processor of the industrial control system;
exchanging the first and second security tokens between the first and second devices of the industrial control system; and
ceasing transmitting unencrypted data between the first and second devices, and subsequently only transmitting encrypted data between the first and second devices, wherein the encrypted data is encrypted based on the first and second security tokens.
10. The method of claim 9, wherein the security tokens comprise certificates including at least one key.
11. The method of claim 10, comprising generating the encrypted data based on the at least one key of the first and second security tokens.
12. The method of claim 9, wherein exchanging the first and second security tokens between the first and second devices comprises:
the first device verifying an identity of the second device using the second security token; and
the second device verifying an identity of the first device using the first security token.
13. The method of claim 9, wherein the first device comprises a human machine interface (HMI) system and the second device comprises an industrial controller.
14. The method of claim 9, wherein the first device comprises a device hosting an industrial control system configuration application and the second device comprises an industrial controller.
15. The method of claim 9, wherein the first device comprises a field device and the second device comprises an industrial controller.
16. The method of claim 9, wherein transmitting the encrypted data between the first and second devices comprises establishing a secure socket layer (SSL) connection between the first and second devices and using the SSL connection to transmit the encrypted data between the first and second devices.
17. A system, comprising:
an industrial control network comprising a plurality of devices that includes an industrial controller, wherein the plurality of devices is configured to:
exchange respective security tokens between the plurality of devices over the industrial control network;
cease exchanging unencrypted data over the industrial control network; and
exchange encrypted data over the industrial control network, wherein the encrypted data is generated based on the respective security tokens.
18. The system of claim 17, wherein the plurality of devices includes a device hosting an industrial control system configuration application.
19. The system of claim 17, wherein the plurality of devices includes a human machine interface (HMI) system, manufacturing execution system (MES), a supervisor control and data acquisition (SCADA) system, or a distributed control system (DCS), or a combination thereof.
20. The system of claim 17, wherein the plurality of devices comprises a security server configured to generate the respective security tokens for the plurality of devices.
21. The system of claim 20, wherein the security server comprises a certificate authority (CA) configured to generate respective certificates for the plurality of devices as the respective security tokens of the plurality of devices.
22. The system of claim 17, wherein the plurality of devices is configured to perform mutual authentication using the respective security tokens of the plurality of devices.
23. The system of claim 17, wherein the plurality of devices is configured to use the respective security tokens to establish at least one secure socket layer (SSL) connection over the industrial control network.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A process for making a support for an electrophoretic medium comprising the steps of:
applying a coating consisting essentially of agarose to a corona treated surface of a polymeric film by transferring a layer of a solution of agarose onto the corona treated surface, while
maintaining the pH of the agarose solution which is being transferred between about 8 and about 11, and
maintaining the concentration of the agarose solution which is being transferred between about 0.1 and about 0.4% agarose by weight.
2. The process of claim 1, further comprising:
exposing an agarose powder to a reducing atmosphere, and
creating the agarose solution by dissolving the treated agarose powder in a solvent.
3. The process of claim 2, wherein the exposing step further comprises exposing the agarose powder to a reducing atmosphere for at least 12 hours.
4. The process of claim 2, wherein the exposing step comprises,
(i) introducing a reducing atmosphere above the agarose powder,
(ii) exposing the agarose powder to said reducing atmosphere, and
(iii) repeating steps (i) and (ii) at least once.
5. The process of claim 4, wherein steps (i) and (ii) are repeated at least three times.
6. A process for making a support for an electrophoretic medium comprising the steps of:
applying a coating consisting essentially of agarose to a corona treated surface of a polyester film by transferring a layer of a solution of agarose onto the corona treated polyester surface, while
maintaining the pH of the agarose solution which is being transferred between about 8 and about 11, and
maintaining the concentration of the agarose solution which is being transferred between about 0.1 and about 0.4% agarose by weight.
7. The process of claim 6, wherein the polymeric film is a polyester selected from the group comprising polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, polytrimethylene terephthalate, polycyclohexylenedimethylene terephthalate, polyurethanes, co-polymers thereof and combinations thereof.
8. The process of claim 7, wherein the polyester is a biaxially-oriented polyethylene terephthalate.
9. The process of claim 6, wherein the agarose solution is an aqueous solution.
10. The process of claim 6, further comprising evaporating a solvent from the agarose solution transferred to the polyester film.
11. The process of claim 1, wherein a thickness of the agarose coating after drying is between a monolayer and about 0.00025 mm.
12. The process of claim 6, further comprising:
exposing agarose powder to a CO atmosphere, and
creating the agarose solution by dissolving the CO-treated agarose powder in a solvent.
13. The process of claim 12, wherein the exposing step further comprises contacting the agarose powder with gaseous CO for at least 12 hours.
14. The process of claim 12, wherein the exposing step comprises,
(i) introducing a CO atmosphere above the agarose powder,
(ii) exposing the agarose powder to gaseous CO, and
(iii) repeating steps (i) and (ii) at least once.
15. The process of claim 14, wherein steps (i) and (ii) are repeated at least three times.
16. The process of claim 6, wherein the thickness of the agarose coating after drying is between a monolayer and about 0.00025 mm.
17. The process of claim 6, wherein an agarose in the agarose solution comprises LE agarose, ME agarose, or a combination thereof.
18. The process of claim 6, wherein an agarose in the agarose solution comprises LE agarose.
19. The process of claim 6, wherein the pH of the agarose solution is maintained between about 9 and about 11.
20. The process of claim 6, wherein the concentration of the agarose solution is maintained between about 0.2 and about 0.4% agarose by weight.
21. The process of claim 6, wherein the concentration of the agarose solution is maintained between about 0.2 and about 0.4% agarose by weight and said agarose solution comprises LE agarose.