1. A system for communication between downhole equipment and surface equipment over a power cable, the system comprising:
downhole equipment positioned downhole within a wellbore;
surface equipment positioned outside the wellbore; and
a power cable coupled between the downhole equipment and the surface equipment;
wherein the power cable conveys power from a power supply which is coupled to the surface equipment to the downhole equipment; and
wherein the downhole equipment is configured to communicate with the surface equipment by orthogonal frequency division multiplexed (OFDM) transmission of multiple modulated orthogonal carrier frequencies over the power cable, wherein the carrier frequencies simultaneously carry multiple, different data streams.
2. The system of claim 1, wherein the downhole equipment comprises an electric submersible pump (ESP) system.
3. The system of claim 2, wherein the downhole equipment comprises a gauge package which is connected to a motor of the ESP system.
4. The system of claim 3, wherein the power cable comprises a three-phase cable which is connected to the motor, and wherein the gauge package is electrically connected to a Wye point of the motor.
5. The system of claim 3, wherein the gauge package includes a microprocessor which is capable of operating in temperatures of at least 85 degrees C. and pressures of at least 250 psi.
6. The system of claim 5, wherein the microprocessor comprises a digital signal processor (DSP).
7. The system of claim 3, wherein the gauge package includes one or more sensors.
8. The system of claim 1, wherein the downhole and surface equipment are configured to communicate data at a rate of at least 1000 bits per second.
9. The system of claim 1, wherein the downhole equipment and the surface equipment each includes an OFDM transceiver that is configured to both transmit and receive OFDM communications.
10. The system of claim 1, wherein one of the downhole equipment and the surface equipment each includes an OFDM transmitter and the other includes an OFDM receiver.
11. The system of claim 1, wherein each of the multiple modulated orthogonal carrier frequencies is configured to simultaneously carry a different unique of a single data symbol, wherein the symbol contains payload information and error-correction information.
12. The system of claim 1, wherein the downhole equipment comprises first equipment positioned at a first location within the wellbore and second equipment positioned at a second location within the wellbore, wherein the first equipment, the second equipment and the surface equipment each includes an OFDM transceiver which is individually addressable by the other OFDM transceivers.
13. An apparatus for downhole communications comprising:
downhole equipment; and
a transceiver coupled to the downhole equipment;
wherein the downhole equipment and the transceiver are configured to be coupled to a power cable that conveys power to the downhole equipment from a power supply which is external to the downhole equipment; and
wherein the transceiver is configured to communicate with the surface equipment by orthogonal frequency division multiplexed (OFDM) transmission of multiple modulated orthogonal carrier frequencies over the power cable, wherein the carrier frequencies simultaneously carry multiple, different data streams.
14. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the downhole equipment comprises an electric submersible pump (ESP) system.
15. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the downhole equipment comprises a gauge package which is connected to a motor of the ESP system.
16. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the power cable comprises a three-phase cable which is connected to the motor, and wherein the gauge package is electrically connected to a Wye point of the motor.
17. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the gauge package includes a microprocessor which is capable of operating in temperatures of at least 85 degrees C. and pressures of at least 250 psi.
18. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the microprocessor comprises a digital signal processor (DSP).
19. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the gauge package includes one or more sensors.
20. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the downhole and surface equipment are configured to communicate data at a rate of at least 1000 bits per second.
21. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the downhole equipment is configured to both transmit and receive OFDM communications over the power cable.
22. A method for communicating with downhole equipment positioned within a wellbore over a power cable, the method comprising:
generating data in downhole equipment positioned within a wellbore;
formatting the data into multi-bit symbols; and
for each symbol, modulating each bit of the symbol onto a different one of a plurality of orthogonal carrier frequencies and then simultaneously impressing the resulting modulated orthogonal carrier frequencies on a power cable which is connected to the downhole equipment.
23. The method of claim 22, further comprising detecting the modulated orthogonal carrier frequencies at surface equipment which is connected to the power cable, demodulating the bits of the symbols from the modulated orthogonal carrier frequencies, and reconstructing the data from the demodulated bits.
24. The method of claim 23, further comprising:
performing an inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) on the modulated orthogonal carrier frequencies to produce a combined OFDM signal prior to impressing the modulated orthogonal carrier frequencies on the power cable, wherein impressing the modulated orthogonal carrier frequencies on the power cable comprises impressing the combined OFDM signal on the power cable;
wherein detecting the modulated orthogonal carrier frequencies comprises detecting the combined OFDM signal;
further comprising performing a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) on the combined OFDM signal to recreate the modulated orthogonal carrier frequencies prior to demodulating the bits of the symbols from the modulated orthogonal carrier frequencies.
25. The method of claim 22, further comprising performing an inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) on the modulated orthogonal carrier frequencies to produce a combined OFDM signal prior to impressing the modulated orthogonal carrier frequencies on the power cable, wherein impressing the modulated orthogonal carrier frequencies on the power cable comprises impressing the combined OFDM signal on the power cable.
26. A method for communicating with downhole equipment positioned within a wellbore over a power cable, the method comprising:
detecting multiple modulated orthogonal carrier frequencies on a power cable which is connected to downhole equipment positioned within a wellbore, wherein the detecting is performed by the downhole equipment;
for each of the multiple modulated orthogonal carrier frequencies, demodulating a corresponding bit; and
reconstructing a multi-bit symbol from the demodulated bits.
27. The method of claim 26, further comprising performing error correction on the reconstructed symbol.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A method of synthesizing an ionic liquid, comprising: reacting a 1,2,3-triazole comprising at least one of a 4-substituent or a 5-substituent with a hydroxide compound having the formula R+OH\u2212 in a dehydration reaction, wherein R+ is an ionic liquid cation.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein R+ is a five-membered heterocyclic cation, an aromatic cation, a sulfonium cation, an ammonium cation, or a phosphonium cation.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein R+ is a pyridinium cation, a bipyridinium cation, an amino pyridinium cation, a pyridazinium cation, an ozaxolium cation, a pyrazolium cation, an imidazolium cation, a pyramidinium cation, a triazolium cation, a thiazolium cation, an acridinium cation, a quinolinium cation, an isoquinolinium cation, an orange-acridinium cation, a benzotriazolium cation, a methimzolium cation, a sulfonium cation, an ammonium cation, or a phosphonium cation.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein the R+ is a cation having the formula:
wherein R1-R13 are independently, the same or different, a C1-C6 alkyl group, a C1-C6 alkenyl group, C1-C6 hydroxyalkyl group, a C1-C6 haloalkyl group, a C2-C8 alkoxylalkyl group, a C6-C10 aryl group a C8-C16 arylalkyl group or a C8-C16 alkylaryl group.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein R+ is an imidazolium cation, an ammonium cation, or a phosphonium cation.
6. The method of claim 1 wherein the R+ is a phosphonium cation.
7. The method of claim 1 wherein the 1,2,3-triazole comprising at least one of a 4-substituent or a 5-substituent has the formula:
wherein Ra and Rb are independently H, an electron withdrawing group, an electron donating group, or a hydrophobic group and at least one of Ra, and Rb is not H.
8. The method of claim 7 wherein Ra, and Rb are independently, the same or different, H, a halo group, a C1-C8 alkyl group, a C2-C8 alkenyl group, C2-C8 alkynyl group, \u2014Si(RdReRf), \u2014(Rg)Si(RdReRf), wherein Rg is a C2-C6 alkylene group, and Rd, Re and Rf are independently a C1-C8 alkyl group or a C1-C10 aryl group, \u2014(Rh)ORi wherein Rh is a C2-C6 alkylene group and Ri is a C1-C8 alkyl group, a C1-C8 haloalkyl, a C2-C8 alkenyl group, a phenyl group or an C2-C8 alkynyl group, \u2014ORi, a cyano group, a C1-C6 cyanoalkyl group, a C1-C8 hydroxyalkyl group, \u2014(Rj)(O)ORk, wherein Rj is an C2-C6 alkylene group and Rk is a C1-C8 alkyl group, a C1-C8 haloalkyl group, a C2-C8 alkenyl group or a C2-C8 alkynyl group, an amine group, a C1-C8 alkylamine, a C1-C8 dialkylamine group, a C1-C8 haloalkyl group, a C6-C10 aryl group, a C8-C16 alkylaryl group, a C8-C16 arylalkyl group, \u2014(R15)nSi(Rl)(Rm)OpSi(RqRrRs), wherein n is an integer from 1 to 5, p is an integer from 1 to 9, wherein R15 is a C2-C3 alkylene group, and Rl, Rm, Rq, Rr and Rs are independently, the same or different, H, a C1-C8 alkyl group or a phenyl group, or \u2014R16OC(R17)(R18)uOC(R19)(R20)vOC(R21)(R22)xOR23, wherein R16 is a C2-C6 alkylene group, R17, R18, R19, R20 R21, R22 and R23 are independently, the same or different, H, a C1-C8 alkyl group or a phenyl group, wherein u is an integer of 2 or 3, v is an integer of 0, 2 or 3 and x is an integer of 0, 2 or 3, and wherein at least one of Ra and Rb is not H.
9. The method of claim 8 wherein neither Ra, nor Rb is H.
10. The method of claim 8 wherein Ra, and Rb are independently H, Cl, F, a C1-C6 alkyl group, \u2014CF3, \u2014COOCH3, \u2014CH2OH, \u2014CH2OCH3, \u2014C\u2261N, \u2014CH2C\u2261N, \u2014C\u2261CH, \u2014CH2C\u2261CH, \u2014CHC\u2550CH2, a phenyl group.
11. The method of claim 10 wherein neither Ra, nor Rb is H.
12. The method of claim 8 wherein Ra, and Rb are independently H or a C1-C3 alkyl group.
13. The method of claim 8 wherein the 1,2,3-triazole comprising at least one of a 4-substituent or a 5-substituent is synthesized by reacting an alkyne having the formula:
with an azide having the formula Rc\u2014N3 in a 3+2 cycloaddition reaction, wherein Rc is a labile amino protecting group selected from the group of a carbobenzyloxy group, a p-methoxybenzyl carbonyl group, a tert-butyloxycarbonyl group, a 9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl group, an acetyl group, a benzoyl group, a benzyl group, a carbamate group, a p-methoxybenzyl group, a 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl group, a p-methoxyphenyl group, a tosyl group, a mesyl group, a dimethoxytrityl group, a bis-(4-methoxyphenyl)phenylmethyl group, a pivaloyl group, a trimethylsilyl group, a tert-butyldimethylsilyl group, a tri-iso-propylsilyloxymethyl group, and a triisopropylsilyl group, and subsequently removing the labile amino protecting group.
14. An ionic liquid comprising a mono- or di-substituted 1,2,3-triazole and an ionic liquid cation.
15. The ionic liquid of claim 12 having the formula:
wherein R+ is s a five-membered heterocyclic cation, an aromatic cation, a sulfonium cation, an ammonium cation, or a phosphonium cation and Ra and Rb are independently H, an electron withdrawing group, an electron donating group, or a hydrophobic group, wherein at least one of Ra and Rb is not H.
16. The ionic liquid of claim 15 wherein R+ is a pyridinium cation, a bipyridinium cation, an amino pyridinium cation, a pyridazinium cation, an ozaxolium cation, a pyrazolium cation, an imidazolium cation, a pyramidinium cation, a triazolium cation, a thiazolium cation, an acridinium cation, a quinolinium cation, an isoquinolinium cation, an orange-acridinium cation, a benzotriazolium cation, a methimzolium cation, a sulfonium cation, an ammonium cation, or a phosphonium cation.
17. The ionic liquid of claim 15 wherein the R+ is a cation having the formula:
wherein R1-R13 are independently selected from the group consisting of C1-C6 alkyl, alkenyl, hydroxyalkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxylalkyl; C6-C10 aryl or C8-C16 alkylenearyl; and mixtures thereof.
18. The ionic liquid of claim 15 wherein the R+ is an imidazolium cation, an ammonium cation, or a phosphonium cation.
19. The ionic liquid of claim 15 wherein the R+ is a phosphonium cation.
20. The ionic liquid of claim 15 wherein Ra, and Rb are independently, the same or different, H, a halo group, a C1-C8 alkyl group, a C2-C8 alkenyl group, C2-C8 alkynyl group, \u2014Si(RdReRf), \u2014(Rg)Si(RdReRf), wherein Rg is a C2-C6 alkylene group, and Rd, Re and Rf are independently a C1-C8 alkyl group or a C1-C10 aryl group, \u2014(Rh)ORi wherein Rh is a C2-C6 alkylene group and Ri is a C1-C8 alkyl group, a C1-C8 haloalkyl, a C2-C8 alkenyl group, a phenyl group or an C2-C8 alkynyl group, \u2014ORi, a cyano group, a C1-C6 cyanoalkyl group, a C1-C8 hydroxyalkyl group, \u2014(Rj)(O)ORk, wherein Rj is an C2-C6 alkylene group and Rk is a C1-C8 alkyl group, a C1-C8 haloalkyl group, a C2-C8 alkenyl group or a C2-C8 alkynyl group, an amine group, a C1-C8 alkylamine, a C1-C8 dialkylamine group, a C1-C8 haloalkyl group, a C6-C10 aryl group, a C8-C16 alkylaryl group, a C8-C16 arylalkyl group, \u2014(R15)nSi(Rl)(Rm)OpSi(RqRrRs), wherein n is an integer from 1 to 5, p is an integer from 1 to 9, wherein R15 is a C2-C3 alkylene group, and Rl, Rm, Rq, Rr and Rs are independently, the same or different, H, a C1-C8 alkyl group or a phenyl group, or \u2014R16OC(R17)(R18)uOC(R19)(R20)vOC(R21)(R22)xOR23, wherein R16 is a C2-C6 alkylene group, R17, R18, R19, R20 R21, R22 and R23 are independently, the same or different, H, a C1-C8 alkyl group or a phenyl group, wherein u is an integer of 2 or 3, v is an integer of 0, 2 or 3 and x is an integer of 0, 2 or 3, and wherein at least one of Ra and Rb is not H.
21. The ionic liquid of claim 20 wherein neither Ra, and Rb are H.
22. The ionic liquid of claim 20 wherein Ra, and Rb are independently H, Cl, F, a C1-C6 alkyl group, \u2014CF3, \u2014COOCH3, \u2014CH2OH, \u2014CH2OCH3, \u2014C\u2261N, \u2014CH2C\u2261N, \u2014C\u2261CH, \u2014CH2C\u2261CH, \u2014CHC\u2550CH2, a phenyl group.
23. The ionic liquid of claim 22 wherein neither Ra, and Rb are H.
24. The ionic liquid of claim 20 wherein Ra, and Rb are independently H or a C1-C3 alkyl group.