1. An electrode for a battery comprising:
a non-graphitic carbon foam with an electrical resistivity of at least about 100 \u03bc-ohm-meters and a porosity of at least about 65%;
an electrochemical supplement.
2. The electrode plate of claim 1 further comprising an electrical connection point on the electrode plate.
3. The electrode plate of claim 2 wherein the electrical connection point is formed of carbon foam.
4. The electrode plate of claim 2 wherein the electrical connection point comprises a conductive material.
5. The electrode plate of claim 1 wherein the carbon foam has a density of from about 0.1 gcc to about 0.4 gcc.
6. The electrode plate of claim 1 wherein the carbon foam has a density of from about 0.05 gcc to about 0.4 gcc and a compressive strength to density ratio of at least 2500 psi(gcc).
7. The electrode plate of claim 1 wherein the carbon foam has a porosity of between about 65% and about 95%.
8. The electrode plate of claim 1 wherein at least about 90% of the pore volume of the pores have a diameter of between about 10 and about 150 microns.
9. The electrode plate of claim 8 wherein at least about 95% of the pore volume of the pores have a diameter of between about 25 and about 95 microns.
10. The electrode plate of claim 1 wherein the electrochemical supplement is lead oxide.
11. A battery comprising:
a) a containment apparatus;
b) at least two plates;
c) an electrolytic material in the volume of the containment apparatus; and
d) an electrochemical supplement on at least one of the plates wherein at least one plate containing the electrochemical supplement comprises carbon foam having an electrical resistance of at least about 100 \u03bc-ohm-meters.
12. The battery of claim 11 wherein the carbon foam has an electrical resistance of at least about 1500 \u03bc-ohm-meters.
13. The battery of claim 11 wherein the carbon foam has a density of from about 0.05 gcc to about 0.4 gcc
14. The battery of claim 11 wherein the carbon foam has a porosity of between about 65% and about 95%.
15. The battery of claim 14 wherein at least about 90% of the pore volume of the pores have a diameter of between about 10 and about 150 microns.
16. The battery of claim 15 wherein at least about 95% of the pore volume of the pores have a diameter of between about 25 and about 95 microns.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. An imaging lens comprising: in order from an object side of the imaging lens,
a first lens of a negative lens having a meniscus shape and having a convex surface on the object side thereof;
a second lens having at least one aspherical surface;
an aperture diaphragm; and
a third lens of a positive lens having at least one aspherical surface and having a convex surface on an image side thereof,
the imaging lens satisfying conditional expressions:
0<|f2f3|<0.49\u2003\u2003(1)
1.5<\u03bd3\u03bd2\u2003\u2003(2)
0.5<|f1f23|<3.0\u2003\u2003(3)
wherein f1, f2, and f3 are focal lengths of the first lens, the second lens and the third lens, respectively, \u03bd2, and \u03bd3 are Abbe numbers of the second lens and the third lens, respectively, and f23 is a composite focal length of the second and third lenses.
2. The imaging lens according to claim 1, further satisfying conditional expression:
0<Lf<10.0\u2003\u2003(4)
wherein L is a distance between an apex of an object-side surface of the first lens and an image plane of the imaging lens, and f is a focal length of the imaging lens.
3. The imaging lens according to claim 2, wherein a material of each of the first and third lenses has an Abbe number of 40 or more, and a material of the second lens has an Abbe number of 40 or less.
4. The imaging lens according to claim 3, further satisfying conditional expression:
R3f<1.0\u2003\u2003(6)
wherein R3 is a radius of curvature of an object-side surface of the second lens.
5. The imaging lens according to claim 4, further satisfying conditional expression:
D1f<1\u2003\u2003(7)
wherein D1 is a distance between the apex on the object side of the first lens and that on the image side.
6. The imaging lens according to claim 5, further satisfying conditional expression:
2<|R4D3|<6\u2003\u2003(9)
wherein R4 is a radius of curvature of an image-side surface of the second lens, and D3 is a center thickness of the second lens.
7. The imaging lens according to claim 1, wherein a material of each of the first and third lenses has an Abbe number of 40 or more, and a material of the second lens has an Abbe number of 40 or less.
8. The imaging lens according to claim 1, further satisfying conditional expression:
R3f<1.0\u2003\u2003(6)
wherein R3 is a radius of curvature of an object-side surface of the second lens.
9. The imaging lens according to claim 1, further satisfying conditional expression:
D1f<1\u2003\u2003(7)
wherein D1 is a distance between the apex on the object side of the first lens and that on the image side.
10. The imaging lens according to claim 1, further satisfying conditional expression:
2<|R4D3|<6\u2003\u2003(9)
wherein R4 is a radius of curvature of an image-side surface of the second lens, and D3 is a center thickness of the second lens.
11. A camera apparatus comprising:
an imaging lens according to claim 1, and
a solid-state imaging device that converts an optical image formed by the imaging lens to an electrical signal.
12. An imaging lens comprising: in order from an object side of the imaging lens,
a first lens of a negative lens having at least one surface aspherical surface and having a concave surface on an image side thereof;
a second lens having at least one aspherical surface;
an aperture diaphragm; and
a third lens of a positive lens having at least one aspherical surface and having a convex surface on the image side thereof,
the imaging lens satisfying conditional expressions:
0<|f2f3|<0.49\u2003\u2003(1)
1.5<\u03bd3\u03bd2\u2003\u2003(2)
0.5<|f1f23|<3.0\u2003\u2003(3)
N1<1.80\u2003\u2003(5)
wherein f1, f2, and f3 are focal lengths of the first lens, the second lens and the third lens, respectively, \u03bd2, and \u03bd3 are Abbe numbers of the second lens and the third lens, respectively, N1 is a refractive index of the first lens at the d-line, and f23 is a composite focal length of the second and third lenses.
13. The imaging lens according to claim 12, wherein the first lens has a convex surface on the object side thereof.
14. The imaging lens according to claim 13, further satisfying conditional expression:
0<Lf<10.0\u2003\u2003(4)
wherein L is a distance between an apex of an object-side surface of the first lens and an image plane of the imaging lens, and f is a focal length of the imaging lens.
15. The imaging lens according to claim 14, wherein a material of each of the first and third lenses has an Abbe number of 40 or more, and a material of the second lens has an Abbe number of 40 or less.
16. The imaging lens according to claim 15, further satisfying conditional expression:
R3f<1.0\u2003\u2003(6)
wherein R3 is a radius of curvature of an object-side surface of the second lens.
17. The imaging lens according to claim 16, further satisfying conditional expression:
D1f<1\u2003\u2003(7)
wherein D1 is a distance between the apex on the object side of the first lens and that on the image side.
18. The imaging lens according to claim 17, further satisfying conditional expression:
2<|R4D3|<6\u2003\u2003(9)
wherein R4 is a radius of curvature of an image-side surface of the second lens, and D3 is a center thickness of the second lens.
19. The imaging lens according to claim 12, further satisfying conditional expression:
0<Lf<10.0\u2003\u2003(4)
wherein L is a distance between an apex of an object-side surface of the first lens and an image plane of the imaging lens, and f is a focal length of the imaging lens.
20. The imaging lens according to claim 12, wherein a material of each of the first and third lenses has an Abbe number of 40 or more, and a material of the second lens has an Abbe number of 40 or less.
21. The imaging lens according to claim 12, further satisfying conditional expression:
R3f<1.0\u2003\u2003(6)
wherein R3 is a radius of curvature of an object-side surface of the second lens.
22. The imaging lens according to claim 12, further satisfying conditional expression:
D1f<1\u2003\u2003(7)
wherein D1 is a distance between the apex on the object side of the first lens and that on the image side.
23. The imaging lens according to claim 12, further satisfying conditional expression:
2<|R4D3|<6\u2003\u2003(9)
wherein R4 is a radius of curvature of an image-side surface of the second lens, and D3 is a center thickness of the second lens.
24. A camera apparatus comprising:
an imaging lens according to claim 12, and
a solid-state imaging device that converts an optical image formed by the imaging lens to an electrical signal.