1. A method for making a polishing pad, comprising:
rotating a cylinder about a central axis, the cylinder enclosing in an interior space a polymer precursor; and
forming the polishing pad from at least some of a polymer formed after the polymer precursor has cured.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the rotating of the cylinder is continued until the polymer has cured.
3. The method of claim 1, further comprising forming at least two distinct layers in the polishing pad by casting and curing sequentially at least two polymer layers.
4. The method of claim 3, wherein the at least two distinct layers comprise the polymer precursor and at least one further polymer precursor.
5. The method of claim 1, further comprising heating the cylinder to a temperature between 50 and 500 degrees Fahrenheit during at least a portion of a time of the rotating operation.
6. The method of claim 5, wherein the temperature is between about 140 and 212 degrees Fahrenheit.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein the polymer precursor comprises at least one of a polyurethane, a polyuria-urethane, a polycarbonate, a polyamide, a polyacrylate and a polyester.
8. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
mixing at least one of a diisocyanate, a di-functional isocyanate and a polyfunctional isocyanate with a first polyol to form the polymer precursor; and
dispensing the polymer precursor into the interior space of the cylinder.
9. The method of claim 8, further comprising adding at least one of filler, microelements, abrasives, fibers, surfactants and a plasticizer into the polymer precursor.
10. The method of claim 8, further comprising treating a surface of the interior space of the cylinder with a mold release agent prior to dispensing the polymer precursor into the interior space.
11. The method of claim 1, further comprising removing at least some of the polymer from the interior space of the cylinder after the polymer has cured.
12. A system for manufacturing a polishing pad, comprising:
a centrifugal caster adapted to rotate, the centrifugal caster defining a cylindrical interior space; and
a dispenser adapted to introduce a polymer precursor into the centrifugal caster;
wherein the polishing pad is formed from at least some of a polymer formed after the polymer precursor has cured.
13. The system of claim 12, further comprising a mixer adapted to mix at least a first diisocyanate and a first polyol to form the polymer precursor.
14. The system of claim 12, wherein the centrifugal caster is adapted to heat the polymer precursor.
15. The system of claim 12, wherein a surface of the cylindrical interior space includes a texture adapted to impart to the polymer at least one of:
a groove texture to a working surface of the polishing pad;
a perforation delineating an outer edge of the polishing pad; and
a roughened texture to a backside of the polishing pad opposite the working surface to improve adhesion between the polishing pad and an adhesive.
16. A polishing pad made by a method, the method comprising:
rotating a cylinder about a central axis, the cylinder enclosing in an interior space a polymer precursor; and
forming the polishing pad from at least some of a polymer formed after the polymer precursor has cured.
17. The polishing pad of claim 16, wherein the method further comprises forming grooves in a surface of the polishing pad.
18. The polishing pad of claim 16, wherein the method further comprises:
mixing at least two components to form the polymer precursor; and
introducing the polymer precursor into an interior of the cylinder.
19. The polishing pad of claim 16, wherein the polishing pad is at least one of:
substantially flat;
substantially homogenous; and
between 20 Shore A to 90 Shore D in hardness.
20. The polishing pad of claim 16, wherein the polishing pad is at least one of:
absent of pores in a majority of a cross-sectional cut; and
greater than 20 mils thick.
21. The polishing pad of claim 16, wherein the polishing pad is transparent.
22. The polishing pad of claim 16, wherein the polishing pad is opaque.
23. The polishing pad of claim 16, wherein the method further comprises:
placing a fiber network on the polymer precursor prior to being fully cured; and
subsequently forming an additional layer on top of the network.
24. The polishing pad of claim 16, wherein the polishing pad is anisotropic.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A radar transmitter for emulsion measurement comprising:
a probe defining a transmission line for sensing impedance;
a pulse circuit connected to the probe for generating pulses on the transmission line and receiving a reflected signal from the transmission line, the reflected signal comprising a waveform of probe impedance over time; and
a controller operatively connected to the pulse circuit, the controller profiling content of the emulsion responsive to the waveform by transforming the waveform into impedance relative to distance, converting the transformed waveform into effective dielectric relative to distance, determining mixture content of the emulsion at select distances responsive to the effective dielectric at the select distances and developing an output representing mixture content relative to level units.
2. The radar transmitter of claim 1 wherein the waveform comprises a time domain reflectometry signal.
3. The radar transmitter of claim 2 wherein the controller uses TDR inversion to transform the waveform into impedance relative to distance.
4. The radar transmitter of claim 1 wherein the controller uses a Debye relaxation model to determine electrical properties of the emulsion.
5. The radar transmitter of claim 1 wherein the controller models the probe as a plurality of small segments of fluid and uses a model determination module to adjust percent water in each segment to closely match the reflected signal to a simulated pulse output from a forward model simulator.
6. The radar transmitter of claim 5 wherein a comparison module compares iterations of the simulated pulse output to the actual reflected signal for each segment to obtain a closest match.
7. The radar transmitter of claim 6 wherein once the closest match is obtained, then the particular simulated pulse used to obtain the closest match is used to estimate percentage of a known liquid in that segment.
8. The radar transmitter of claim 1 wherein the controller builds a model, segment by segment, to replicate the reflected signal as the algorithm concatenates and adapts the plural segments.
9. The radar transmitter of claim 8 wherein the plural segments are each characterized by a time value and percent of a known liquid in the segment.
10. The radar transmitter of claim 8 wherein each segment is represented by a two-port network matrix for the transmission line.
11. The radar transmitter of claim 5 wherein the controller iteratively adjusts percent of a known liquid in each segment to minimize an error between the reflected signal and the simulated pulse output at a select time during the segment.
12. A time domain reflectometry measurement instrument for emulsion measurement comprising:
a probe defining a transmission line for sensing impedance;
a pulse circuit connected to the probe for generating pulses on the transmission line and receiving a reflected signal from the transmission line;
a signal processing circuit connected to the pulse circuit for developing a time representation of the reflected signal;
a database storing data representing percentage mixtures of fluids in an emulsion and corresponding electrical properties of the emulsion; and
a controller operatively connected to the signal processing circuit and the database, the controller modeling the probe as a plurality of small segments of fluid and uses a model determination module to adjust percentage mixtures of fluids in each segment and use the corresponding electrical properties to develop a simulated waveform to closely match the reflected signal to determine mixture content of the emulsion at select distances and develop an output representing mixture content relative to level units.
13. The time domain reflectometry measurement instrument of claim 12 wherein the controller uses a Debye relaxation model to determine electrical properties of the emulsion.
14. The time domain reflectometry measurement instrument of claim 12 wherein a comparison module compares iterations of the simulated waveform the reflected waveform for each segment to obtain a closest match.
15. The time domain reflectometry measurement instrument of claim 14 wherein once the closest match is obtained, then the particular simulated waveform for that segment used to obtain the closest match is used to estimate percentage of a known liquid in that segment.
16. The time domain reflectometry measurement instrument of claim 12 wherein the controller builds a model, segment by segment, to replicate the reflected waveform as an algorithm concatenates and adapts the plural segments.
17. The time domain reflectometry measurement instrument of claim 16 wherein the plural segments are each characterized by a time value and percent of a known liquid in the segment.
18. The time domain reflectometry measurement instrument of claim 12 wherein each segment is represented by a two-port network matrix for the transmission line.
19. The time domain reflectometry measurement instrument of claim 12 wherein the controller iteratively adjusts percent of a known liquid in each segment to minimize an error between the reflected waveform and the simulated waveform at a select time during the segment.
20. A time domain reflectometry measurement instrument for emulsion measurement comprising:
a probe defining a transmission line for sensing impedance;
a pulse circuit connected to the probe for driving the probe through a driving impedance;
a reflection measurement device receiving a reflected signal from the probe representing impedance changes on the transmission line;
a forward model simulator developing a simulated pulse output representing estimate of probe outputs for percentage mixtures of fluids;
a comparison module operatively connected to the reflection measurement device and the forward model simulator for comparing iterations of the reflected signal to the simulated pulse output to obtain a closest match for plural segments of the probe; and
a model determination module operatively associate with the comparison module to determining mixture content of the emulsion at select distances and developing an output representing mixture content relative to level units.
21. The time domain reflectometry measurement instrument of claim 20 wherein the model determination module adjusts percentage mixtures of fluids in each segment and uses corresponding electrical properties to develop a simulated waveform to the forward model simulator.
22. The time domain reflectometry measurement instrument of claim 20 wherein the controller uses a Debye relaxation model to determine electrical properties of the emulsion.
23. The time domain reflectometry measurement instrument of claim 20 wherein the model determination module builds a model, segment by segment, to replicate the reflected signal using an algorithm that concatenates and adapts the plural segments.
24. The time domain reflectometry measurement instrument of claim 23 wherein the plural segments are each characterized by a time value and percent of a known liquid in the segment.
25. The time domain reflectometry measurement instrument of claim 20 wherein each segment is represented by a two-port network matrix for the transmission line.
26. The time domain reflectometry measurement instrument of claim 20 wherein the model determination module iteratively adjusts percent of a known liquid in each segment to minimize an error between the reflected signal and the simulated pulse output at a select time during the segment.
27. A method for measuring and profiling mixture content of an emulsion in a process vessel comprising:
providing a probe defining a transmission line extending into the process vessel for sensing impedance of an emulsion in the process vessel;
generating pulses on the transmission line and receiving a reflected signal from the transmission line, the reflected signal comprising a waveform of probe impedance over time; and
operating a controller, receiving the reflected signal, the controller profiling content of the emulsion responsive to the waveform by transforming the waveform into impedance relative to distance, converting the transformed waveform into effective dielectric relative to distance, determining mixture content of the emulsion at select distances responsive to the effective dielectric at the select distances and developing an output representing mixture content relative to level units.
28. The method of claim 27 comprising using TDR inversion to transform the waveform into impedance relative to distance.
29. The method of claim 27 comprising using a Debye relaxation model to determine electrical properties of the emulsion.
30. The method of claim 27 further comprising modeling the probe as a plurality of small segments of fluid and using a model determination module to adjust percent of a known liquid in each segment to closely match the reflected signal to a simulated pulse output from a forward model simulator.
31. The method of claim 27 further comprising comparing iterations of the simulated pulse output to the actual reflected signal for each segment to obtain a closest match.
32. A method for measuring and profiling mixture content of an emulsion in a process vessel using time domain reflectometry comprising:
providing a probe defining a transmission line extending into the process vessel for sensing impedance of an emulsion in the process vessel;
driving the probe through a driving impedance;
receiving a reflected signal from the probe representing impedance changes on the transmission line;
developing a simulated pulse output representing estimate of probe outputs for percentage mixtures of fluids;
comparing iterations of the reflected signal to the simulated pulse output to obtain a closest match for plural segments of the probe; and
determining mixture content of the emulsion at select distances and developing an output representing mixture content relative to level units.
33. The method of claim 32 wherein determining mixture content comprises adjusting percentage mixtures of fluids in each segment and using corresponding electrical properties to develop a simulated waveform used to develop the simulated pulse output.
34. The method of claim 32 comprising using a Debye relaxation model to determine electrical properties of the emulsion.
35. The method of claim 32 wherein determining mixture content comprises building a model, segment by segment, to replicate the reflected signal using an algorithm that concatenates and adapts the plural segments.
36. The method of claim 35 wherein the plural segments are each characterized by a time value and percent of a known liquid in the segment.
37. The method of claim 32 wherein determining mixture content comprises iteratively adjusting percent of a known liquid in each segment to minimize an error between the reflected signal and the simulated pulse output at a select time during the segment.