1. A process for the manufacture of at least one ingredient having a food andor beverage application using potatoes as starting material, said process comprising the steps of:
a) cutting washed raw potatoes and dipping the so-cut potatoes in an anti-oxidant solution;
b) mechanically disintegrating the cut and dipped potatoes obtained in step a) to obtain a starch-containing juice and fibers, separating the fibers from the tarch-containing juice, and processing the starch-containing juice to extract the juice from the starch, said starch being in a non-gelatinized form;
c) subjecting the so-extracted juice to a slow evaporation with or without simultaneous addition of extra enzymes to produce small proteins and free amino acids from proteins contained in the juice;
d) heating the juice obtained in step c) to precipitate soluble proteins and to destroy enzymes contained in it, and separating by filtration the precipitated proteins from the juice to obtain a protein isolate and a filtered juice;
e) optionally further heating a portion of the filtered juice obtained in step d) to a temperature high enough to cause a Maillard browning reaction;
f) adjusting the pH of the juice(s) obtained in step d) andor in optional step e) and, when a portion of the juice has been subjected to the heating in step e), blending said portion of the juice with the remainder of the juice obtained in step d) in a preselected ratio; and
g) recovering at least one of the following products:
(iv) the fiber obtained in step b), which is edible;
(v) the non-gelatinized starch produced in step b);
(vi) the protein isolate obtained in step d), which is edible; and
(iv) to (v) the juice obtained in step f) which:
when all the filtered juice obtained in step d) has been subjected to the further heating of step e), is useful to make a caffeine-free coffee substitute;
when none of the filtered juice obtained in step d) has been subjected to the further heating of step e), is useful as a hydrolyzed vegetable protein substitute; and
when a portion only of the filtered juice obtained in step d) has been subjected to the further heating of step e) and said portion has been blended with the remainder of the juice obtained in step d), is useful to make a fermentable wort to produce a malt-free beer.
2. The process of claim 1, wherein in step a), the anti-oxidant solution contains sulphurous anhydride dissolved in water.
3. The process of claim 1, wherein in step b), the mechanical disintegration and the fibers separation are carried out simultaneously in a centrifugal juicer.
4. The process of claim 3, wherein in step b), the extraction of the juice is carried out by filtration under vacuum.
5. The process of claim 1, wherein in step c), the slow evaporation is carried out by warming the extracted juice to a temperature of 45 C. to 60 C.
6. The process according of claim 5, wherein in step c), a cationic exchange resin is used to adjust the pH of the juice that is being warmed to between 4.0 and 5.5.
7. The process of claim 5, wherein in step c), the heat-treated juice obtained in step e) is used to adjust the pH of the juice that is being warmed to between 4.0 and 5.5.
8. The process of claim 5, wherein in step c), the juice after having been warmed, is sterilized by microfiltration and transferred to an incubation vessel.
9. The process of claim 8, wherein the juice that is being warmed, is subjected to an enzymatic treatment comprising a pH and temperature adjustment to allow the enzymes to hydrolyze the proteins contained in the juice during incubation.
10. The process of claim 8, wherein in step c), the juice transferred to the incubation vessel is subjected therein to a vacuum evaporation.
11. The process of claim 1, wherein in step d), the juice is heated to a temperature ranging between 60 and 100 C.
12. The process of claim 1, wherein in step e), the portion of the filtered juice is further heated in a drying oven.
13. The process of claim 1, wherein in step e), the portion of the filtered juice is further heated in an autoclave.
14. The process of claim 1, wherein in step f), the pH adjustment is carried out with an alkaline substance authorized for use in foods.
15. The process of claim 1, wherein:
in step a), the anti-oxidant solution contains sulphurous anhydride dissolved in water;
in step b), the mechanical disintegration and the fibers separation are carried out simultaneously in a centrifugal juicer and the extraction of the juice is carried out by filtration under vacuum;
in step c), the slow evaporation is carried out by warming the extracted juice to a temperature of 45 C. to 60 C. and the juice after having been warmed, is sterilized by microfiltration and transferred to an incubation vessel;
in step d), the juice is heated to a temperature ranging between 60 and 100 C.; and
in step f), the pH adjustment is carried out with an alkaline substance authorized for use in foods.
16. A coffee substitute prepared from potatoes by the process of claim 15.
17. A hydrolyzed vegetable protein substitute prepared from potatoes by the process of claim 15.
18. A malt-free beer made from a potato-based wort prepared by the process of claim 15.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A page replacement method comprising:
(a) establishing a first page list in which a plurality of pages in a main memory are listed in an order that they have been used;
(b) establishing a second page list in which some of the pages in the main memory whose images are stored in a storage medium are listed in an order that said some of the pages have been used; and
(c) storing data downloaded from the storage medium in the pages included in the second page list in an order opposite to the order that the corresponding pages are listed in the second page list.
2. The page replacement method of claim 1, wherein the storage medium comprises a flash memory.
3. The page replacement method of claim 1, wherein the first page list sequentially lists the pages in the main memory so that a page that has been the most recently used is listed first and a page that has been least recently used is listed last.
4. The page replacement method of claim 1, wherein the second page list sequentially lists the pages whose images are stored in the storage medium so that a page that has been the most recently used is listed first and a page that has been least recently used is listed last.
5. The page replacement method of claim 1, further comprising (d) listing the pages in which the data downloaded from the storage medium is stored, in the second page list.
6. The page replacement method of claim 1, wherein the pages in which the data downloaded from the storage medium is stored, are within a preset distance from the tail of the second page list.
7. A page replacement method comprising:
(a) establishing a first page list in which a plurality of pages in a main memory are listed in an order that they have been used;
(b) establishing a second page list in which some of the pages in the main memory whose images are stored in a storage medium are listed in an order that said some of the pages have been used;
(c) establishing a third page list in which some other of the pages in the main memory whose images are not stored in the storage medium are listed in an order that said at least one other of the pages have been used;
(d) storing data downloaded from the storage medium in the pages included in the second page list in an order opposite to the order that the corresponding pages are listed in the second page list, if the second page list is not empty, and
(e) storing data downloaded from the storage medium in the pages included in the third page list in an order opposite to the order that the corresponding pages are listed in the third page list, if the second page list is empty.
8. The page replacement method of claim 7, wherein the storage medium comprises a flash memory.
9. The page replacement method of claim 7, wherein the first page list sequentially lists the pages in the main memory so that a page that has been the most recently used is listed first and a page that has been least recently used is listed last.
10. The page replacement method of claim 7, wherein the second page list sequentially lists the pages whose images are stored in the storage medium so that a page that has been the most recently used is listed first and a page that has been least recently used is listed last.
11. The page replacement method of claim 7, wherein the third page list sequentially lists the pages whose images are not stored in the storage medium so that a page that has been the most recently used is listed first and a page that has been least recently used is listed last according to a predetermined condition.
12. The page replacement method of claim 7, further comprising listing the pages having data downloaded from the storage medium stored therein in the second page list.
13. The page replacement method of claim 7, wherein the pages in which the data downloaded from the storage medium is stored are within a preset distance from the tail of the second page list.
14. The page replacement method of claim 7, wherein the third page list lists the pages that are referenced from the main memory, according to the number of times greater than a preset value that the main memory is referenced.
15. The page replacement method of claim 7, wherein when the pages are referenced from the main memory, the third page list lists the pages that are not stored in the storage medium by the number of times greater than a preset value that the main memory is referenced.
16. A page replacement method comprising:
(a) establishing a first page list in which a plurality of pages in a main memory are listed in an order that they have been used;
(b) establishing a second page list in which some of the pages in the main memory whose images are not stored in a storage medium are listed in an order that said some of the pages have been used; and
(c) storing data downloaded from the storage medium in the pages included in the second page list in an order opposite to the order that the corresponding pages are listed in the second page list.
17. The page replacement method of claim 16, wherein the storage medium comprises a flash memory.
18. The page replacement method of claim 16, wherein the first page list sequentially lists the pages in the main memory so that a page that has been the most recently used is listed first and a page that has been least recently used is listed last.
19. The page replacement method of claim 16, wherein the second page list sequentially lists the pages whose images are not stored in the storage medium so that a page that has been the most recently used is listed first and a page that has been least recently used is listed last according to a predetermined condition.
20. The page replacement method of claim 16, wherein the pages in which the data downloaded from the storage medium is stored are within a preset distance from the tail of the second page list.
21. The page replacement method of claim 16, wherein the second page list lists the pages that are referenced from the main memory, according to the number of times greater than a preset value that the main memory is referenced.
22. The page replacement method of claim 16, wherein when the pages are referenced from the main memory, the second page list lists the pages that are not stored in the storage medium according to the number of times greater than a preset value that the main memory is referenced.