Author: claimsbot

1. A process for preparing a diaryl carbonate, comprising:
(i) contacting an aromatic non-hydroxy compound with a carboxylic acid of formula
HOC(\u2550O)R1\u2003\u2003(I),
wherein R1 is a hydrocarbyl group, and with an oxygen containing gas in the presence of a catalyst, resulting in water and an aromatic carboxylic acid ester of formula
R2OC(\u2550O)R1\u2003\u2003(II),
wherein R2 is an aryl group originating from the aromatic non-hydroxy compound; and
(ii) contacting the aromatic carboxylic acid ester of formula (II) from step (i) with a dialkyl carbonate of formula
R3OC(\u2550O)OR4\u2003\u2003(III),
wherein R3 and R4 are the same or different and are alkyl groups, in the presence of a catalyst, resulting in a diaryl carbonate of formula
R2OC(\u2550O)OR2\u2003\u2003(IV)
and an alkyl carboxylic acid ester of formula
R5OC(\u2550O)R1\u2003\u2003(V),
wherein R5 is R3 or R4.
2. A process as claimed in claim 1, further comprising:
(iii) contacting the alkyl carboxylic acid ester of formula (V) from step (ii) with water, in the presence of a catalyst, resulting in the carboxylic acid of formula (I) and an alkanol of formula
R5OH\u2003\u2003(VI).
3. A process as claimed in claim 2, wherein the water from step (i) is sent to and used in step (iii).
4. A process as claimed in claim 2, wherein the carboxylic acid of formula (I) from step (iii) is sent to and used in step (i).
5. A process as claimed in claim 2, wherein the alkanol of formula (VI) is sent to and used in a process for the preparation of the dialkyl carbonate of formula (III) from said alkanol and an alkylene carbonate.
6. A process as claimed in claim 5, wherein the alkylene carbonate is propylene carbonate or ethylene carbonate.
7. A process as claimed in claim 5, wherein the alkylene carbonate is prepared by reacting an alkylene oxide with carbon dioxide.
8. A process as claimed in claim 7, wherein the alkylene oxide is propylene oxide or ethylene oxide.
9. A process as claimed in claim 7, wherein the carbon dioxide comprises carbon dioxide which is formed as a by-product in step (i).
10. A process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the aromatic non-hydroxy compound is benzene, the aromatic carboxylic acid ester of formula (II) is a phenyl carboxylic acid ester of formula (II) wherein R2 is a phenyl group and the diaryl carbonate of formula (IV) is diphenyl carbonate.
11. A process as claimed in claim 1, wherein R1 in the carboxylic acid of formula (I) is a C1-C10 alkyl group, preferably a methyl, ethyl or propyl group.
12. A process as claimed in claim 11, wherein the carboxylic acid of formula (I) is acetic acid and the aromatic carboxylic acid ester of formula (II) is an aromatic acetate of formula (II) wherein R1 is a methyl group.
13. A process as claimed in claim 12, wherein the aromatic non-hydroxy compound is benzene, the aromatic carboxylic acid ester of formula (II) is phenyl acetate and the diaryl carbonate of formula (IV) is diphenyl carbonate.
14. A process as claimed in claim 1, wherein R3 and R4 in the dialkyl carbonate of formula (III) are the same and are a C1-C10 alkyl group, preferably a C1-C4 alkyl group, and more preferably a methyl, ethyl, n-propyl or isopropyl group.
15. A process as claimed in claim 14, wherein the dialkyl carbonate of formula (III) is diethyl carbonate and the alkyl carboxylic acid ester of formula (V) is an ethyl carboxylic acid ester of formula (V) wherein R5 is an ethyl group.
16. A process as claimed in claim 15, wherein the aromatic non-hydroxy compound is benzene, the aromatic carboxylic acid ester of formula (II) is phenyl acetate, the diaryl carbonate of formula (IV) is diphenyl carbonate and the alkyl carboxylic acid ester of formula (V) is ethyl acetate.

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

What is claimed is:

1. An eukaryotic host cell genetically engineered to express a gene for a protein of interest and an IGF-1-signaling pathway gene.
2. The host cell of claim 1 wherein the IGF-1-signaling pathway gene is selected from the group consisting of a PKB gene, a MEK1 gene, a MEK2 gene, a glut5 gene, a glut1 gene, an ERK1 gene, an ERK2 gene, a JNK gene, a 14-3-3 protein gene, an IRS gene, and a P13 kinase gene.
3. The host cell of claim 2 wherein the IGF-1-signaling pathway gene is expressed under control of a heterologous regulatory element.
4. The host cell of claim 3, wherein the heterologous regulatory element is a viral promoter.
5. The host cell of claim 4, wherein the viral promoter is selected from the group consisting of a CMV promoter, an SV40 promoter, an RSV promoter and an adenoviral promoter.
6. The host cell of claim 1, wherein the protein of interest is selected from the group consisting of a soluble TNF receptor, a soluble IL-4 receptor, a soluble IL-1 type II receptor, a soluble Flt3 ligand, a soluble CD40 ligand, CD39, CD30, CD27, a TEKOrk, IL-15, a soluble IL-15 receptor, Ox 40, GM-CSF, RANKL, RANK, TRAIL, a soluble TRAIL receptor, tissue plasminogen activator, Factor VIII, Factor IX, apolipoprotein E, apolipoprotein A-I, an IL-2 receptor, an IL-2 antagonist, alpha-1 antitrypsin, calcitonin, growth hormone, insulin, insulinotropin, insulin-like growth factors, parathyroid hormone, interferons, superoxide dismutase, glucagon, an erythropoeitin, an antibody, glucocerebrosidase, an Fc-fusion protein, globins, nerve growth factors, interleukins, colony stimulating factors, and immune response modifiers.
7. The host cell of claim 1, wherein the host cell is further genetically engineered to express a first selectable marker.
8. The host cell of claim 7, wherein the gene encoding the selectable marker is adjacent to the IGF-1-signaling pathway gene.
9. The host cell of claim 1, wherein the host cell is a mammalian cell.
10. The host cell of claim 9, wherein the host cell is selected from the group consisting of CHO, VERO, BHK, HeLa, CV1, MDCK, 293, 3T3, myeloma, PC12 and WI38 cells.
11. The host cell of claim 1, wherein the host cell is adapted to grow in serum-free medium.
12. The host cell of claim 11, wherein the host cell is a CHO cell and the IGF-1-signaling pathway gene is PKB.
13. The host cell of claim 11, wherein the host cell is a CHO cell and the IGF-1-signaling pathway gene is MEK.
14. The host cell of claim 1, wherein the host cell is genetically engineered to express a second IGF-1-signaling pathway gene.
15. The host cell of claim 14, wherein the IGF-1-signaling pathway gene is selected from the group consisting of PKB, MEK, ERK1 and ERK2.
16. A method of producing a protein of interest, the method comprising culturing an eukaryotic host cell genetically engineered to express a gene for a protein of interest and an IGF-1-signaling pathway gene under conditions such that the protein of interest is expressed.
17. The method of claim 16, wherein the IGF-1-signaling pathway gene is selected from the group consisting of a PKB gene, a MEK1 gene, a MEK2 gene, a glut5 gene, a glut1 gene, an ERK1 gene, an ERK2 gene, a JNK gene, a 14-3-3 protein gene, an IRS-1 gene, and a PI3 kinase gene.
18. The method of claim 16, further comprising collecting the protein of interest.
19. The method of claim 16, wherein the IGF-1-signaling pathway gene is expressed under control of a heterologous regulatory element.
20. The method of claim 19, wherein the heterologous regulatory element is a viral promoter.
21. The method of claim 20, wherein the viral promoter is selected from the group consisting of a CMV promoter, an SV40 promoter, an RSV promoter and an adenoviral promoter.
22. The method of claim 16, wherein the protein of interest is selected from the group consisting of a soluble TNF receptor, a soluble IL-4 receptor, a soluble IL-1 type II receptor, a soluble Flt3 ligand, a soluble CD40 ligand, CD39, CD30, CD27, a TEKOrk, IL-1 5, a soluble IL-15 receptor, Ox 40, GM-CSF, RANKL, RANK, TRAIL, a soluble TRAIL receptor, tissue plasminogen activator, Factor VIII, Factor IX, apolipoprotein E, apolipoprotein A-I, an IL-2 receptor, an IL-2 antagonist, alpha-1 antitrypsin, calcitonin, growth hormone, insulin, insulinotropin, insulin-like growth factors, parathyroid hormone, interferons, superoxide dismutase, glucagon, an erythropoeitin, an antibody, glucocerebrosidase, an Fc-fusion protein, globins, nerve growth factors, interleukins, colony stimulating factors, and immune response modifiers.
23. The method of claim 16, wherein the host cell is further genetically engineered to express a first selectable marker.
24. The method of claim 23, wherein the gene encoding the selectable marker is adjacent to the IGF-1-signaling pathway gene.
25. The method of claim 16, wherein the host cell is a mammalian cell.
26. The method of claim 25, wherein the host cell is selected from the group consisting of CHO, VERO, BHK, HeLa, CV1, MDCK, 293, 3T3, myeloma, PC12 and W138 cells.
27. The method of claim 16, wherein the host cell is cultured in serum-free medium.
28. The method of claim 27, wherein the medium is growth-factor free.
29. The method of claim 27, wherein the medium is protein-free.
30. The method of claim 29, wherein the medium is peptone-free.
31. The method of claim 16, wherein the host cell is a CHO cell and the IGF-1-signaling pathway gene is PKB.
32. The method of claim 16, wherein the host cell is a CHO cell and the IGF-1-signaling pathway gene is MEK.
33. The method of claim 16, wherein the host cell is genetically engineered to express a second IGF-1-signaling pathway gene.
34. The method of claim 33, wherein the IGF-1-signaling pathway gene is selected from the group consisting of PKB, MEK, ERK1 and ERK2.
35. A method of producing an eukaryotic cell for production of a protein of interest, the method comprising genetically engineering an eukaryotic cell to express a gene that encodes a protein of interest, and to express an IGF-1-signaling pathway gene.
36. A method of producing a mammalian cell line capable of growth in serum-free medium, the method comprising exposing cells that have been genetically engineered to overexpress an IGF-1 signaling pathway gene to serum-free medium, and isolating a cell line that grows in serum-free medium.
37. The method of claim 36, further comprising exposing the cells to peptone-free medium, and isolating a cell line that grows in peptone-free medium.
38. The method of claim 36, further comprising exposing the cells to protein-free medium, and isolating a cell line that grows in protein-free medium.
39. The method of any one of claims 36 to 38, wherein the IGF-1 signaling pathway gene is a PKB gene.
40. The method of any one of claims 36 to 38, wherein the IGF-1 signaling pathway gene is a MEK gene.
41. The method of any one of claims 36 to 38, wherein the cell is genetically engineered to overexpress at least two IGF-1 signaling pathway genes.
42. The method of claim 41, wherein the IGF-1 signaling pathway genes are selected from the group consisting of a PKB gene, a MEK gene, and a MAPK gene.
43. A method of producing an eukaryotic cell for production of a protein of interest, the method comprising genetically engineering an eukaryotic cell to express a protein of interest, wherein the eukaryotic cell has been genetically engineered to express an IGF-1 signaling pathway gene.
44. A method of producing an eukaryotic cell for production of a protein of interest, the method comprising genetically engineering an eukaryotic cell to express an IGF-1 signaling pathway gene, wherein the eukaryotic cell expresses a protein of interest.

1. An apparatus for creating a visual display, comprising:
a body comprising a sidewall with a substantially planar display surface;
a faceplate affixed to the sidewall of the body adjacent the display surface, the faceplate including a view port;
a magnifying lens element positioned within the view port configured for focusing on the display surface;
a mirror element positioned on the display surface and aligned with the magnifying lens element; and
a primary image element provided upon the mirror element.
2. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the lens element comprises a Fresnel lens spaced apart from the mirror element.
3. The apparatus of claim 2, further comprising additional image elements positioned proximate to the lens element, wherein the additional image elements are visible via the mirror element through the lens element.
4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the lens element and mirror elements are circular with substantially equivalent diameters.
5. An apparatus for creating a visual display, comprising:
a body comprising a sidewall with a display surface;
a faceplate affixed to the sidewall of the body adjacent the display surface, the faceplate including a view port extending there through;
a lens element positioned within the view port to be spaced apart from the display surface a separation distance;
a mirror element positioned on the display surface and aligned with the lens element, wherein the lens is configured for focusing on a portion of the display surface including the mirror element; and
a primary image element provided upon the mirror element.
6. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the mirror element is planar and the separation distance is greater than a few mils and less than about 0.75 inches.
7. The apparatus of claim 5, further comprising additional image elements positioned proximate to the lens element, wherein the additional image elements are visible via the mirror element through the lens element.
8. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the lens element and mirror elements are circular with substantially equivalent diameters.
9. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the lens element comprises a magnifying lens providing a magnification of the primary image element to a viewer viewing mirror element through the lens element.
10. The apparatus of claim 9, further comprising foreground image elements positioned proximate to the lens element, wherein the magnification is selected to place an image created from the primary image element in a different plane than an image created from the foreground. image elements when the primary and foreground image elements are concurrently viewed by the viewer.
11. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the primary image element comprises images formed directly upon a surface of the mirror element facing the faceplate using printing or laser hologram techniques.
12. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the primary image element comprises a decal attached to a surface of the mirror element facing the faceplate.
13. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the mirror element has a surface upon which the primary image element is provided and wherein the surface has an area greater in size than an area of the display surface visible by a viewer through the lens element.
14. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the body has an inner chamber defined by the sidewall for holding a volume of liquid and wherein a void between the faceplate and the display surface contains air.
15. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the lens element and the mirror element are both circular in shape with substantially equivalent diameters.
16. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the lens element and the mirror element both have planar bodies.
17. An apparatus for creating a visual display, comprising:
a body comprising a sidewall with an outward-facing display surface;
a faceplate affixed to the sidewall of the body adjacent the display surface, the faceplate including a view port set apart from the display surface by a separation distance of at least about a few mils;
a magnifying lens positioned within the view port configured for focusing upon the display surface;
a mirror element positioned on the display surface;
a primary image element provided upon the mirror element; and
foreground image elements positioned proximate to the lens element, wherein the additional image elements are visible via the mirror element through the lens element concurrently with an image created from the primary image element.
18. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the mirror element is planar.
19. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein a magnification provided by the magnifying lens places the viewed image of the primary image element in a different plane than the foreground image elements.
20. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the primary image element comprises images formed directly upon a surface of the mirror element facing the faceplate, wherein the mirror element has a surface upon which the primary image element is provided, and wherein the surface has an area greater in size than an area of the display surface visible by a viewer through the lens element.

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

1-11. (canceled)
12. A method comprising:
preparing an object including an insulator layer having a trench, a barrier layer provided on the insulator layer, and a conductor layer provided on the barrier layer, wherein each of the barrier layer and the conductor layer has a portion positioned inside the trench and a portion positioned outside the trench;
preparing a polishing composition containing more tan 0.1% by mass of colloidal silica, fumed oxide-particles, a periodic acid, and water, and having a pH of 6 or less; and
polishing the object, by using the polishing composition, to remove at least parts of the portions of the barrier layer and the conductor layer positioned outside the trench.
13. The method according to claim 12, wherein the barrier layer is formed from titanium nitride or titanium.
14. The method according to claim 12, wherein the conductor layer is formed from tungsten, copper, or aluminum.
15. The method according to claim 12, wherein the average particle size of the colloidal silica is in a range from 1 to 25 nm.
16. The method according to claim 12, wherein the fumed oxide-particles comprise fumed silica, fumed alumina, fumed titania, or fumed zirconia.
17. The method according to claim 12, wherein the average particle size of the fumed oxide-particles is in a range from 15 to 45 nm.
18. The method according to claim 12, wherein the ratio of weight of the fumed oxide-particles in the polishing composition to the total weight of the colloidal silica and the fumed oxide-particles in the polishing composition is in a range from 77 to 97%.
19. The method according to claim 12, wherein the polishing composition further contains ammonium nitrate.
20. The method according to claim 12, wherein the polishing composition further contains benzotriazole or its derivatives.
21. The method according to claim 12, wherein the polishing composition further contains a surface active agent.
22. The method according to claim 21, wherein the surface active agent is an anionic surface active agent or a nonionic surface active agent.
23. A method comprising;
preparing an object including an insulator layer having a trench, a titanium nitride or titanium barrier layer provided on the insulator layer, and a tungsten conductor layer provided on the barrier layer, wherein each of the barrier layer and the conductor layer has a portion positioned inside the trench and a portion positioned outside the trench;
preparing a polishing composition containing more than 0.1% by mass of colloidal silica, fumed oxide-particles, orthoperiodic acid, ammonium nitrate, and water, and having a pH of 6 or less; and
polishing the object, by using the polishing composition, to remove at least parts of the portions of the barrier layer and the conductor layer positioned outside the trench.