Author: claimsbot

1. An anti-fraud financial method comprising:
registering a financial payment instrument by
generating a public key and private key and storing the public key and private key locally on a user computer,
transmitting the public key to a Certificate Authority server and retaining the private key locally,
obtaining a signed cryptographic digital certificate from the Certificate Authority server to complete the registering of the financial payment instrument;

digitally signing a financial transaction associated with a user with the private key to initiate the financial transaction with the financial payment instrument, wherein said digitally signing a financial transaction is configured to provide authentication and obtain authorization from the user and enable authorization from a financial institution to complete the financial transaction from a financial institution computer; and,
inserting an account number associated with the financial payment instrument into the cryptographic digital certificate to enable backwards compatibility with existing financial transaction systems.
2. The anti-fraud financial method of claim 1 further comprising:
obtaining a one-time use registration code and registration URL associated with the financial payment instrument via the user computer;
transmitting the one-time use registration code to a registration computer at the registration URL;
receiving a first random number to use at least as part of a seed from the registration computer; and,
seeding a key generator with the seed before generating the public key and private key.
3. The anti-fraud financial method of claim 2 further comprising:
receiving a second random number from a random number generating computer; and,
performing a function to combine the first and second random numbers to create the seed.
4. The anti-fraud financial method of claim 2 further comprising:
receiving a second random number from the random number generating computer;
creating a first pseudorandom number on the user computer; and,
performing a function to combine the first and second random numbers and the first pseudorandom number to create the seed.
5. The anti-fraud financial method of claim 2 further comprising:
generating a hash value of the public key via the user computer;
prompting the user to say the hash value of the public key;
recording video or capturing at least one image or audio of the user saying the hash value of the public key;
accepting an agreement of terms of services from the user; and,
submitting the hash value and video or at least one image or audio of the user to the registration computer at the registration URL.
6. The anti-fraud financial method of claim 5 further comprising:
verifying that the hash value is equal to the user’s read out of the hash value;
obtaining a trusted picture of the user from a trusted source; and,
verifying that the user in the video or at least one image matches the trusted picture of the user from the trusted source before generating the cryptographic digital certificate.
7. The anti-fraud financial method of claim 5 further comprising:
obtaining a picture of the user from the video or at least one image; and,
inserting the picture of the user into the cryptographic digital certificate.
8. (canceled)
9. The anti-fraud financial method of claim 1 further comprising:
encrypting the accounting number so that only the financial institution can decrypt it before the inserting of the account number into the cryptographic digital certificate.
10. The anti-fraud financial method of claim 1 further comprising:
obtaining the account number wherein the account number is associated with an existing credit card account, existing debit card account, existing checking account, existing money transfer account or any combination thereof.
11. The anti-fraud financial method of claim 1 further comprising:
accepting a bill from a merchant computer for the financial transaction and then performing the digitally signing of the financial transaction to create a digitally signed invoice via the user computer; and,
transmitting the cryptographic digital certificate and the digitally signed invoice from the user computer to the merchant computer or financial institution computer or both.
12. The anti-fraud financial method of claim 11 further comprising:
verifying the digitally signed invoice of the financial transaction; and,
verifying that the cryptographic digital certificate has not expired and is trusted by the Certificate Authority.
13. The anti-fraud financial method of claim 11 further comprising:
verifying that a picture extracted from the cryptographic digital certificate is the user.
14. The anti-fraud financial method of claim 11 further comprising:
extracting the account number from the cryptographic digital certificate via the financial institution computer and processing the financial transaction associated with the account number with the existing financial transaction systems.
15. The anti-fraud financial method of claim 14 further comprising:
decrypting the account number using a key that is only known by the financial institution.
16. The anti-fraud financial method of claim 14 further comprising:
transmitting the authorization to complete the financial transaction to the merchant computer from the financial institution computer if the user has sufficient credit or funds to conduct the financial transaction; and,
transmitting a receipt or digitally signed receipt to the merchant computer or user computer or both.
17. The anti-fraud financial method of claim 1 further comprising:
displaying an advertisement, coupon, or discount to the user.
18. The anti-fraud financial method of claim 1 further comprising:
accepting from the user a temporal limit or range, spending maximum, category of financial transaction, recurring time of payment, list of users who can charge to a tab, a tab closeout command, secure return request, or any combination thereof to limit the financial transaction.
19. The anti-fraud financial method of claim 1 further comprising:
displaying information associated with at least one previous financial transaction.
20. The anti-fraud financial method of claim 1 further comprising:
displaying information associated with at least one previous financial transaction that is associated with the account number but which is potentially fraudulent, that was not a transaction associated with the user, that was invalidly signed, that was unsigned, that was signed but unknown to the user computer, or that was not a result of the digitally signing of the financial transaction to audit an account having the account number associated with the financial institution computer.
21. The anti-fraud financial method of claim 11 further comprising:
forwarding the invoice or receipt obtained from a merchant computer from the user computer to at least one other user computer to enable the at least one other user to contribute to or complete the financial transaction wherein the at least one other user may split the financial transaction according to a percentage or amount or item with or without a tip amount associated with the financial transaction, or any combination thereof.
22. The anti-fraud financial method of claim 11 further comprising:
accepting a tip amount from the user computer to add to the financial transaction.
23. The anti-fraud financial method of claim 11 further comprising:
accepting a request of the invoice for the financial transaction from the user computer without interaction with a cashier and accepting and then performing the digitally signing of the financial transaction to complete the financial transaction.
24. The anti-fraud financial method of claim 1 further comprising:
disabling the digitally signing of the financial transaction associated with the user with the cryptographic digital certificate if the user computer is in an area where cryptography is illegal or otherwise not allowed.
25. An anti-fraud financial method comprising:
registering a financial payment instrument by
generating a public key and private key and storing the public key and private key locally on a user computer,
transmitting the public key to a Certificate Authority server and retaining the private key locally,
obtaining a signed cryptographic digital certificate from the Certificate Authority server to complete the registering of the financial payment instrument;

digitally signing a financial transaction associated with a user with the private key to initiate the financial transaction with the financial payment instrument, wherein said digitally signing a financial transaction is configured to provide authentication and obtain authorization from the user and enable authorization from a financial institution to complete the financial transaction from a financial institution computer;
inserting an account number associated with the financial payment instrument into the cryptographic digital certificate to enable backwards compatibility with existing financial transaction systems;
encrypting the accounting number so that only the financial institution can decrypt it before the inserting of the account number into the cryptographic digital certificate; and,
obtaining the account number wherein the account number is associated with an existing credit card account, existing debit card account, existing checking account, existing money transfer account or any combination thereof.

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

1. An optical scanning apparatus for forming an electrostatic latent image on a photosensitive member, comprising:
a light emission unit configured to emit plural light beams including first and second light beams and arranged to form images of light at different positions in a rotation direction of the photosensitive member;
a deflection unit configured to deflect the light beams emitted from said light emission unit such that the light beams move in a predetermined direction, wherein the photosensitive member is positioned on movement paths of the light beams deflected by said deflection unit;
a first detection unit disposed on the movement paths of the light beams and configured to detect each of the first and second light beams emitted from said light emission unit before the light beams move along an image region on the photosensitive member;
a second detection unit disposed on the movement paths of the light beams and configured to detect each of the first and second light beams emitted from said light emission unit after the light beams have moved along the image region on the photosensitive member;
a measurement unit configured to measure a first time period from when said first detection unit detects the first light beam to when said second detection unit detects the first light beam and measure a second time period from when said first detection unit detects the second light beam to when said second detection unit detects the second light beam; and
a position adjustment unit configured to adjust relative positions of said first and second detection units such as to make the first time period equal to a product of the second time period and a correction coefficient set based on a wavelength difference between the first and second light beams.
2. The optical scanning apparatus according to claim 1, including:
a correction coefficient acquisition unit configured to acquire the correction coefficient based on the wavelength difference between the first and second light beams and based on the first and second time periods.
3. The optical scanning apparatus according to claim 2, wherein said light emission unit includes plural light emitting portions at least including a first light emitting portion configured to emit the first light beam and a second light emitting portion configured to emit the second light beam, a first temperature detection unit configured to detect a temperature of said first light emitting portion, and a second temperature detection unit configured to detect a temperature of said second light emitting portion, and
said correction coefficient acquisition unit acquires the correction coefficient based on a temperature difference between said first and second light emitting portions as well as based on the wavelength difference between the first and second light beams and the first and second time periods.
4. The optical scanning apparatus according to claim 1, wherein at least one of said first and second detection units is configured to have a variable inclination relative to the predetermined direction, and
said position adjustment unit changes the inclination of the at least one of said first and second detection units.
5. The optical scanning apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said first detection unit has a first slit and at least detects each of the first and second light beams passing through said first slit,
said second detection unit has a second slit and at least detects each of the first and second light beams passing through said second slit, and
said position adjustment unit adjusts the position of the at least one of said first and second detection units so as to make the first and second slits parallel to each other.
6. A control method for an optical scanning apparatus having a light emission unit for emitting plural light beams at least including first and second light beams shifted from each other in a rotation direction of a photosensitive member, a scanning unit for deflecting the light beams emitted from the light emission unit in a predetermined direction perpendicular to the rotation direction of the photosensitive member and for causing the light beams to scan a to-be-scanned surface of the photosensitive member, and first and second detection units each for detecting each of the first and second light beams at a region that deviates from the to-be-scanned surface in the predetermined direction, the second detection unit being disposed away from the first detection unit by a predetermined distance in the predetermined direction, comprising:
a measurement step of measuring a first scanning time required for the first light beam to scan between the first and second detection units and measuring a second scanning time required for the second light beam to scan between the first and detection units; and
a position adjustment step of adjusting a position of at least one of the first and second detection units such as to make the first scanning time equal to a product of the second scanning time and a correction coefficient set based on a wavelength difference between the first and second light beams.

1. A system for running distributed programs in hybrid system, comprising:
a processor in the hybrid system running an application program; and
an affinity-based preferential call module operable to intercept a program’s method call in runtime, the affinity-based preferential call module further operable to look up a symbolic reference associated with the trapped method call for one or more platform-specific implementations, the affinity-based preferential call module further operable to select a platform-specific implementation from said one or more platform-specific implementations based on affinity measure associated with said one or more platform-specific implementations, the affinity measure indicating how efficiently said one or more platform-specific implementations run on respective one or more platforms in the hybrid system, the affinity-based preferential call module further operable to replace the symbolic reference associated with the trapped method call with a direct reference to the selected platform-specific implementation,
wherein the hybrid system comprises at least a general-purpose processor and a special-purpose processor, and said one or more platform-specific implementations comprise at least code programmed to execute on the special-purpose processor.
2. The system of claim 1, further including a database storing entries specifying one or more platform-specific implementations for method calls and associated efficiency measures indicating how efficiently a respective platform runs a respective platform-specific implementation.
3. The system of claim 2, wherein said efficiency measures are updated dynamically at runtime.
4. The system of claim 2, wherein overhead associated with running said one or more platform-specific implementations on respective platforms is used as one of a plurality of criteria in selecting the platform-specific implementation.
5. The system of claim 2, wherein the database stores multiple platform-specific implementations for the method call.
6. The system of claim 5, wherein the database stores multiple platform-specific implementations for the method call based on different parameters used in the method call.
7. A non-transitory computer readable storage medium storing a program of instructions executable by a machine to perform a method of running distributed programs in hybrid system having heterogeneous platforms, the method comprising:
trapping a program’s method call in runtime of a program executing on a processor;
looking up a symbolic reference associated with the trapped method call for one or more platform-specific implementations;
selecting a platform-specific implementation from said one or more platform-specific implementations based on affinity measure associated with said one or more platform-specific implementations, the affinity measure indicating how efficiently said one or more platform-specific implementations run on respective one or more platforms in said hybrid system;
returning a direct reference to the selected platform-specific implementation; and
replacing the symbolic reference associated with the trapped method call with the returned direct reference to the selected platform-specific implementation,
wherein the hybrid system comprises at least a general-purpose processor and a special-purpose processor, and said one or more platform-specific implementations comprise at least code programmed to execute on the special-purpose processor.
8. The computer readable storage medium of claim 7, wherein the runtime of the program continues with execution the program with the replaced direct reference.
9. The computer readable storage medium of claim 7, wherein the step of returning includes returning the direct reference to the selected platform-specific implementation and information related to the associated platform.
10. The computer readable storage medium of claim 7, wherein the symbolic reference is looked up in a table containing the affinity measure.
11. The computer readable storage medium of claim 10, wherein the affinity measure in the table is computed and updated dynamically in runtime.
12. The computer readable storage medium of claim 10, wherein overhead associated with running said one or more platform-specific implementations is used in computation of said affinity measure.
13. A non-transitory computer readable storage medium storing a program of instructions executable by a machine to perform a method of affinity-based preferential call technique for improving performance of distributed applications in a hybrid system having heterogeneous platforms, the method comprising:
intercepting in runtime a segment of code in a program being executed on a processor;
determining a platform in the hybrid system for executing said segment of code, the platform determined to run the segment of code with best efficiency among a plurality of platforms in the hybrid system,
wherein said segment of code is dynamically executed on said platform determined to run the segment of code with best efficiency,
wherein the hybrid system comprises at least a general-purpose processor and a special-purpose processor, and the segment of code has an associated platform-specific implementation programmed to execute on the platform determined to run the segment of code with best efficiency.
14. The computer readable storage medium of claim 13, wherein the determining includes looking up a table that includes one or more entries specifying one or more platform-specific implementations associated with the segment of code and efficiency measures.
15. The computer readable storage medium of claim 14, wherein said efficiency measures are determined at runtime dynamically, and the table is updated with the most recently determined efficiency measures.
16. The computer readable storage medium of claim 13, wherein the intercepting is performed if it is determined that the segment of code is a candidate for the affinity-based preferential call technique.

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

1. A catalyst composition for hydroformylation reaction comprising:
(a) a monodentate phosphine ligand represented by the following Formula 1; and
(b) a transition metal catalyst:
wherein R1, R2 and R3 are each independently an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms or an alkoxy group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms.
2. The catalyst composition as set forth in claim 1, wherein the transition metal catalyst (b) is represented by the following Formula 2:
M(L1)x(L2)y(L3)z\u2003\u2003Formula 2

wherein M is any one selected from the group consisting of cobalt (Co), rhodium (Rh) and iridium (Ir), L1, L2 and L3 are each independently any one selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, CO, cyclooctadiene, norbornene, chlorine, triphenylphosphine and acetylacetonato, and
x, y and z are each independently 0 to 5, and x, y and z are not 0 at the same time.
3. The catalyst composition as set forth in claim 1, wherein the monodentate phosphine ligand is one or more selected from the group consisting of tri-p-tolylphosphine (TPTP), tri-p-ethylphenylphosphine (TPEtPP), tris-p-metoxyphenyl phosphine (TMPP) and tri-p-isopropoxyphenyl phosphine (TIPPP).
4. The catalyst composition as set forth in claim 1, wherein the monodentate phosphine ligand is one or more selected from the group consisting of tri-p-tolylphosphine (TPTP) represented by the following Formula 4, and tris-p-methoxyphenyl phosphine (TMPP) represented by the following Formula 5:
5. The catalyst composition as set forth in claim 1, wherein a content of the monodentate phosphine ligand is in the range of 5 to 100 mole based on 1 mole of central metal of the transition metal catalyst.
6. The catalyst composition as set forth in claim 1, wherein an amount of the monodentate phosphine ligand is in the range of 1.5 to 4.0 wt % based on total weight of the catalyst composition.
7. The catalyst composition as set forth in claim 4, wherein the monodentate phosphine ligand is tri-p-tolylphosphine (TPTP) represented by the Formula 4, and an amount of the tri-p-tolylphosphine (TPTP) present is in the range of 2.0 to 3.0 wt % based on total weight of the catalyst composition.
8. The catalyst composition as set forth in claim 4, wherein the monodentate phosphine ligand is tris-p-methoxyphenyl phosphine (TMPP) represented by the Formula 5, and an amount of the tris-p-methoxyphenyl phosphine (TMPP) present is in the range of 1.5 to 2.1 wt % based on total weight of the catalyst composition.
9. The catalyst composition as set forth in claim 4, wherein the monodentate phosphine ligand is a mixture of tri-p-tolylphosphine (TPTP) represented by the Formula 4 and tris-p-methoxyphenyl phosphine (TMPP) represented by the Formula 5, and an amount of the tri-p-tolylphosphine (TPTP) present is in the range of 1 to 2 wt % and an amount of the tris-p-methoxyphenyl phosphine (TMPP) present is 0.5 to 1.0 wt % based on total weight of the catalyst composition.
10. The catalyst composition as set forth in claim 2, wherein the transition metal catalyst is one or more selected from the group consisting of cobaltcarbonyl (CO2(CO)8), acetylacetonatodicarbonylrhodium (Rh(AcAc)(CO)2), acetylacetonatocarbonyltriphenylphosphinerhodium (Rh(AcAc)(CO)(TPP)), hydridocarbonyltri(triphenylphosphine)rhodium (HRh(CO)(TPP)3), acetylacetonatodicarbonyliridium (Ir(AcAc)(CO)2), and hydridocarbonyltri(triphenylphosphine)iridium (HIr(CO)(TPP)3).
11. The catalyst composition as set forth in claim 2, wherein a content of central metal of the transition metal catalyst is in the range of 10 to 1000 ppm based on weight or volume of the catalyst composition.
12. The catalyst composition as set forth in claim 1, wherein R1, R2, and R3, are not each independently substituted by any one selected from the group consisting of a nitro group (\u2014NO2), a fluorine group (\u2014F), a chlorine group (\u2014Cl), a bromine group (Br), and a silyl group (\u2014SiR) wherein R is selected from hydrogen, alkyl group or alkoxy group); or R1, R2, and R3, are not all hydrogen.
13. A hydroformylation process of an olefin-based compound comprising reacting the olefin-based compound, a synthesis gas of carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the presence of the catalyst composition according to claim 1 to produce aldehydes.
14. The hydroformylation process as set forth in claim 13, wherein the olefin-based compound is a compound represented by the following Formula 3:
wherein R4 and R5 are each independently any one selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, an alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, a fluorine group (\u2014F), a chlorine group (\u2014Cl), a bromine group (\u2014Br), a trifluoromethyl group (\u2014CF3) and an aryl group having 0 to 5 substituent groups and 6 to 20 carbon atoms, wherein the substituent group is nitro (\u2014NO2), fluorine (\u2014F), chlorine (\u2014Cl), bromine (\u2014Br), a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group or a butyl group.
15. The hydroformylation process as set forth in claim 13, wherein the olefin-based compound is one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of ethane, propene, 1-butene, 1-pentene, 1-hexene, 1-octene and styrene.
16. The hydroformylation process as set forth in claim 13, wherein molar ratio of carbon monoxide to hydrogen (CO:H2) of the synthesis gas is in the range of 5:95 to 70:30.
17. The hydroformylation process as set forth in claim 13, wherein the step of reacting is performed at a temperature in the range of 20 to 180\xb0 C.
18. The hydroformylation process as set forth in claim 13, wherein the step of reacting is performed at a pressure in the range of 1 to 700 bar.
19. The hydroformylation process as set forth in claim 13, wherein the catalyst composition is dissolved in one or more solvent selected from the group consisting of propane aldehyde, butyl aldehyde, phentyl aldehyde, valer aldehyde, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, acetophenone, cyclohexanone, ethanol, pentanol, octanol, thesanol, benzene, toluene, xylene, ortho-dichlorobenzene, tetrahydrofurane, dimethoxyethane, dioxane, methylene chloride, and heptane.