Author: claimsbot

What is claimed is:

1. A display device formed on a surface of a semiconductor substrate, comprising:
an array of display elements arranged in a first and a second direction, each of the display elements comprising:
a transistor including a source and a drain diffusion region formed in the surface of the semiconductor substrate, the drain diffusion region outputting an output signal;
a capacitor to store the output signal, the capacitor comprising a capacitor diffusion region formed in the surface of the semiconductor substrate, an insulating film disposed on the capacitor diffusion region, and a capacitor electrode disposed on the insulating film; and
a pixel electrode disposed over the surface of the semiconductor substrate, the pixel electrode being driven by the output signal, wherein:
the array of display elements includes a first display element, a second display element arranged adjacent to the first display element in the second direction, and a third display element arranged adjacent to the second display element in the second direction; and
the capacitor diffusion regions of the first and the second display elements extend along at least substantially an entire length of a border between the first and the second display elements and merge with each other at the border.
2. The display device according to claim 1, wherein the capacitor electrodes of the first and the second display elements extend along substantially the entire length of the border between the first and the second display elements.
3. The display device according to claim 1, wherein the array of the display elements includes a plurality of signal lines extending in the first direction to input pixel signals to the display elements.
4. The display device according to claim 1, wherein an entire area of the surface of the semiconductor substrate provided for forming the first display element has a same conduction type before forming the capacitor diffusion region.
5. The display device according to claim 1, wherein the capacitor diffusion region of the first display element has a first conduction type and is formed in the surface of the semiconductor substrate having the first conduction type.
6. A display device formed on a surface of a semiconductor substrate, comprising:
an array of display elements arranged in a first and a second direction, each of the display elements comprising:
a transistor including a source and a drain diffusion region formed in the surface of the semiconductor substrate, the drain diffusion region outputting an output signal;
a capacitor to store the output signal, the capacitor comprising a capacitor diffusion region formed in the surface of the semiconductor substrate, an insulating film disposed on the capacitor diffusion region, and a capacitor electrode disposed on the insulating film; and
a pixel electrode disposed over the surface of the semiconductor substrate, the pixel electrode being driven by the output signal, wherein:
the array of display elements includes a first display element, a second display element arranged adjacent to the first display element in the second direction, a third display element arranged adjacent to the second display element in the second direction, a fourth display element arranged adjacent to the first display element in the first direction and a fifth display element arranged adjacent to the second display element in the first direction, the fourth and the fifth display element are arranged adjacent with each other in the second direction;
the capacitor diffusion regions of the first, the second, the fourth and the fifth display elements merge with each other; and
a contact to supply an electric potential to the capacitor diffusion regions of the first, the second, the fourth, and the fifth display elements is provided at a position surrounded by the capacitor electrodes of the first, the second, the fourth, and the fifth display elements.
7. The display device according to claim 6, wherein the capacitor diffusion regions of the first and the second display elements extend along at least substantially an entire length of a border between the first and the second display elements.
8. The display device according to claim 6, wherein the capacitor electrodes of the first and the second display elements extend along substantially an entire length of a border between the first and the second display elements.
9. A display device formed on a surface of a semiconductor substrate, comprising:
an array of display elements arranged in a first and a second direction, each of the display elements comprising:
a transistor including a source and a drain diffusion region formed in the surface of the semiconductor substrate, the drain diffusion region outputting an output signal;
a capacitor to store the output signal, the capacitor comprising a capacitor diffusion region formed in the surface of the semiconductor substrate, an insulating film disposed on the capacitor diffusion region, and a capacitor electrode disposed on the insulating film; and
a pixel electrode disposed over the surface of the semiconductor substrate, the pixel electrode being driven by the output signal, wherein:
the array of display elements includes a first display element, a second display element arranged adjacent to the first display element in the second direction, and a third display element arranged adjacent to the second display element in the second direction;
the capacitor diffusion regions of the first and the second display elements extend along a border between the first and the second display elements and merge with each other at the border; and
the transistors of the second and the third display elements share a common gate electrode extending in the second direction beyond a border between the second and the third display elements.
10. The display device according to claim 9, wherein:
the array of display elements includes a select line to select display elements arranged in the second direction including the first, the second, and the third display elements; and
the select line includes the common gate electrode and a wiring connected to the common gate electrode, the wiring extends in the second direction over the capacitor electrodes of the first and the second display elements.
11. The display device according to claim 9, wherein:
the display elements includes a fourth display element arranged adjacent to the first display element in the first direction and a fifth display element arranged adjacent to the second display element in the first direction, the fourth and the fifth display element are arranged adjacent with each other in the second direction;
the capacitor diffusion regions of the first, the second, the fourth and the fifth display elements merge with each other; and
a contact to supply an electric potential to the capacitor diffusion regions of the first, the second, the fourth, and the fifth display elements is provided at a position surrounded by the capacitor electrodes of the first, the second, the fourth, and the fifth display elements.
12. The display device according to claim 9, wherein the array of the display elements includes a plurality of signal lines extending in the first direction to input pixel signals to the display elements.
13. A display device formed on a surface of a semiconductor substrate, comprising:
an array of display elements arranged in a first and a second direction, each of the display elements comprising:
a transistor including a source and a drain diffusion region formed in the surface of the semiconductor substrate, the drain diffusion region outputting an output signal;
a capacitor to store the output signal, the capacitor comprising a capacitor diffusion region formed in the surface of the semiconductor substrate, an insulating film disposed on the capacitor diffusion region, and a capacitor electrode disposed on the insulating film; and
a pixel electrode disposed over the surface of the semiconductor substrate, the pixel electrode being driven by the output signal, wherein:
the array of display elements includes a first display element, a second display element arranged adjacent to the first display element in the second direction, and a third display element arranged adjacent to the second display element in the second direction;
the capacitor diffusion regions of the first and the second display elements extend along a border between the first and the second display elements and merge with each other at the border; and
the array of display elements includes a select line to select display elements arranged in the second direction including the first, the second, and the third display elements, the select line includes a wiring extending in the second direction over the capacitor electrodes of the first and the second display elements.
14. The display device according to claim 13, wherein the capacitor electrodes of the first and the second display elements extend along substantially an entire length of the border between the first and the second display elements.
15. The display device according to claim 13, wherein:
the display elements includes a fourth display element arranged adjacent to the first display element in the first direction and a fifth display element arranged adjacent to the second display element in the first direction, the fourth and the fifth display element are arranged adjacent with each other in the second direction;
the capacitor diffusion regions of the first, the second, the fourth and the fifth display elements merge with each other; and
a contact to supply an electric potential to the capacitor diffusion regions of the first, the second, the fourth, and the fifth display elements is provided at a position surrounded by the capacitor electrodes of the first, the second, the fourth, and the fifth display elements.
16. A display system including a display device formed on a surface of a semiconductor substrate and a light source to illuminate the display device, the display device comprising:
an array of display elements arranged in a first and a second direction, each of the display elements comprising:
a transistor including a source and a drain diffusion region formed in the surface of the semiconductor substrate, the drain diffusion region outputting an output signal;
a capacitor to store the output signal, the capacitor comprising a capacitor diffusion region formed in the surface of the semiconductor substrate, an insulating film disposed on the capacitor diffusion region, and a capacitor electrode disposed on the insulating film; and
a pixel electrode disposed over the surface of the semiconductor substrate, the pixel electrode being driven by the output signal, wherein:
the array of display elements includes a first display element, a second display element arranged adjacent to the first display element in the second direction, and a third display element arranged adjacent to the second display element in the second direction; and
the capacitor diffusion regions of the first and the second display elements extend along at least substantially an entire length of a border between the first and the second display elements and merge with each other at the border.
17. The display system according to claim 16, wherein the capacitor diffusion region of the first display element has a first conduction type and is formed in the surface of the semiconductor substrate having the first conduction type.
18. A display system including a display device formed on a surface of a semiconductor substrate and a light source to illuminate the display device, the display device comprising:
an array of display elements arranged in a first and a second direction, each of the display elements comprising:
a transistor including a source and a drain diffusion region formed in the surface of the semiconductor substrate, the drain diffusion region outputting an output signal;
a capacitor to store the output signal, the capacitor comprising a capacitor diffusion region formed in the surface of the semiconductor substrate, an insulating film disposed on the capacitor diffusion region, and a capacitor electrode disposed on the insulating film; and
a pixel electrode disposed over the surface of the semiconductor substrate, the pixel electrode being driven by the output signal, wherein:
the array of display elements includes a first display element, a second display element arranged adjacent to the first display element in the second direction, a third display element arranged adjacent to the second display element in the second direction, a fourth display element arranged adjacent to the first display element in the first direction and a fifth display element arranged adjacent to the second display element in the first direction, the fourth and the fifth display element are arranged adjacent with each other in the second direction;
the capacitor diffusion regions of the first, the second, the fourth and the fifth display elements merge with each other; and
a contact to supply an electric potential to the capacitor diffusion regions of the first, the second, the fourth, and the fifth display elements is provided at a position surrounded by the capacitor electrodes of the first, the second, the fourth, and the fifth display elements.
19. The display system according to claim 18, wherein the capacitor diffusion regions of the first and the second display elements extend along at least substantially an entire length of a border between the first and the second display elements.
20. The display system according to claim 18, wherein the capacitor electrodes of the first and the second display elements extend along substantially an entire length of the border between the first and the second display elements.
21. A display system including a display device formed on a surface of a semiconductor substrate and a light source to illuminate the display device, the display device comprising:
an array of display elements arranged in a first and a second direction, each of the display elements comprising:
a transistor including a source and a drain diffusion region formed in the surface of the semiconductor substrate, the drain diffusion region outputting an output signal;
a capacitor to store the output signal, the capacitor comprising a capacitor diffusion region formed in the surface of the semiconductor substrate, an insulating film disposed on the capacitor diffusion region, and a capacitor electrode disposed on the insulating film; and
a pixel electrode disposed over the surface of the semiconductor substrate, the pixel electrode being driven by the output signal, wherein:
the array of display elements includes a first display element, a second display element arranged adjacent to the first display element in the second direction, and a third display element arranged adjacent to the second display element in the second direction;
the capacitor diffusion regions of the first and the second display elements extend along a border between the first and the second display elements and merge with each other at the border;
the transistors of the second and the third display elements share a common gate electrode extending in the second direction beyond a border between the second and the third display elements.
22. The display system according to claim 21, wherein:
the array of display elements includes a select line to select display elements arranged in the second direction including the first, the second, and the third display elements; and
the select line includes the common gate electrode and a wiring connected to the common gate electrode, the wiring extends in the second direction over the capacitor electrodes of the first and the second display elements.
23. The display system according to claim 21, wherein the array of the display elements includes a plurality of signal lines extending in the first direction to input pixel signals to the display elements.
24. A display system including a display device formed on a surface of a semiconductor substrate and a light source to illuminate the display device, the display device comprising:
an array of display elements arranged in a first and a second direction, each of the display elements comprising:
a transistor including a source and a drain diffusion region formed in the surface of the semiconductor substrate, the drain diffusion region outputting an output signal;
a capacitor to store the output signal, the capacitor comprising a capacitor diffusion region formed in the surface of the semiconductor substrate, an insulating film disposed on the capacitor diffusion region, and a capacitor electrode disposed on the insulating film; and
a pixel electrode disposed over the surface of the semiconductor substrate, the pixel electrode being driven by the output signal, wherein:
the array of display elements includes a first display element, a second display element arranged adjacent to the first display element in the second direction, and a third display element arranged adjacent to the second display element in the second direction;
the capacitor diffusion regions of the first and the second display elements extend along a border between the first and the second display elements and merge with each other at the border; and
the array of display elements includes a select line to select display elements arranged in the second direction including the first, the second, and the third display elements, the select line includes a wiring extending in the second direction over the capacitor electrodes of the first and the second display elements.
25. The display system according to any of claim 24, wherein the capacitor electrodes of the first and the second display elements extend along substantially an entire length of the border between the first and the second display elements.

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

1-38. (canceled)
39. Medical device comprising:
an artificial contractile structure comprising at least one contractile element adapted to contract an organ, in such way that said contractile element is in a resting or in an activated position, the activated position being defined with said contractile element constricting the organ and the resting position being defined with said contractile element not constricting the organ,
at least one actuator designed to activate said contractile structure,
at least one source of energy for powering said actuator,
wherein the ratio \u201ccurrent which is needed to maintain the contractile element in its activated positioncurrent which is needed to change the position of the contractile element\u201d is less than 1500, preferably less than 1800, and more preferably less than 11000.
40. Medical device according to claim 39, characterized in that the ratio \u201ccurrent which is needed to maintain the contractile element in its activated positioncurrent which is needed to change the position of the contractile element\u201d is comprised between 120000 and 1500, preferably between 114000 and 1800, and more preferably between 18000 and 11000.
41. Medical device according to claim 39, wherein the energy consumption of said medical device is less than 2000 mAhyear, preferably less than 1800 mAhyear for a continuous pressure applied on the organ which is less than 5 Ncm2.
42. Medical device according to claim 39, wherein the energy consumption of the medical device is less than 1800 mAhyear, and preferably less than 1500 mAhyear for a continuous pressure applied on the organ which is less than 2.5 Ncm2.
43. Medical device according to claim 39, wherein that said source of energy has a volume less than 20 cm3.
44. Medical device according to claim 39, wherein the source of energy is selected to have an operation time comprised between 2 months and 10 years, preferably between 1 year and 10 years, and more preferably between 2 years and 8 years.
45. The medical device according to claim 39, wherein said actuator further comprises at least one electromotor.
46. The medical device according to claim 45, wherein said actuator further comprises transmission means linked to the contractile element and designed to transmit to the contractile element a force induced by the electromotor.
47. The medical device according to claim 46, wherein said electromotor comprises an electric motor, a gear head connected to said motor, a lead screw cooperating with said gear head, and a nut mounted on said lead screw and linked to said transmission means.
48. The medical device according to claim 46, wherein said transmission means are mechanical, hydraulic, electromechanical or pneumatic.
49. The medical device according to claim 47, wherein the transmission means are a cable linking the nut to the contractile element.
50. The medical device according to claim 47, wherein the actuator further comprises sensors designed to indicate the position of the nut.
51. The medical device according to claim 39, wherein the contractile element comprises a moving part linked to the actuator and designed to move, when activated by the actuator, between the activated position and the resting position of the contractile element.
52. The medical device according to claim 46, wherein the contractile element comprises a band which surrounds at least partially the organ to be contracted, and wherein the transmission means are designed to be linked to one end of the band and to pull it, when the contractile element is activated by the actuator, in such a way that said contractile element reaches its activated position.
53. The medical device according to claim 39, wherein the source of energy comprises at least one implantable rechargeable battery with an implantable antenna and an external battery.
54. The medical device according to claim 39, wherein the source of energy is at least one implantable primary battery.
55. The medical device according to claim 39, wherein the artificial contractile structure comprises at least two contractile elements in order to be able to reduce the volume of the organ to be contracted in at least two distinct regions of the organ.
56. The medical device according to claim 55, wherein it further comprises at least two actuators respectively linked to their corresponding contractile element by their corresponding transmitting means.
57. The medical device according to claim 55, wherein each contractile element is connected to an adjacent contractile element, while remaining flexible one with respect to the other.
58. The medical device according to claim 57, wherein the artificial contractile structure further comprises a first flexible connecting element designed to link each contractile element to an adjacent contractile element, said first connecting element being made out of elastic biocompatible material for keeping said contractile elements in longitudinal position while allowing a rotational movement of each contractile element one with respect to the other.
59. The medical device according to claim 55, wherein two adjacent transmissions means are merged in such a way that the two corresponding adjacent contractile elements are indirectly connected.
60. The medical device according to claim 59, wherein it further comprises at least one second connecting element designed to merge the adjacent transmission means of two adjacent contractile elements.
61. The medical device according to claim 55, wherein it further comprises a control unit which is adapted to activate each contractile element pulsatory and alternately independently from each other.
62. The medical device according to claim 61, wherein the control unit is designed so that at least two contractile elements are able to be maintained in their activated position at the same time.
63. The medical device according to claim 61, wherein the control unit is designed so that at least two contractile elements are able to be maintained in their resting position at the same time.
64. The medical device according to claim 39, wherein the actuator is designed so that the contractile element applies a pressure on an organ to be contracted during a period comprised between 30 seconds and 90 minutes, preferably between 30 seconds and 60 minutes, more preferably between 30 seconds and minutes, and more preferably between 10 minutes and 30 minutes.
65. The medical device according to claim 39, wherein the actuator is separated from the contractile structure.
66. Medical device comprising:
an artificial contractile structure comprising at least two contractile elements adapted to contract at least two distinct regions of an organ, in such way that said contractile elements are able to be in a resting or in an activated position, the activated position being defined with said contractile element constricting the organ and the resting position being defined with said contractile element not constricting the organ,
wherein said contractile elements are able to be maintained in the same position at the same time.
67. The medical device according to claim 66, wherein said contractile elements are able to be maintained in their activated position at the same time, preferably for sport activities of a patient.
68. The medical device according to claim 66, wherein said contractile elements are able to be maintained in their resting position at the same time, preferably for sleep activities of a patient.
69. The medical device according to claim 66, wherein said contractile elements are further able to be actuated pulsatory and alternately independently from each other.
70. Medical device comprising:
an artificial contractile structure comprising at least one contractile element adapted to contract an organ, in such way that said contractile element is in a resting or in an activated position, the activated position being defined with said contractile element constricting the organ and the resting position being defined with said contractile element not constricting the organ,
at least one actuator designed to activate said contractile structure,
at least one source of energy for powering said actuator,
wherein it further comprises safety means designed to change automatically the position of the contractile element.
71. The medical device according to claim 70, wherein said safety means are designed to move automatically the contractile element from its activated position into its resting position.
72. The medical device according to claim 71, wherein said safety means are designed to move automatically the contractile element from its activated position into its resting position if the pressure applied on the organ is higher than a preset pressure.
73. The medical device according to claim 71, wherein said safety means are designed to move automatically the contractile element from its activated position into its resting position if the power of the source of energy is less than a preset power.
74. The medical device according to claim 70, wherein said safety means are designed to move automatically the contractile element from its resting position into its activated position if the time for which the organ is not constricted is higher than a preset time.
75. A method for assisting or replacing a natural sphincter comprising the use of the medical device comprising:
an artificial contractile structure comprising at least one contractile element adapted to contract an organ, in such way that said contractile element is in a resting or in an activated position, the activated position being defined with said contractile element constricting the organ and the resting position being defined with said contractile element not constricting the organ,
at least one actuator designed to activate said contractile structure,
at least one source of energy for powering said actuator,
wherein the ratio \u201ccurrent which is needed to maintain the contractile element in its activated positioncurrent which is needed to change the position of the contractile element\u201d is less than 1500, preferably less than 1800, and more preferably less than 11000.
76. The method according to claim 75, wherein the artificial contractile structure comprises at least two contractile elements in order to be able to reduce the volume of the organ to be contracted in at least two distinct regions of the organ.
77. The method according to claim 75, wherein the actuator is designed so that the contractile element applies a pressure on an organ to be contracted during a period comprised between 30 seconds and 90 minutes, preferably between 30 seconds and 60 minutes, more preferably between 30 seconds and 45 minutes, and more preferably between 10 minutes and 30 minutes.
78. A method for assisting or replacing a paralyzed muscle comprising the use of the medical device comprising:
an artificial contractile structure comprising at least one contractile element adapted to contract an organ, in such way that said contractile element is in a resting or in an activated position, the activated position being defined with said contractile element constricting the organ and the resting position being defined with said contractile element not constricting the organ,
at least one actuator designed to activate said contractile structure,
at least one source of energy for powering said actuator,
wherein the ratio \u201ccurrent which is needed to maintain the contractile element in its activated positioncurrent which is needed to change the position of the contractile element\u201d is less than 1500, preferably less than 1800, and more preferably less than 11000.
79. The method according to claim 78, wherein the artificial contractile structure comprises at least two contractile elements in order to be able to reduce the volume of the organ to be contracted in at least two distinct regions of the organ.
80. The method according to claim 78, wherein the actuator is designed so that the contractile element applies a pressure on an organ to be contracted during a period comprised between 30 seconds and 90 minutes, preferably between 30 seconds and 60 minutes, more preferably between 30 seconds and 45 minutes, and more preferably between 10 minutes and 30 minutes.

1. An inorganic-organic polymer nanocomposite comprising:
a polymeric matrix;
a plurality of metal nanoparticles embedded within the polymeric matrix, wherein the plurality of metal nanoparticles are configured to provide cooling of the nanocomposite upon exposure to photoradiation.
2. The inorganic-organic polymer nanocomposite of claim 1, wherein the polymeric matrix comprises polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polypyrrole (PPy), polypyridine, polypropylene, polyanhydrides, polyphosphazenes, polyphosphoesters, caprolactone polymers, chitosan, collagen, keratin, or combinations thereof.
3. The inorganic-organic polymer nanocomposite of claim 2, wherein the polymeric matrix comprises a polyvinyl alcohol-chitosan film.
4. The inorganic-organic polymer nanocomposite of claim 3, wherein the polyvinyl alcohol is present in the polymeric matrix at a concentration of about 3 weight percentage (wt %) to about 7 wt %.
5. The inorganic-organic polymer nanocomposite of claim 3, wherein the chitosan is present in the polymeric matrix at a concentration of about 1.5 wt % to about 4.5 wt %.
6. The inorganic-organic polymer nanocomposite of claim 1, wherein the plurality of metal nanoparticles comprise titanium tetra isopropoxide (Ti {OCH(CH3)2}4) nanoparticles, tantalum penta-i-propoxide (C15H3O5Ta) nanoparticles, magnesium isopropoxide (C6H14MgO2) nanoparticles, or combinations thereof.
7. The inorganic-organic polymer nanocomposite of claim 6, wherein the plurality of metal nanoparticles are present in the inorganic-organic polymer nanocomposite at a concentration of about 3 weight percentage (wt %) to about 7 wt %.
8. The inorganic-organic polymer nanocomposite of claim 1, wherein the inorganic-organic polymer nanocomposite is configured for use as a cooling element in a packaging material, a refrigeration system, an air-cooling system, photo-cooling fabrics or combinations thereof.
9. The inorganic-organic polymer nanocomposite of claim 1, wherein the inorganic-organic polymer nanocomposite comprises a single layer of polymeric matrix with metal nanoparticles embedded within the polymer matrix, and wherein the single layer is folded into two halves.
10. The inorganic-organic polymer nanocomposite of claim 1, wherein the inorganic-organic polymer nanocomposite comprises a double layer of polymeric matrix with metal nanoparticles embedded within each of the layers, and wherein the double layer is folded into two halves.
11. The inorganic-organic polymer nanocomposite of claim 1, wherein the inorganic-organic polymer nanocomposite comprises a plurality of layers of the polymeric matrix with metal nanoparticles embedded within each of the layers.
12. An inorganic-organic polymer nanocomposite comprising:
a polyvinyl alcohol-chitosan film; and
a plurality of titanium tetra isopropoxide Ti{OCH(CH3)2}4 nanoparticles embedded within the polyvinyl alcohol-chitosan film, wherein the plurality of titanium tetra isopropoxide nanoparticles are configured to provide cooling of the polyvinyl alcohol-chitosan film upon exposure to photoradiation having an illuminance of about 9000 Lux to about 30000 Lux.
13. The inorganic-organic polymer nanocomposite of claim 12, wherein the polyvinyl alcohol is present at a concentration of about 3 weight percentage (wt %) to about 7 wt % and chitosan is present at a concentration of about 3 wt % to about 7 wt % in the polyvinyl alcohol-chitosan film.
14. (canceled)
15. The inorganic-organic polymer nanocomposite of claim 12, wherein the plurality of titanium tetra isopropoxide nanoparticles are present in the inorganic-organic polymer nanocomposite at a concentration of about 3 wt % to about 7 wt %.
16. The inorganic-organic polymer nanocomposite of claim 12, wherein the polyvinyl alcohol-chitosan film has a thickness of about 100 micrometers (\u03bcm) to about 1000 \u03bcm.
17. (canceled)
18. The inorganic-organic polymer nanocomposite of claim 12, wherein the temperature of the nanocomposite of the inorganic-organic polymer nanocomposite is reduced by about 10\xb0 C. to about 25\xb0 C. within about 5 minutes to about 15 minutes of exposure to photoradiation.
19. (canceled)
20. A method of forming a inorganic-organic polymer nanocomposite, the method comprising:
mixing a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) solution, a titanium tetra isopropoxide solution and chitosan to form a mixture; and
drying the mixture to form the inorganic-organic polymer nanocomposite.
21-23. (canceled)
24. The method of claim 20, wherein mixing is carried out at a temperature of about 50\xb0 C. to about 70\xb0 C. and for a period of about 5 to 10 minutes and drying is carried out at about 45\xb0 C. to about 55\xb0 C.
25. The method of claim 20, wherein the polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) solution, a titanium tetra isopropoxide solution and chitosan are mixed for a time period of about 5 minutes to about 10 minutes.
26. (canceled)
27. A method of cooling an inorganic-organic polymer nanocomposite, the method comprising:
providing an inorganic-organic polymer nanocomposite, wherein the inorganic-organic polymer nanocomposite comprises a polymeric matrix having a plurality of metal nanoparticles embedded therein; and
exposing the inorganic-organic polymer nanocomposite to photoradiation to cool the inorganic-organic polymer nanocomposite.
28-29. (canceled)
30. The method of claim 27, comprising applying a photoradiation of illuminance in a range of about 9000 Lux to 30000 Lux.
31. The method of claim 27, wherein exposing the inorganic-organic polymer nanocomposite to photoradiation reduces the temperature of the inorganic-organic polymer nanocomposite by about 10\xb0 C. to about 25\xb0 C.
32. A system for regulating temperature of an object, the system comprising:
an inorganic-organic polymer nanocomposite placed proximate to an object, wherein the inorganic-organic polymer nanocomposite comprises a polymeric matrix with a plurality of metal nanoparticles embedded therein, and
a source configured to apply photoradiation to the inorganic-organic polymer nanocomposite to regulate the temperature of the inorganic-organic polymer nanocomposite.
33-34. (canceled)
35. The system of claim 32, wherein the photoradiation comprises solar radiation.
36. (canceled)
37. The system of claim 32, wherein the temperature of the inorganic-organic polymer nanocomposite is reduced to from about 10\xb0 C. to about 25\xb0 C.

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

1. A system for providing retirement gap insurance, the system comprising:
a processor;
a non-transitory computer-readable medium coupled to the processor and storing a plurality of instructions, which, when executed, cause the processor to provide the retirement gap insurance, the plurality of instructions comprising:
instructions that cause the processor to receive input data regarding assets and liabilities from a customer who has not attained retirement age;
instructions that cause the processor to determine a retirement plan using the input data for the customer in order to determine a retirement plan amount that will provide income for a predetermined number of years after the customer reaches the retirement age, the retirement plan including a first periodic payment amount to be deposited into retirement savings and a second periodic payment of a premium amount associated with the retirement gap insurance;
instructions that cause the processor to define the retirement savings as an investment plan comprising one or more investment products for the customer;
instructions that cause the processor to deposit the first periodic payment amount into the one or more investment products defined by the investment plan, wherein paying the second periodic payment of the premium amount associated with the retirement gap insurance and adhering to the investment plan including depositing the first periodic payment amount into the one or more investment products by the customer are preconditions for covering a shortfall in the retirement savings compared to the retirement plan amount through the retirement gap insurance when the customer enters a retirement period;
instructions that cause the processor to determine, at the retirement age, a value of the retirement savings;
instructions that cause the processor to compare the value of the retirement savings to the retirement plan amount to determine if a difference in the value of the retirement savings and the retirement plan amount exists;
instructions that cause the processor to cover the difference when the customer enters the retirement period if the value of the retirement savings is lower than the retirement plan amount and if the customer adhered to the investment plan including depositing the first periodic payment amount into the investment products defined by the investment plan and paid the second periodic payment of the premium amount associated with the retirement gap insurance, and
instructions that cause the processor to return a portion of the second periodic payment of the premium amount to the customer if the value of the retirement savings is greater than the retirement plan amount.
2. The system of claim 1, wherein the investment plan defines an order and amount of the first periodic payment amount that is to be deposited to each of the one or more investment products.
3. The system of claim 1, wherein the non-transitory computer-readable medium further comprises instructions that cause the processor to pool the premium amount with premium amounts of other customers to offset the difference.
4. The system of claim 1, wherein the non-transitory computer-readable medium further comprises instructions that cause the processor to ascertain the input data from external account sources.
5. A system for retirement planning, comprising:
a processor;
a non-transitory computer-readable medium coupled to the processor and storing a plurality of instructions, which, when executed, cause the processor to provide retirement planning, the plurality of instructions comprising:
instructions that cause the processor to receive customer input data regarding assets, liabilities, a life expectancy and a retirement income;
instructions that cause the processor to provide an investment plan to achieve a desired amount of retirement assets to fund the retirement income, the investment plan including insurance coverage to meet the retirement income if market conditions result in the retirement assets being below the desired amount;
instructions that cause the processor to receive first periodic payments to be applied to investment accounts identified by the investment plan and second periodic payments of a premium amount associated with the insurance coverage, wherein paying the second periodic payments of the premium amount associated with the insurance coverage and adhering to the investment plan including depositing the first periodic payments towards the investment accounts by the customer are preconditions for providing the insurance coverage to cover the retirement income if market conditions result in the retirement assets being below the desired amount;
instructions that cause the processor to fund the investment accounts in a predetermined order defined by the investment plan;
instructions that cause the processor to provide coverage for a difference between the desired amount of retirement assets and an actual amount of retirement assets when the customer enters a retirement period if the customer adhered to the investment plan including depositing the first periodic payments towards the investment accounts identified by the investment plan and paid the second periodic payments of the premium amount associated with the insurance coverage, and
instructions that cause the processor to return a portion of the second periodic payment of the premium amount to the customer if the value of the retirement savings is greater than the retirement plan amount.
6. The system of claim 5, wherein the non-transitory computer-readable medium further comprises instructions that cause the processor to determine a schedule of income payments to the customer during the retirement period.
7. The system of claim 6, wherein a portion of the income payments to the customer are funded through the insurance coverage.
8. The system of claim 5, wherein the non-transitory computer-readable medium further comprises instructions that cause the processor to periodically change the investment accounts or an order of funding the investment accounts.
9. The system of claim 5, wherein the non-transitory computer-readable medium further comprises instructions that cause the processor to pool the second periodic payments of the premium amount with a plurality of customers to offset the difference for a particular customer.
10. The system of claim 5, wherein the non-transitory computer-readable medium further comprises instructions that cause the processor to ascertain the input data from external account sources.
11. The system of claim 10, wherein the non-transitory computer-readable medium further comprises instructions that cause the processor to periodically adjust the investment plan using a value of the external account sources.
12. A system for insuring retirement accounts against adverse market conditions, the system comprising:
a processor;
a non-transitory computer-readable medium coupled to the processor and storing a plurality of instructions, which, when executed, cause the processor to insure the retirement accounts against adverse market conditions, the plurality of instructions comprising:
instructions that cause the processor to evaluate customer input data to determine an investment plan, the investment plan accounting for a target retirement asset goal and including insurance coverage to cover a shortfall of actual assets versus the target retirement asset goal;
instructions that cause the processor to receive first periodic payments to fund investment accounts identified by the investment plan and second periodic payments of a premium amount associated with the insurance coverage, wherein paying the second periodic payments of the premium amount associated with the insurance coverage and adhering to the investment plan including submitting the first periodic payments by the customer to fund the investment accounts identified by the investment plan are preconditions for providing the insurance coverage;
instructions that cause the processor to make periodic income payments to a customer using a schedule of payments during a retirement period and covering, in the periodic income payments, the shortfall of the actual assets versus the target retirement asset goal, if the shortfall exists and the customer adhered to the investment plan including depositing the first periodic payments to fund the investment accounts identified by the investment plan and paid the second periodic payments of the premium amount associated with the insurance coverage, and
instructions that cause the processor to refund a portion of the second periodic payments of the premium amount if there is no shortfall.
13. The system of claim 12, wherein a portion of the income payments are funded through the insurance coverage.
14. The system of claim 12, wherein the non-transitory computer-readable medium further comprises instructions that cause the processor to periodically change the investment accounts or an order of funding the investment accounts.
15. The system of claim 12, wherein the non-transitory computer-readable medium further comprises instructions that cause the processor to pool premium amounts of a plurality of customers to offset the difference for a particular customer.
16. The system of claim 12, wherein the non-transitory computer-readable medium further comprises instructions that cause the processor to ascertain the input data from external account sources.
17. The system of claim 16, wherein the non-transitory computer-readable medium further comprises instructions that cause the processor to adjust the investment plan using a value of the external account sources.
18. The system of claim 1, wherein the non-transitory computer-readable medium further comprises instructions that cause the processor to adjust the premium amount during a coverage period of the retirement gap insurance for changes in risk factors.
19. The system of claim 1, wherein the non-transitory computer-readable medium further comprises:
instructions that cause the processor to provide a drawdown schedule for receiving periodic retirement income payments when the customer enters the retirement period; and
instructions that cause the processor to enforce the drawdown schedule during the retirement period, prohibiting the customer from withdrawing funds at a rate exceeding the drawdown schedule.