Author: claimsbot

1. Compounds comprising one or more structural elements of the following formula
wherein
M is \u2014C(\u2550O)\u2014 or \u2014C(G1G2)-,
G1-3 are independently of each other H, C1-6-alkyl or B\u2032,
B\u2032 is \u2014(B)q\u2014 or \u2014(B)q\u2014R3,
B is \u2014C\u2261C\u2014, \u2014CY1\u2550CY2\u2014 or an optionally substituted aromatic or heteroaromatic group,
q is an integer from 1 to 10, preferably 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6,
Y1,2 are independently of each other H, F, Cl, CN or R0,
A1-4 are independently of each other identical or different groups selected from non-aromatic, aromatic or heteroaromatic carbocylic or heterocyclic groups, which are optionally substituted by one or more groups R1,
Z1,2 are independently of each other identical or different groups selected from \u2014O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014, \u2014CO\u2014, \u2014COO\u2014, \u2014OCO\u2014, \u2014O\u2014COO\u2014, \u2014CO\u2014NR0\u2014, \u2014NR0\u2014CO\u2014, \u2014NR0\u2014CO\u2014NR0\u2014, \u2014OCH2\u2014, \u2014CH2O\u2014, \u2014SCH2, \u2014CH2S\u2014, \u2014CF2O\u2014, \u2014OCF2\u2014, \u2014CF2S\u2014, \u2014SCF2\u2014, \u2014CH2CH2\u2014, \u2014(CH2)3\u2014, \u2014(CH2)4\u2014, \u2014CF2CH2\u2014, \u2014CH2CF2\u2014, \u2014CF2CF2\u2014, \u2014CH\u2550CH\u2014, \u2014CY1\u2550CY2\u2014, \u2014CH\u2550N\u2014, \u2014N\u2550CH\u2014, \u2014N\u2550N\u2014, \u2014CH\u2550CR0\u2014, \u2014C\u2261C\u2014, \u2014CH\u2550CH\u2014COO\u2014, \u2014OCO\u2014CH\u2550CH\u2014, CR0R00 or a single bond,
R0 and R00 are independently of each other H or alkyl with 1 to 12 C-atoms,
m and n are independently of each other 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4,
R1-3 are independently of each other identical or different groups selected from H, halogen, \u2014CN, \u2014NC, \u2014NCO, \u2014NCS, \u2014OCN, \u2014SCN, \u2014C(\u2550O)NR0R00, \u2014C(\u2550O)X0\u2014, \u2014C(\u2550O)R0, \u2014NH2, \u2014NR0R00, \u2014SH, \u2014SR0, \u2014SO3H, \u2014SO2R0, \u2014OH, \u2014NO2, \u2014CF3, \u2014SF5, P-Sp-, optionally substituted silyl, or carbyl or hydrocarbyl with 1 to 40 C atoms that is optionally substituted and optionally comprises one or more hetero atoms, or denote P or P-Sp-, or are substituted by P or P-Sp-, wherein the compounds comprise at least one group R1-3 denoting or being substituted by P or P-Sp-,
P is a polymerizable group,
Sp is a spacer group or a single bond.
2. Compounds according to claim 1, selected from the following formulae
wherein B\u2032 is \u2014(B)q\u2014R3, and B, q, M, G1-3, A1-4, Z1,2, m, n and R1-3 have the meanings given in claim 1.
3. Compounds according to claim 2, characterized in that \u2014(B)q\u2014 is selected from \u2014C\u2261C\u2014, \u2014C\u2261C\u2014C\u2261C\u2014, \u2014C\u2261C\u2014C\u2261C\u2014C\u2261C\u2014, \u2014C\u2261C\u2014C\u2261C\u2014C\u2261C\u2014C\u2261C\u2014,
wherein r is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 and L is selected from P-Sp-, F, Cl, Br, I, \u2014CN, \u2014NO2, \u2014NCO, \u2014NCS, \u2014OCN, \u2014SCN, \u2014C(\u2550O)NR0R00, \u2014C(\u2550O)X, \u2014C(\u2550O)OR0, \u2014C(\u2550O)R0, \u2014NR0R00, \u2014OH, \u2014SF5, optionally substituted silyl, aryl with 1 to 12, preferably 1 to 6 C atoms, and straight chain or branched alkyl, alkoxy, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy or alkoxycarbonyloxy with 1 to 12, preferably 1 to 6 C atoms, wherein one or more H atoms are optionally replaced by F or Cl, wherein R0 and R00 are independently of each other H or alkyl with 1 to 12 C-atoms and X is halogen.
4. Compounds according to claim 1, characterized in that A1-4 are selected from trans-1,4-cyclohexylene and 1,4-phenylene that is optionally substituted with one or more groups L, which is selected from P-Sp-, F, Cl, Br, I, \u2014CN, \u2014NO2, \u2014NCO, \u2014NCS, \u2014OCN, \u2014SCN, \u2014C(\u2550O)NR0R00, \u2014C(\u2550O)X, \u2014C(\u2550O)OR0, \u2014C(\u2550O)R0, \u2014NR0R00, \u2014OH, \u2014SF5, optionally substituted silyl, aryl with 1 to 12, preferably 1 to 6 C atoms, and straight chain or branched alkyl, alkoxy, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy or alkoxycarbonyloxy with 1 to 12, preferably 1 to 6 C atoms, wherein one or more H atoms are optionally replaced by F or Cl, wherein R0 and R00 are independently of each other H or alkyl with 1 to 12 C-atoms and X is halogen.
5. Compounds according to claim 1, characterized in that Z1,2 are selected from \u2014O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014, \u2014CO\u2014, \u2014COO\u2014, \u2014OCO\u2014, \u2014O\u2014COO\u2014, \u2014CO\u2014NR0\u2014, \u2014NR0\u2014CO\u2014, \u2014NR0\u2014CO\u2014NR0\u2014, \u2014OCH2\u2014, \u2014CH2O\u2014, \u2014SCH2\u2014, \u2014CH2S\u2014, \u2014CF2O\u2014, \u2014OCF2\u2014, \u2014CF2S\u2014, \u2014SCF2\u2014, \u2014CH2CH2\u2014, \u2014(CH2)3\u2014, \u2014(CH2)4\u2014, \u2014CF2CH2\u2014, \u2014CH2CF2\u2014, \u2014CF2CF2\u2014, \u2014CH\u2550CH\u2014, \u2014CY1\u2550CY2\u2014, \u2014CH\u2550N\u2014, \u2014N\u2550CH\u2014, \u2014N\u2550N\u2014, \u2014CH\u2550CH\u2014COO\u2014, \u2014OCO\u2014CH\u2550CH\u2014, CR0R00 or a single bond, wherein R0, R00, Y1 and Y2 have the meanings given in claim 1.
6. Compounds according to claim 1, characterized in that P is selected from CH2\u2550CW1\u2014COO\u2014, CH2\u2014CW1\u2014CO\u2014,
CH2\u2014CW2\u2014(O)k1\u2014, CH3\u2014CH\u2550CH\u2014O\u2014, (CH2\u2550CH)2CH\u2014OCO\u2014, (CH2\u2550CH\u2014CH2)2CH\u2014OCO\u2014, (CH2\u2550CH)2CH\u2014O\u2014, (CH2\u2550CH\u2014CH2)2N\u2014, (CH2\u2550CH\u2014CH2)2N\u2014CO\u2014, HO\u2014CW2W3\u2014, HS\u2014CW2W3\u2014, HW2N\u2014, HO\u2014CW2W3\u2014NH\u2014, CH2\u2550CW1\u2014CO\u2014NH\u2014, CH2\u2550CH\u2014(COO)k1-Phe-(O)k2\u2014, CH2\u2550CH\u2014(CO)k1-Phe-(O)k2\u2014, Phe-CH\u2550CH\u2014, HOOC\u2014, OCN\u2014, and W4W5W6Si\u2014, with W1 being H, F, Cl, CN, CF3, phenyl or alkyl with 1 to 5 C-atoms, in particular H, F, Cl or CH3, W2 and W3 being independently of each other H or alkyl with 1 to 5 C-atoms, in particular H, methyl, ethyl or n-propyl, W4, W5 and W6 being independently of each other Cl, oxaalkyl or oxacarbonylalkyl with 1 to 5 C-atoms, W7 and W8 being independently of each other H, Cl or alkyl with 1 to 5 C-atoms, Phe being 1,4-phenylene that is optionally substituted, and k1 and k2 being independently of each other 0 or 1.
7. Compounds according to claim 1, characterized in that Sp is selected of formula Sp\u2032-X\u2032, such that P-Sp- is P-Sp\u2032-X\u2032\u2014, wherein
Sp\u2032 is alkylene with 1 to 20 C atoms, preferably 1 to 12 C-atoms, which is optionally mono- or polysubstituted by F, Cl, Br, I or CN, and wherein one or more non-adjacent CH2 groups are optionally replaced, in each case independently from one another, by \u2014O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014, \u2014NH\u2014, \u2014NR0\u2014, \u2014SiR0R00\u2014, \u2014CO\u2014, \u2014COO\u2014, \u2014OCO\u2014, \u2014OCO\u2014O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014CO\u2014, \u2014CO\u2014S\u2014, \u2014NR0\u2014CO\u2014O\u2014, \u2014O\u2014CO\u2014NR0\u2014, \u2014NR0\u2014CO\u2014NR0\u2014, \u2014CH\u2550CH\u2014 or \u2014C\u2261C\u2014 in such a manner that O andor S atoms are not linked directly to one another,
X\u2032 is \u2014O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014, \u2014CO\u2014, \u2014COO\u2014, \u2014OCO\u2014, \u2014O\u2014COO\u2014, \u2014NR0\u2014CO\u2014, \u2014NR0\u2014CO\u2014NR0\u2014, \u2014OCH2\u2014, \u2014CH2O\u2014, \u2014SCH2\u2014, \u2014CH2S\u2014, \u2014CF2O\u2014, \u2014OCF2\u2014, \u2014CF2S\u2014, \u2014SCF2\u2014, \u2014CF2CH2\u2014, \u2014CH2CF2\u2014, \u2014CF2CF2\u2014, \u2014CH\u2550N\u2014, \u2014N\u2550CH\u2014, \u2014N\u2550N\u2014, \u2014CH\u2550CR0\u2014, \u2014CY1\u2550CY2\u2014, \u2014C\u2261C\u2014, \u2014CH\u2550CH\u2014COO\u2014, \u2014OCO\u2014CH\u2550CH\u2014 or a single bond,
and R0, R00, Y1 and Y2 have the meanings given in claim 1.
8. Compounds according to claim 1, selected from the following subformulae
wherein B\u2032 is as defined in claim 1, R\u2033 and R\u2032\u2033 have independently of each other one of the meanings of R1 given in claim 1, and Z has one of the meanings of Z1 given in claim 1, and the phenyl rings are optionally substituted by one or more, preferably one or two groups L, which is selected from P-Sp-, F, Cl, Br, I, \u2014CN, \u2014NO2, \u2014NCO, \u2014NCS, \u2014OCN, \u2014SCN, \u2014C(\u2550O)NR0R00, \u2014C(\u2550O)X, \u2014C(\u2550O)OR0, \u2014C(\u2550O)R0, \u2014CR0R00, \u2014OH, \u2014SF5, optionally substituted silyl, aryl with 1 to 12, preferably 1 to 6 C atoms, and straight chain or branched alkyl, alkoxy, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy or alkoxycarbonyloxy with 1 to 12, preferably 1 to 6 C atoms, wherein one or more H atoms are optionally replaced by F or Cl, wherein R0 and R00 are independently of each other H or alkyl with 1 to 12 C-atoms and X is halogen.
9. Compounds according to claim 8, selected from the following subformulae:
wherein P, Sp, L, r, R\u2033, R\u2032\u2033 and Z are as defined in claim 8.
10. LC formulation comprising one or more compounds according to claim 1.
11. Polymerizable LC formulation comprising one or more compounds according to claim 1, and one or more further compounds, wherein at least one of the compounds is polymerizable.
12. Birefringent polymer film obtainable by polymerizing a compound according to claim 1 or LC formulation comprising one or more of said compounds in its LC phase in an oriented state in form of a thin film.
13. Birefringent polymer film with R450R550<1, wherein R450 is the optical on-axis retardation at a wavelength of 450 nm and R550 is the optical on-axis retardation at a wavelength of 550 nm, said film being obtainable by polymerizing one or more compounds according to claim 1 or LC formulation comprising one or more of said compounds.
14. (canceled)
15. Optical, electronic or electrooptical component or device, comprising a compound according to claim 1, LC formulation comprising one or more of said compounds or polymer film obtainable by polymerizing said LC formulation in its LC phase in an oriented state in form of a thin film.
16. Optical component according to claim 15, characterized in that it is an optically uniaxial film selected from an A-plate, C-plate, negative C-plate or O-plate, a twisted optical retarder, a twisted quarter wave foil (QWF), an optically biaxial film, an achromatic retarder, an achromatic QWF or half wave foil (HWF), a film having a cholesteric, smectic, nematic or blue phase, a film having homeotropic, splayed, tilted, planar or blue-phase alignment, which is uniformly oriented or exhibits a pattern of different orientations.
17. Optical component according to claim 15, characterized in that it is an optical compensation film for viewing angle enhancement of LCD’s, a component in a brightness enhancement films, or an achromatic element in reflective or transflective LCD’s.
18. Device or component according to claim 15, characterized in that is selected from electrooptical displays, LCDs, optical films, polarizers, compensators, beam splitters, reflective films, alignment layers, colour filters, holographic elements, hot stamping foils, coloured images, decorative or security markings, LC pigments, adhesives, non-linear optic (NLO) devices, optical information storage devices, electronic devices, organic semiconductors, organic field effect transistors (OFET), integrated circuits (IC), thin film transistors (TFT), Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags, organic light emitting diodes (OLED), organic light emitting transistors (OLET), electroluminescent displays, organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices, organic solar cells (O-SC), organic laser diodes (O-laser), organic integrated circuits (O-IC), lighting devices, sensor devices, electrode materials, photoconductors, photodetectors, electrophotographic recording devices, capacitors, charge injection layers, Schottky diodes, planarising layers, antistatic films, conducting substrates, conducting patterns, photoconductors, electrophotographic applications, electrophotographic recording, organic memory devices, biosensors, biochips, optoelectronic devices requiring similar phase shift at multiple wavelengths, combined CDDVDHD-DVDBlu-Rays, reading, writing re-writing data storage systems, or cameras.
19. Method for preparing a compound according to claim 1, comprising the steps of
a) reacting a cyclohexylmethyl phenyl ketone or benzyl cyclohexyl ketone with a protected acetylene and n-butyllithium to give an alcohol-acetylene intermediate,
b) reducing the intermediate from step a) using triethylsilane to form a lateral acetylene compound,
c) homocoupling the lateral acetylene from step b) to form a dimer, or coupling the lateral acetylene from step b) with an arylhalide or with a dihaloaromatic intermediate to form a lateral phenylacetylene.

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

1. A gas cooking system, comprising:
a gas cooking burner, comprising:
a gas line;
a first gas port coupled to the gas line; and
a second gas port disposed downstream from the first gas port, wherein at least one of the first and second gas ports comprises a non-circular geometry adapted to increase air entrainment, the second gas port further being non-rectangular if the first gas port has a circular geometry.
2. The gas cooking system of claim 1, wherein the non-circular geometry comprises a lobed opening.
3. The gas cooking system of claim 2, wherein the lobed opening comprises a cross shape.
4. The gas cooking system of claim 2, wherein the lobed opening comprises a cloverleaf shape.
5. The gas cooking system of claim 1, wherein the non-circular geometry comprises a plurality of grouped openings.
6. The gas cooking system of claim 5, wherein at least one of the plurality of grouped openings has a non-circular shape.
7. The gas cooking system of claim 1, wherein the non-circular geometry comprises a triangular opening.
8. The gas cooking system of claim 1, wherein the non-circular geometry comprises a rectangular opening.
9. The gas cooking system of claim 1, wherein the non-circular geometry comprises a square opening.
10. The gas cooking system of claim 1, wherein the non-circular geometry comprises an elliptical opening.
11. The gas cooking system of claim 1, wherein the non-circular geometry comprises a ring shaped opening.
12. The gas cooking system of claim 1, wherein the non-circular geometry comprises an opening having a trip wire.
13. The gas cooking system of claim 1, wherein the non-circular geometry comprises an opening having a chevron.
14. The gas cooking system of claim 1, wherein the non-circular geometry comprises an opening having a daisy nozzle.
15. The gas cooking system of claim 1, wherein the gas cooking burner comprises a venturi section disposed between the first and second gas ports.
16. The gas cooking system of claim 15, wherein the venturi section comprises a converging section.
17. The gas cooking system of claim 15, wherein the venturi section comprises a converging-diverging section.
18. The gas cooking system of claim 1, wherein the gas cooking burner comprises a gasair temperature differential mechanism adapted to increase a gasair temperature differential adjacent the first gas port.
19. The gas cooking system of claim 18, wherein the gasair temperature differential mechanism comprises a gas heating mechanism adapted to heat gas flowing through the gas cooking burner.
20. The system of claim 19, wherein the gas heating mechanism comprises an operationally heated region of the gas cooking system disposed adjacent the gas line, wherein the operationally heated region is adapted to heat in response to operation of the gas cooking system.
21. The gas cooking system of claim 18, wherein the gasair temperature differential mechanism comprises an air cooling mechanism adapted to decrease an air temperature of air entrained at the first gas port.
22. The gas cooking system of claim 21, wherein the air cooling mechanism comprises an environmental air channel having an inlet to environmental air remote from the gas cooking burner and having an exit adjacent the first gas port.
23. A method of operating a gas cooking burner, comprising:
receiving a gas from a gas feed line;
flowing the gas out through a first gas port for primary air entrainment;
passing the gas into a venturi section; and
exhausting the gas through a second gas port for secondary air entrainment, wherein at least one of the first and second gas ports comprises a non-circular geometry, the second gas port further being non-rectangular if the first gas port has a circular geometry.
24. The method of claim 23, comprising increasing a gasair temperature differential between gas and air adjacent the first gas port via a gasair temperature differential mechanism.
25. The method of claim 24, wherein increasing the gasair temperature differential comprises heating the gas.
26. The method of claim 24, wherein increasing the gasair temperature differential comprises cooling air entrained at the first gas port.
27. The method of claim 23, wherein passing the gas into a venturi section comprises passing the gas through a converging-diverging section.
28. The method of claim 23, wherein passing the gas into a venturi section comprises passing the gas through a converging section.
29. A method of manufacturing a gas cooking burner, comprising:
providing a venturi section;
positioning a first gas port directing a gas stream into the venturi section; and
disposing a second gas port downstream from the venturi section, wherein at least one of the first and second gas ports comprises a non-circular geometry, the second gas port further being non-rectangular if the first gas port has a circular geometry.
30. The method of claim 29, wherein positioning the first gas port comprises providing the first gas port with the non-circular geometry to increase primary air entrainment.
31. The method of claim 29, wherein disposing the second gas port comprises providing the second gas port with a non-circular, non-rectangular geometry to increase secondary air entrainment.
32. The method of claim 29, comprising providing a gasair temperature differential mechanism to increase a gasair temperature differential adjacent the first gas port.
33. The method of claim 32, wherein providing a gasair temperature differential mechanism comprises coupling a gas heating mechanism to heat gas flowing through the gas cooking burner.
34. The method of claim 32, wherein providing a gasair temperature differential mechanism comprises coupling an air cooling mechanism adapted to decrease an air temperature of air entrained at the first gas port.
35. A gas cooking burner, comprising:
means for flowing gas between a first gas port and a second gas port downstream from the first gas port; and
means for non-circular exhaustion of a flow stream into air from at least one of the first and second gas ports, the second gas port being non-rectangular if the first gas port has a circular geometry.
36. The gas cooking burner of claim 35, comprising means for increasing a gasair temperature differential adjacent the first gas port.
37. A gas cooking system, comprising:
a gas cooking burner, comprising:
a gas line;
a first gas port coupled to the gas line; and
a second gas port disposed downstream from the first gas port, wherein the second gas port comprises a non-circular, non-rectangular geometry adapted to increase air entrainment.
38. The gas cooking system of claim 37, wherein the first gas port comprises a non-circular geometry.
39. The gas cooking system of claim 38, wherein the non-circular geometry is selected from a group consisting of a lobed opening, a triangular opening, a rectangular opening, a square opening, an elliptical opening, a ring shaped opening, an opening having a trip wire, an opening having a chevron, and an opening having a daisy nozzle.
40. The gas cooking system of claim 38, wherein the non-circular geometry comprises a plurality of grouped openings.
41. The gas cooking system of claim 40, wherein at least one of the plurality of grouped openings has a non-circular shape.
42. The gas cooking system of claim 37, wherein the second gas port comprises a triangular opening.
43. The gas cooking system of claim 37, wherein the second gas port comprises a lobed opening.
44. The gas cooking system of claim 37, wherein the second gas port comprises an elliptical opening.
45. The gas cooking system of claim 37, wherein the second gas port comprises a ring shaped opening.
46. The gas cooking system of claim 37, wherein the second gas port comprises an opening having a trip wire.
47. The gas cooking system of claim 37, wherein the second gas port comprises an opening having a chevron.
48. The gas cooking system of claim 37, wherein the second gas port comprises an opening having a daisy nozzle.
49. The gas cooking system of claim 37, wherein the gas cooking burner comprises a venturi section disposed between the first and second gas ports.

What is claimed is:

1. A method of dynamically updating a user interface in a processing system, the method comprising:
storing a data set locally in the processing system;
generating a presentation document based on a source document and the data set; and
responding to an event by
modifying the data set in the processing system,
determining whether the modification to the data set should affect the presentation document, and
if the modification to the data set should affect the presentation document, then automatically updating only parts of the presentation document that correspond to the modification to the data set.
2. A method as recited in claim 1, wherein the processing system generates a user interface, and wherein the method further comprises using the updated presentation document to update the user interface dynamically.
3. A method as recited in claim 1, wherein the source document is written in an extensible markup language.
4. A method as recited in claim 1, wherein:
the source document comprises a tag having a dependency expression as an attribute;
said determining whether the modification to the data set should affect the presentation document comprises evaluating the dependency expression; and
the method further comprises updating the presentation document, if appropriate, based on a result of the dependency expression.
5. A method of dynamically updating a user interface on a local processing system, the method comprising:
storing data in the local processing system;
providing a presentation document in the local processing system based on the data and a source document written in an extensible markup language, wherein the presentation document is dependent upon one or more expressions that operate on the data;
rendering the user interface in the local processing system based on the presentation document;
detecting an event in the local processing system;
responding to the event in the local processing system by
causing a change to the data in the local processing system,
determining whether the presentation document is dependent upon at least one expression, the result of which is affected by the change to the data, and
if the presentation document is dependent upon at least one expression, the result of which is affected by the change to the data, then automatically updating only one or more parts of the presentation document that depend on said at least one expression, without updating the entire presentation document; and

rendering the user interface in the local processing system based on the updated presentation document.
6. A method as recited in claim 5, wherein:
the source document comprises a tag having a dependency expression as an attribute;
said determining comprises evaluating the dependency expression; and
the method further comprises updating the presentation document, if appropriate, based on the dependency expression.
7. A method and apparatus for dynamically updating a user interface in a processing system, the method comprising:
generating a presentation document in the processing system based on a stored data model and a source document written in extensible markup language;
rendering the user interface in the processing system based on the presentation document;
responding to an event in the local processing system by
causing a change to the data set,
determining a set of parts of the presentation document which are invalid as a result of the change, and
automatically updating only those parts of the presentation document that are invalid, without updating the entire presentation document; and

rendering the user interface based on the updated presentation document.
8. A method as recited in claim 7, wherein the data set is stored locally in the processing system.
9. A method as recited in claim 7, wherein:
the source document comprises a tag having a dependency expression as an attribute;
said determining a set of segments comprises evaluating the dependency expression; and
the method further comprises updating the presentation document, if appropriate, based on a result of the dependency expression.
10. A method of dynamically updating a user interface on a local processing system, the method comprising:
generating a presentation document based on a source document and a stored data set; and
responding to an event by
modifying the data set,
determining whether the modification to the data set should affect the presentation document, and
if the modification to the data set should affect the presentation document, then automatically updating the presentation document based on the modification to the data set.
11. A method as recited in claim 10, further comprising storing the data set locally within the local processing system.
12. A method as recited in claim 10, wherein:
the source document comprises a tag having a dependency expression as an attribute;
said determining whether the modification to the data set should affect the presentation document comprises evaluating the dependency expression; and
the method further comprises updating the presentation document, if appropriate, based on the dependency expression.
13. A method as recited in claim 10, wherein said automatically updating the presentation document comprises automatically updating only segments of the presentation document that correspond to the changed data, without updating the entire presentation document.
14. A method as recited in claim 10, further comprising storing the data set locally within the local processing system, wherein said automatically updating the presentation document comprises automatically updating only segments of the presentation document that depend on the changed data, without updating the entire presentation document.
15. A method as recited in claim 10, wherein the source document is an extensible markup language document.
16. A method of dynamically updating a user interface on a local processing system, the method comprising:
providing a presentation document in the local processing system based on a source document written in an extensible markup language and a data set;
rendering the user interface in the local processing system based on the presentation document;
detecting an event in the local processing system;
responding to the event in the local processing system by
causing a change to the data in the local processing system,
determining whether the presentation document is dependent upon the changed data, and
if the presentation document is dependent upon the changed data, then automatically updating the presentation document based on the change to the data; and

rendering the user interface in the local processing system based on the updated presentation document.
17. A method as recited in claim 16, further comprising storing the data set locally within the local processing system.
18. A method as recited in claim 16, further comprising storing the data set locally within the local processing system, wherein said automatically updating the presentation document comprises automatically updating only one or more segments of the presentation document that depend on the changed data, without updating the entire presentation document.
19. A method as recited in claim 16, wherein:
the source document comprises a tag having a dependency expression as an attribute;
said determining whether the presentation document is dependent upon the changed data comprises evaluating the dependency expression; and
the method further comprises updating the presentation document, if appropriate, based on a result of the dependency expression.
20. A method of dynamically updating a user interface on a local processing system, the method comprising:
generating a presentation document based on a source document and a stored data set; and
responding to an event by
modifying the data set,
determining whether the modification to the data set should affect the presentation document, and
if the modification to the data set should affect the presentation document, then updating only segments of the presentation document that correspond to the changed data, without updating the entire presentation document.
21. A method as recited in claim 20, further comprising storing the data set locally within the local processing system.
22. A method as recited in claim 20, wherein said updating comprises automatically updating only segments of the presentation document that depend on the changed data.
23. A method as recited in claim 20, further comprising storing the data set locally within the local processing system, wherein said updating the presentation document comprises automatically updating only segments of the presentation document that depend on the changed data.
24. A method as recited in claim 20, wherein the source document comprises a tag having a dependency expression as an attribute, and wherein said determining whether the modification to the data set should affect the presentation document comprises evaluating the dependency expression.
25. A method as recited in claim 20, wherein the source document is an extensible markup language document.
26. A method of dynamically updating a user interface on a local processing system, the method comprising:
providing a presentation document in the local processing system based on a source document written in an extensible markup language and a data set;
rendering the user interface in the local processing system based on the presentation document;
detecting an event in the local processing system;
responding to the event in the local processing system by
causing a change to the data set in the local processing system,
determining whether the presentation document is dependent upon the data changed by the change to the data set, and
if the presentation document is dependent upon the changed data, then updating only one or more segments of the presentation document that depend on said changed data, without updating the entire presentation document; and

rendering the user interface in the local processing system based on the updated presentation document.
27. A method as recited in claim 26, wherein said updating comprises automatically updating said one or more segments of the presentation document that depend on said changed data.
28. A method as recited in claim 26, wherein the source document comprises a tag having a dependency expression as an attribute, and wherein said determining whether the presentation document is dependent upon the data changed by the change to the data set comprises evaluating the dependency expression.
29. A method as recited in claim 26, further comprising storing the data set within the local processing system.
30. A method as recited in claim 26, wherein said updating comprises automatically updating said one or more segments of the presentation document that depend on said changed data;
the method further comprising storing the data set within the local processing system.
31. A method of dynamically updating a user interface on a local processing system, the method comprising:
storing, in the local processing system, a data set for use in generating a presentation document;
generating a presentation document based on a source document and the stored data set; and
responding to an event by
modifying the data set in the local processing system,
determining whether the modification to the data set should affect the presentation document, and
if the modification to the data set should affect the presentation document, then updating the presentation document based on the modification to the data set.
32. A method as recited in claim 31, wherein said updating comprises automatically updating the presentation document.
33. A method as recited in claim 31, wherein the source document comprises a tag having a dependency expression as an attribute, and wherein said determining whether the modification to the data set should affect the presentation document comprises evaluating the dependency expression.
34. A method as recited in claim 31, wherein said updating comprises updating only segments of the presentation document that correspond to the changed data.
35. A method as recited in claim 31, wherein said updating comprises automatically updating only segments of the presentation document that depend on the changed data.
36. A method as recited in claim 31, wherein the source document is written in an extensible markup language.
37. A method of dynamically updating a user interface on a local processing system, the method comprising:
storing data in the local processing system;
providing a presentation document in the local processing system based on a source document written in an extensible markup language and the data;
rendering the user interface in the local processing system based on the presentation document;
detecting an event in the local processing system;
responding to the event in the local processing system by
causing a change to the data in the local processing system,
determining whether the presentation document is dependent upon the changed data, and
if the presentation document is dependent upon the changed data, then updating the presentation document based on the change to the data; and

rendering the user interface in the local processing system based on the updated presentation document.
38. A method as recited in claim 37, wherein said updating the presentation document comprises automatically updating the presentation document in response to the event.
39. A method as recited in claim 37, wherein the source document comprises a tag having a dependency expression as an attribute, and wherein said determining whether the presentation document is dependent upon the changed data comprises evaluating the dependency expression.
40. A method as recited in claim 37, wherein said updating comprises updating only one or more segments of the presentation document that depend on the changed data, without updating the entire presentation document.
41. A method as recited in claim 37, wherein said updating the presentation document comprises automatically updating only one or more segments of the presentation document that depend on the changed data, without updating the entire presentation document.
42. A machine-readable storage medium containing instructions which, when executed by a machine, configure the machine to perform a method and apparatus for dynamically updating a user interface in a processing system, the method comprising:
storing a data set locally in the processing system;
generating a presentation document in the processing system based on the data model and a source document written in extensible markup language;
rendering the user interface in the processing system based on the presentation document;
responding to an event in the local processing system by
causing a change to the data set,
determining a set of parts of the presentation document which are invalid as a result of the change, and
automatically updating only those parts of the presentation document that are invalid, without updating the entire presentation document; and

rendering the user interface based on the updated presentation document.
43. A machine-readable storage medium as recited in claim 42, wherein:
the source document comprises a tag having a dependency expression as an attribute;
said determining a set of segments comprises evaluating the dependency expression; and
the method further comprises updating the presentation document, if appropriate, based on a result of the dependency expression.
44. A computing device comprising:
a processor;
an output device;
a first storage unit containing a data set for use in generating an extensible markup language based presentation document; and
a second storage unit containing instructions which configure the processor to
generate the presentation document based on a source document written in an extensible markup language and the data set, wherein the presentation document is dependent upon one or more expressions that operate on the data;
present a user interface at the output device based on the presentation document;
detect an event; and
respond to the event by
causing a change to the data set,
determine whether the presentation document is dependent upon at least one expression, the result of which is affected by the change to the data, and
if the presentation document is dependent upon at least one expression, the result of which is affected by the change to the data, then automatically updating only one or more segments of the presentation document that depend on said at least one expression, without updating the entire presentation document, and
present the user interface at the output device based on the updated presentation document.
45. A computing device as recited in claim 44, wherein the computing device is a wireless, hand-held computing device.
46. A computing device as recited in claim 45, wherein the computing device is configured to receive the source document from a remote server over a network.
47. A computing device as recited in claim 44, wherein:
the source document comprises a tag having a dependency expression as an attribute; and
the method further comprises updating the presentation document, if appropriate, based on the dependency expression.

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

1. A solar panel comprising:
a substrate having a surface; and
layers of droplets of different materials disposed on the surface of the substrate, wherein the layers of materials comprise:
an outer layer disposed away from the surface of the substrate, the outer layer comprising a face of the solar panel;
a cathode electrode disposed between the outer layer and the surface of the substrate;
an anode electrode disposed between the outer layer and the surface of the substrate;
a P region disposed at least partially around the anode electrode and the P region comprising droplets of a P material comprising P-doped semiconductor particles, and
an N region disposed at least partially around the P region and at least partially around the cathode electrode, the N region comprising droplets of an N material comprising N-doped semiconductor particles.
2. The solar panel of claim 1, wherein the cathode electrode and the anode electrode are disposed directly on the surface of the substrate.
3. The solar panel of claim 1, wherein the layers of materials further comprises:
an N+ region disposed at least partially around the cathode electrode between the cathode electrode and the N region, the N+ region comprising droplets of a material comprising semiconductor particles with a greater concentration of N-doping than the N material; and
a P+ region disposed at least partially around the anode electrode between the anode electrode and the P region, the P+ region comprising droplets of a material comprising semiconductor particles with a greater concentration of P-doping than the P material.
4. The solar panel of claim 1, wherein:
the layers further comprise a first upper region disposed above the P region and a first neck region disposed between and interconnecting the P region and the first upper region, the first neck region being more narrow than the P region and the first upper region, and
the first neck region and the first upper region comprise droplets of the P material comprising the P-doped semiconductor particles.
5. The solar panel of claim 4, wherein:
the layers further comprise a second upper region and a second neck region disposed between and interconnecting the first upper region and the second upper region, the second neck region being more narrow than the first upper region and the second upper region, and
the second neck region and the second upper region comprise droplets of the P material comprising the P-doped semiconductor particles.
6. The solar panel of claim 1 further comprising a concentrator lens for focusing light disposed on the outer layer.
7. The solar panel of claim 1 further including a by-pass diode, a first terminal of the diode electrically connected to the cathode electrode and a second terminal of the diode electrically connected to the anode electrode, the diode being forward biased from the cathode electrode to the anode electrode, wherein the diode is formed in the layers of droplets disposed on the surface of the substrate.
8. The solar panel of claim 1 further including a clamping diode electrically connected to the cathode electrode and the anode electrode and forward biased from the anode electrode to the cathode electrode, wherein the diode is formed in the layers of droplets disposed on the surface of the substrate.
9. A method of making a solar panel, the method comprising:
depositing a plurality of layers of droplets of different materials on a surface of a substrate and on a cathode electrode and an anode electrode located on the surface of the substrate,
wherein the depositing a plurality of layers of droplets of different materials comprises:
forming a P region at least partially around the anode electrode by depositing a plurality of droplets of a P material comprising P-doped semiconductor particles onto the surface of the substrate and at least partially around the anode electrode; and
forming an N region at least partially around the cathode electrode by depositing a plurality of droplets of an N material comprising N-doped semiconductor particles onto the surface and at least partially around the cathode electrode and the P region.
10. The method of claim 9, wherein:
the forming the P region comprises:
depositing the droplets of the P material in liquid form through a spray head, and
hardening the deposited droplets of the P material; and

the forming the N region comprises:
depositing the droplets of the N material in liquid form through a spray head, and
hardening the deposited droplets of the N material.
11. The method of claim 10, wherein:
the P-doped semiconductor particles comprise nano-particles of silicon doped with a P dopant in a concentration of 1\xd71014 to 1\xd71016 atoms per cubic centimeter;
the hardening the deposited droplets of the P material comprises heating the deposited droplets of the P material to a temperature of 150 to 250 degrees Celsius;
the N-doped semiconductor particles comprise nano-particles of silicon doped with an N dopant in a concentration of 1\xd71014 to 1\xd71016 atoms per cubic centimeter; and
the hardening the deposited droplets of the N material comprises heating the deposited droplets of the N material to a temperature of 150 to 250 degrees Celsius.
12. The method of claim 11, wherein the depositing the plurality of layers of droplets of the different materials further comprises:
forming a P+ region at least partially around the anode electrode between the anode electrode and the P region by depositing a plurality of droplets of a P+ material comprising P+ semiconductor particles with a greater concentration of P-doping than the P material, and forming an N+ region at least partially around the cathode electrode between the cathode electrode and the N region by depositing a plurality of droplets of an N+ material comprising N+ semiconductor particles with a greater concentration of N-doping than the N material.
13. The method of claim 12, wherein:
the forming the P+ region comprises:
depositing the plurality of droplets of the P+ material in liquid form through a spray head, and
hardening the deposited droplets of the P+ material; and

the forming the N+ region comprises:
depositing the plurality of droplets of the N+ material in liquid form through a spray head, and
hardening the deposited droplets of the N+ material.
14. The method of claim 13, wherein:
the P+ semiconductor particles comprise nano-particles of silicon doped with a P dopant in a concentration greater than 1\xd71020 atoms per cubic centimeter;
the hardening the deposited droplets of the P+ material comprises heating the deposited droplets of the P+ material to a temperature of 150 to 250 degrees Celsius;
the N+ doped semiconductor particles comprise nano-particles of silicon doped with an N dopant in a concentration greater than 1\xd71020 atoms per cubic centimeter; and
the hardening the deposited droplets of the N+ material comprises heating the deposited droplets of the N+ material to a temperature of 150 to 250 degrees Celsius.
15. The method of claim 9, wherein the depositing the plurality of layers of droplets of different materials further comprises forming a concentrator lens on the N region for focusing incident light onto a junction of the P region and the N region by depositing a plurality of droplets of an optical material on the N region.
16. The method of claim 9, wherein the cathode electrode and the anode electrode are located directly on the surface of the substrate.
17. A method of generating an electric current, the method comprising:
exposing a face of a solar panel to light, the face comprising an outer layer of a plurality of layers of droplets of different materials disposed on a surface of a substrate,
wherein:
the light enters the layers and strikes a depletion region between a P region and an N region within the layers,
the P region is disposed at least partially around an anode electrode located on the surface of the substrate, and the P region comprises droplets of a material comprising P-doped semiconductor particles,
the N region is disposed at least partially around the P region and at least partially around a cathode electrode located on the surface of the substrate, and the N region comprises droplets of a material comprising N-doped semiconductor particles, and
the light striking the depletion region generates a current flow from the cathode electrode to the anode electrode.
18. The method of claim 17, wherein the cathode electrode and the anode electrode are located directly on the surface of the substrate.
19. The method of claim 18, wherein the face comprises a concentrator lens disposed on the N region, wherein the method further comprises the concentrator lens focusing the light onto the depletion region.
20. The method of claim 18, wherein the face comprises a concentrator lens disposed on the N region, wherein the method further comprises the concentrator lens magnifying the light entering the layers.
21. A solar panel comprising:
a substrate comprising a cathode electrode disposed on a first base, the first base having a triangular cross-section with converging sidewalls each disposed at an angle with respect to the surface of the substrate of 20 to 70 degrees, the substrate further comprising an anode electrode disposed on a second base, the second base having a triangular cross-section with converging sidewalls each disposed at an angle with respect to the surface of the substrate of 20 to 70 degrees; and
layers of droplets of materials disposed on the surface of the substrate, the cathode, and the anode, wherein the layers of materials comprise:
an outer layer disposed away from the surface of the substrate, the outer layer comprising angled portions each angled with respect to the surface of the substrate at an angle that is approximately equal to one of the angles of one of the sidewalls of the first base or the second base;
a P region disposed at least partially around the anode electrode, the P region comprising droplets of a P material comprising P-doped semiconductor particles, and
an N region disposed at least partially around the P region and at least partially around the cathode electrode, the N region comprising droplets of an N material comprising N-doped semiconductor particles.
22. The solar panel of claim 21, wherein the N region comprises the outer layer.
23. The solar panel of claim 21, wherein the layers of materials further comprises:
an N+ region disposed at least partially around the cathode electrode between the cathode electrode and the N region, the N+ region comprising droplets of a material comprising semiconductor particles with a greater concentration of N-doping than the N material; and
a P+ region disposed at least partially around the anode electrode between the anode electrode and the P region, the P+ region comprising droplets of a material comprising semiconductor particles with a greater concentration of P-doping than the P material.
24. The solar panel of claim 23, wherein:
the P+ region is angled with respect to the surface of the substrate at angles that are approximately equal to the angles of the sidewalls of the second base, and
the N+ region is angled with respect to the surface of the substrate at angles that are approximately equal to the angles of the sidewalls of the first base.
25. The solar panel of claim 24, wherein:
the layers further comprise an upper region disposed above the P region and comprising a first angled portion and a second angled portion each angled with respect to the surface of the substrate at angles that are approximately equal to the angles of the sidewalls of the second base,
the layers further comprise a neck region disposed between and interconnecting the P region and the upper region, the neck region being more narrow than the P region and the upper region, and
the neck region and the upper region comprise droplets of the P material comprising the P-doped semiconductor particles.
26-50. (canceled)