All The Claims

1. A 2-amino-bicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid derivative, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or a hydrate thereof, represented by formula I
wherein R1 and R2 are the same or different, and each represents a hydrogen atom, a C1-10alkyl group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a C1-10alkyl group substituted by one or two phenyl groups, a C2-10alkenyl group, a C2-10alkynyl group, a hydroxylC2-10alkyl group, a C1-10alkoxycarbonylC1-10alkyl group, an aminoC2-10alkyl group or a C1-10alkoxyC1-10alkyl group;
X represents a fluorine atom;
Y represents an amino group, \u2014SR3, \u2014S(O)nR7, \u2014SCHR3R4, \u2014S(O)nCHR3R4, \u2014NHCHR3R4, \u2014N(CHR3R4)(CHR5R6), \u2014NHCOR3 or \u2014OCOR7 (wherein R3, R4, R5 and R6 are the same or different, and each represents a hydrogen atom, a C1-10alkyl group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a naphthyl group substituted by one to seven halogen atoms or a hetroaromatic group, or represents \u201ca phenyl group substituted by one to five substituents selected from a group consisting of a halogen atom, a phenyl group, a C1-10alkyl group, a C1-10alkoxy group and a trifluoromethyl group\u201d;
R7 represents a C1-10alkyl group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a naphthyl group substituted by one to seven halogen atoms or a hetroaromatic group, or represents \u201ca phenyl group substituted by one to five substituents selected from a group consisting of a halogen atom, a phenyl group, a C1-10alkyl group, a C1-10alkoxy group and a trifluoromethyl group\u201d; and n represents integer 1 or 2).
2. A 2-amino-bicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid derivative, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or a hydrate thereof, represented by formula II
Wherein R1 and R2 are the same or different, and each represents a hydrogen atom, a C1-10alkyl group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a C1-10alkyl group substituted by one or two phenyl groups, a C2-10alkenyl group, a C2-10alkynyl group, a hydroxylC2-10alkyl group, a C1-10alkoxycarbonylC1-10alkyl group, an aminoC2-10alkyl group or a C1-10alkoxyC1-10alkyl group;
X represents a fluorine atom;
Y represents an amino group, \u2014SR3, \u2014S(O)nR7, \u2014SCHR3R4, \u2014S(O)nCHR3R4, \u2014NHCHR3R4, \u2014N(CHR3R4)(CHR5R6), \u2014NHCOR3 or \u2014OCOR7 (wherein R3, R4, R5 and R6 are the same or different, and each represents a hydrogen atom, a C1-10alkyl group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a naphthyl group substituted by one to seven halogen atoms or a hetroaromatic group, or represents \u201ca phenyl group substituted by one to five substituents selected from a group consisting of a halogen atom, a phenyl group, a C1-10alkyl group, a C1-10alkoxy group and a trifluoromethyl group\u201d;
R7 represents a C1-10alkyl group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a naphthyl group substituted by one to seven halogen atoms or a hetroaromatic group or represents \u201ca phenyl group substituted by one to five substituents selected from a group consisting of a halogen, a phenyl group, a C1-10alkyl group, a C1-10alkoxy group and a trifluoromethyl group\u201d; and n represents integer 1 or 2).
3. A 2-amino-bicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid derivative according to claim 2, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or a hydrate thereof, represented by formula II wherein R2 represents a hydrogen.
4. A 2-amino-bicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid derivative according to claim 2, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or a hydrate thereof, represented by formula II wherein R1 and R2 each represents a hydrogen.
5. A 2-amino-bicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid derivative according to claim 2, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or a hydrate thereof, represented by formula II wherein R1 and R2 each represents a hydrogen atom; Y represents \u2014SR3 (\u2014SR3 is the same as mentioned above).
6. A 2-amino-bicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid derivative according to claim 2, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or a hydrate thereof, represented by formula II wherein R1 and R2 each represents a hydrogen atom; and Y represents \u2014S(O)nR7(\u2014S(O)nR7 is the same as mentioned above).
7. A 2-amino-bicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid derivative according to claim 2, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or a hydrate thereof, such a compound of formula II being:
(1R,2S,3R,5R,6R)-2-amino-3-(thiophene-2-ylmethylsulfanyl)-6-fluorobicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid;
(1R,2S,3R,5R,6R)-2-amino-3-(2-phenylbenzylsulfanyl)-6-fluorobicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid;
(1R,2S,3R,5R,6R)-2-amino-3-(4-methoxybenzylsulfanyl)-6-fluorobicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid;
(1R,2S,3R,5R,6R)-2-amino-3-(4-fluorobenzylsulfanyl)-6-fluorobicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid;
(1R,2S,3R,5R,6R)-2-amino-3-(4-t-butylbenzylsulfanyl)-6-fluorobicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid;
(1R,2S,3R,5R,6R)-2-amino-3-(3-trifluoromethylbenzylsulfanyl)-6-fluorobicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid;
(1R,2S,3R,5R,6R)-2-amino-3-(1-bromo-naphthalene-2-ylmethylsulfanyl)-6-fluorobicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid;
(1R,2S,3R,5R,6R)-2-amino-3-(3,4-dichlorobenzylsulfanyl)-6-fluorobicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid;
(1R,2S,3R,5R,6R)-2-amino-3-(3,4-dichlorobenzylsulfinyl)-6-fluorobicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid;
(1R,2S,3R,5R,6R)-2-amino-3-(3,4-dichlorobenzylsulfonyl)-6-fluorobicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid;
(1R,2S,3R,5R,6R)-2-amino-3-(3,4-dichlorophenylsulfanyl)-6-fluorobicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid;
(1R,2S,3R,5R,6R)-2-amino-3-(3-chloro-2,6-difluorobenzylsulfanyl)-6-fluorobicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid; (1R,2S,3R,5R,6R)-2-amino-3-(propylsulfanyl)-6-fluorobicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid;
(1R,2S,3R,5R,6R)-2-amino-3-(1-phenyl-ethylsulfanyl)-6-fluorobicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid;
(1R,2S,3R,5R,6R)-2-amino-3-bis-(4-fluorophenyl)methylsulfanyl-6-fluorobicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid;
(1R,2R,3R,5R,6R)-2,3-diamino-6-fluorobicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid;
(1R,2R,3R,5R,6R)-2-amino-3-(3,4-dichlorobenzylamino)-6-fluorobicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid;
(1R,2R,3R,5R,6R)-2-amino-3-N,N-(3,4-dichlorobenzyl)methylamino-6-fluorobicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid;
(1R,2R,3R,5R,6R)-2-amino-3-(3,4-dichlorobenzoylamino)-6-fluorobicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid; or
(1R,2R,3R,5R,6R)-2-amino-3-(3,4-dichlorobenzoyloxy)-6-fluorobicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid.
8. A 2-amino-bicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid derivative according to claim 2, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or a hydrate thereof, such a compound of formula II being:
(1R,2R,3R,5R,6R)-2,3-diamino-6-fluorobicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid diethyl ester;
(1R,2S,3R,5R,6R)-2-amino-3-(thiophene-2-ylmethylsulfanyl)-6-fluorobicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid diethyl ester;
(1R,2S,3R,5R,6R)-2-amino-3-(2-phenylbenzylsulfanyl)-6-fluorobicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid diethyl ester;
(1R,2S,3R,5R,6R)-2-amino-3-(4-methoxybenzylsulfanyl)-6-fluorobicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid diethyl ester;
(1R,2S,3R,5R,6R)-2-amino-3-(4-fluorobenzylsulfanyl)-6-fluorobicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid diethyl ester;
(1R,2S,3R,5R,6R)-2-amino-3-(4-t-butylbenzylsulfanyl)-6-fluorobicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid diethyl ester;
(1R,2S,3R,5R,6R)-2-amino-3-(3-trifuoromethylbenzylsulfanyl)-6-fluorobicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid diethyl ester;
(1R,2S,3R,5R,6R)-2-amino-3-(1-bromo-naphthalene-2-ylmethylsulfanyl)-6-fluorobicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid diethyl ester;
(1R,2S,3R,5R,6R)-2-amino-3-(3,4-dichlorobenzylsulfanyl)-6-fluorobicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid diethyl ester;
(1R,2S,3R,5R,6R)-2-amino-3-(3,4-dichlorobenzylsulfinyl)-6-fluorobicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid diethyl ester;
(1R,2S,3R,5R,6R)-2-amino-3-(3,4-dichlorobenzylsulfonyl)-6-fluorobicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid diethyl ester;
(1R,2S,3R,5R,6R)-2-amino-3-(3,4-dichlorophenylsulfanyl)-6-fluorobicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid diethyl ester;
(1R,2S,3R,5R,6R)-2-amino-3-(3-chloro-2,6-difluorobenzylsulfanyl)-6-fluorobicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid diethyl ester;
(1R,2S,3R,5R,6R)-2-amino-3-(propylsulfanyl)-6-fluorobicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid diethyl ester;
(1R,2S,3R,5R,6R)-2-amino-3-(1-phenyl-ethylsulfanyl)-6-fluorobicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid diethyl ester;
(1R,2S,3R,5R,6R)-2-amino-3-bis-(4-fluorophenyl)methylsulfanyl-6-fluorobicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid diethyl ester;
(1R,2R,3R,5R,6R)-2-amino-3-(3,4-dichlorobenzylamino)-6-fluorobicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid diethyl ester;
(1R,2R,3R,5R,6R)-2-amino-3-N,N-(3,4-dichlorobenzyl)methylamino-6-fluorobicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid diethyl ester;
(1R,2R,3R,5R,6R)-2-amino-3-(3,4-dichlorobenzoylamino)-6-fluorobicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid diethyl ester;
(1R,2R,3R,5R,6R)-2-amino-3-(3,4-dichlorobenzoyloxy)-6-fluorobicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid 2-benzyl ester 6-ethyl ester;
(1R,2S,3R,5R,6R)-2-amino-3-(3,4-dichlorobenzylsulfanyl)-6-fluorobicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid 2-ethyl ester;
(1R,2S,3R,5R,6R)-2-amino-3-(3,4-dichlorobenzylsulfanyl)-6-fluorobicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid 6-isobutyl ester; or
(1R,2S,3R,5R,6R)-2-amino-3-(3,4-dichlorobenzylsulfanyl)-6-fluorobicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid 6-benzyl ester.
9. A drug comprising the 2-amino-bicyclo3.1.0hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid derivative according to claim 1, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or the hydrate thereof as an active ingredient.
10. The drug according to claim 9 wherein the drug is a Group II metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist.

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

1. Circuitry for creating an entangled cupolet pair, the circuitry comprising:
exchange function circuitry; and
control circuitry, the control circuitry configured to:
apply first controls to a first chaotic system, said first controls causing the first chaotic system to stabilize onto a first cupolet and produce a first visitation sequence,
provide the first visitation sequence to the exchange function circuitry, the exchange function circuitry configured to produce a first output in response to the first visitation sequence,
apply the first output as a control to a second chaotic system to produce a second visitation sequence,
provide the second visitation sequence to the exchange function circuitry, the exchange function circuitry configured to produce a second output in response to the second visitation sequence, and
apply the second output to the first chaotic system, wherein the second output maintains the first cupolet and the second cupolet in an entangled state.
2. The circuitry of claim 1, wherein:
the first visitation sequence and the second visitation sequence are each binary sequences, and
the exchange function circuitry is further configured to produce the first output by modifying the first visitation sequence according to a predefined binary sequence.
3. The circuitry of claim 1, further comprising storage circuitry, the storage circuitry configured to store bit values of the first visitation sequence in a register of length P, and wherein the control circuitry is further configured to:
periodically extend the first visitation sequence to produce a periodic first visitation sequence of length P in response to a determination that a period of the stored bits of the first visitation sequence is of a length less than P; and
provide the length P periodic first visitation code to the storage circuitry for storage in the register of length P.
4. The circuitry of claim 1, wherein the control circuitry is further configured to produce a second output in response to the second visitation sequence by:
receiving, as input, a bit of the second visitation sequence;
outputting a \u20181\u2019 bit in a bit position of the second output corresponding to the received bit of the second visitation sequence in response to a determination that at least N of M most recent bits of the second visitation sequence are \u20181\u2019-valued bits; and
outputting a \u20180\u2019 bit in the bit position of the second output corresponding to the received bit of the second visitation sequence in response to a determination that fewer than N of M most recent bits of the second visitation sequence are \u20181\u2019-valued bits.
5. The circuitry of claim 4, further comprising clearing a register storing bits of the second visitation sequence in response to the determination that at least N of M most recent bits of the second visitation sequence are \u20181\u2019-valued bits.
6. The circuitry of claim 1, wherein the control circuitry is further configured to produce a second output in response to the second visitation sequence by:
reading, as input, a block of M bits of the second visitation sequence from a register;
outputting L \u20181\u2019-valued bits in bit positions of the second output corresponding to the read block in response to a determination that at least N of the M most recent bits of the second visitation sequence are \u20181\u2019-valued bits; and
outputting L \u20180\u2019-valued bits in bit positions of the second output corresponding to the read block in response to a determination that fewer than N of the M most recent bits of the second visitation sequence are \u20181\u2019-valued bits.
7. A method for maintaining a pair of cupolets in a state of mutual stabilization, the method comprising:
generating a first cupolet and a second cupolet;
applying a first control code to the first cupolet for a first time to produce a first visitation code;
transforming the first visitation code based on an exchange function to produce a second control code;
applying the second control code to the second cupolet to produce a second visitation code;
transforming the second visitation code based on the exchange function to produce the first control code; and
applying the first control code to the first cupolet for a second time.
8. The method of claim 7, wherein applying the second control code to the second cupolet and applying the first control code to the first cupolet for the second time stabilizes a combined trajectory of first cupolet and the second cupolet.
9. The method of claim 7, wherein the first visitation sequence is produced as a trajectory of the first cupolet evolves one full period about an attractor of the first cupolet.
10. The method of claim 7, wherein applying the first control code to the first cupolet for the first time to produce the first visitation code comprises:
applying a macrocontrol to a trajectory of the first cupolet in response to determining that a trajectory of the first cupolet crosses a control plane if a corresponding bit of the first control code is \u20181\u2019 valued; and
applying a microcontrol to the trajectory of the first cupolet in response to determining that the trajectory of the first cupolet crosses the control plane if the corresponding bit of the first control code is \u20180\u2019 valued.
11. The method of claim 7, wherein the application of the first control code to the first cupolet for the first time stabilizes the first cupolet.
12. The method of claim 7, wherein a period of a first output resulting from the first visitation code is an integer multiple of a period of the first control code.
13. A logic gate comprising:
logic circuitry configured to receive a plurality of input signals to the logic gate; and
control circuitry configured to:
generate an entangled cupolet pair;
apply the plurality of input signals to the entangled cupolet pair;
determine a state of the entangled cupolet pair in response to the plurality of input signals; and
provide an output signal of the logic gate in response to the determined state.
14. The logic gate of claim 13, wherein the determined state is a deviation from an entangled state of the entangled cupolet pair prior to application of the plurality of the input signals to the entangled cupolet pair.
15. The logic gate of claim 13, wherein in response to the plurality of input signals, the entangled cupolet pair:
deviates from, but reacquires entanglement, in response to a first set of values of the plurality of input signals; and
breaks entanglement in response to a second set of values of the plurality of input signals.
16. The logic gate of claim 13, wherein the output signal of the logic gate is based, at least in part, on a transition of the entangled cupolet pair from a first entangled state to a second entangled state.
17. A secure memory device comprising:
generation circuitry configured to generate a cupolet pair;
input circuitry configured to receive an input for storage, the input corresponding to a cupolet control code;
control circuitry configured to store the control code by applying the control code to the cupolet pair to produce an entangled cupolet pair; and
read circuitry configured to receive a read request for the stored control code.
18. The secure memory device of claim 17, wherein:
the read circuitry is further configured to output the stored control code in response to a predefined read request.
19. The secure memory device of claim 18, wherein the cupolet pair breaks entanglement in response to a read request other than the predefined read request and thereby loses storage of the control code.
20. A method for creating a multi-cupolet entanglement, the method comprising:
applying first controls to a \u20180\u2019-valued lobe of a first chaotic system and second controls to a \u20181\u2019-valued lobe of the first chaotic system, said first controls and second controls together causing the first chaotic system to produce a first visitation sequence associated with the \u20180\u2019-valued lobe of the first chaotic system and a second visitation sequence associated with the \u20181\u2019-valued lobe of the first chaotic system;
providing the first visitation sequence and the second visitation sequence to the exchange function circuitry, the exchange function circuitry configured to produce a first output in response to the first visitation sequence and a second output in response to the second visitation sequence,
applying the first output as a control to a second chaotic system to produce an entangled state between a \u20181\u2019-valued lobe of the second chaotic system and the \u20180\u2019-valued lobe of the first chaotic system; and
applying the second output as a control to a third chaotic system to produce an entangled state between a \u20180\u2019-valued lobe of the third chaotic system and the \u20181\u2019-valued lobe of the first chaotic system.
21. The method of claim 20, further comprising applying additional controls to the first chaotic system or the second chaotic system and to the third chaotic system, said additional controls producing an entangled state between a \u20181\u2019-valued lobe of the third chaotic system and a \u20180\u2019-valued lobe of the second chaotic system.
22. A method for creating a multi-cupolet entanglement among a plurality of more than two chaotic systems, the method comprising:
for each chaotic system in the plurality of more than two chaotic systems:
applying controls to a \u20180\u2019-valued lobe of the chaotic system and to a \u20181\u2019-valued lobe of the chaotic system, said controls causing the chaotic system to produce a first visitation sequence associated with the \u20180\u2019-valued lobe of the chaotic system and a second visitation sequence associated with the \u20181\u2019-valued lobe of the first chaotic system;
producing a first output in response to the first visitation sequence and a second output in response to the second visitation sequence,
applying the first output as a control to a first neighbor chaotic system in the plurality of chaotic systems to produce an entangled state between a \u20181\u2019-valued lobe of the first neighbor chaotic system and the \u20180\u2019-valued lobe of the chaotic system; and
applying the second output as a control to a second neighbor chaotic system in the plurality of chaotic systems to produce an entangled state between a \u20180\u2019-valued lobe of the second neighbor chaotic system and the \u20181\u2019-valued lobe of the first chaotic system.
23. The method of claim 22, wherein the plurality of more than two chaotic systems comprises a first chaotic system having an lobe entangled with both a lobe of a second chaotic system and a lobe of third chaotic system, wherein the first chaotic system and the second chaotic system are two chaotic systems in a loop of entangled chaotic systems that includes at least one other chaotic system from the plurality of chaotic systems other than the first chaotic system.

1. A system for authenticating users in a telecommunications network in cooperation with an OpenID provider on a public network external to the telecommunications network (external OP), said system comprising:
a private network of said telecommunications network wherein said private network is protected from said public network by a firewall;
a gateway node internal to the private network for authenticating mobile devices, each mobile device having an identifier and a user agent associated therewith;
an Open ID provider internal to the private network (internal OP) that is connected to the gateway node, wherein the internal OP is reachable only from said gateway node over said private network of the telecommunications network; and
wherein when the external OP receives a request from a relying party to validate a request from a user agent of a mobile device,
the user agent is redirected to the internal OP,
the user agent transmits a request including said identifier of said mobile device to the gateway node over said private network,
the gateway node validates the request received from the user agent by validating that the identifier matches the identifier of the mobile device and forwarding the request directly to the internal OP over said private network,
the internal OP validates the user agent using the identifier associated with the mobile device, and
the internal OP responds by providing a response which redirects the user agent to an accepted URI provided by the relying party, whereby the relying party can validate the response from the internal OP with the external OP and authenticate the mobile device.
2. The system of claim 1, wherein the gateway node performs deep packet inspection, wherein the identifier is a Mobile Station International Subscriber Directory Number (MSISDN) encoded into the request to the internal OP and wherein the gateway node validates said request by discarding all requests in which the MSISDN does not match a subscriber of said mobile device.
3. The system of claim 1, wherein the gateway node receives real-time rule updates with specified address and port, wherein the system allocates a port on the internal OP and constructs a rule for said identifier associated with the mobile device in response to a request from the external OP, said rule granting access to said port for said identifier, and wherein said rule is passed to the gateway node.
4. The system of claim 1, wherein the internal OP comprises an online charging server (OCS).
5. The system of claim 1, wherein the gateway node is a Gateway for General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) Support Node (GGSN) that serves as a gateway between a GPRS wireless data network and one or more other networks, and wherein the gateway node further comprises:
a Policy and Charging Enforcement Function (PCEF); and
a Policy Control and Charging Rules Function (PCRF).
6. The system of claim 1, wherein the internal OP renders a page requesting a user name and password, said page further including an option to allow the mobile device to login without a password for subsequent requests.
7. The system of claim 1, wherein the internal OP validates the user agent without requiring a user name and password for requests subsequent to an initial request by a particular relying party.
8. A method for authenticating users in a telecommunications network in cooperation with an OpenID provider on a public network external to the telecommunications network (external OP), said method comprising:
providing a private network of said telecommunications network wherein said private network is protected from said public network by a firewall;
authenticating a mobile device of a subscriber using a gateway node internal to the private network, said mobile device having an identifier and a user agent associated therewith;
providing an Open ID provider internal to the private network (internal OP) wherein the internal OP is reachable only from said gateway node over said private network of the telecommunications network;
redirecting the user agent to said internal OP in response to the external OP receiving a request to validate the subscriber of the mobile device from a relying party;
transmitting a request including said identifier of said mobile device from the user agent to the gateway node over said private network,
validating the request received from the user agent in the gateway node by validating that the identifier matches the identifier of the mobile device and forwarding the request directly to the internal OP over said private network,
sending a response from the internal OP to the user agent using the internal OP;
redirecting the user agent to an accepted uniform resource identifier (URI) provided by the relying party whereby the relying party can validate the response from the internal OP with the external OP and authenticate the mobile device.
9. The method of claim 8, wherein the request to validate the subscriber of the mobile device is initiated when a user agent invokes a service on a relying party and provides said identifier to the relying party.
10. The method of claim 9, wherein the relying party initiates a request to validate the user agent upon having received the invocation of the service from the mobile device and transmits said request to validate the user agent to an external OP.
11. The method of claim 8, wherein the user agent is connected to the gateway node.
12. The method of claim 8, wherein validating the user agent is implemented by a gateway node performing deep packet inspection, wherein the identifier is a Mobile Station International Subscriber Directory Number (MSISDN) associated with the subscriber and encoded into the request to the internal provider and wherein the gateway node validates said request by discarding all requests that do not contain the MSISDN that matches the subscriber of said mobile device.
13. The method of claim 8, wherein the user agent is validated by a gateway node receiving real-time rule updates with specified address and port, said rule granting access to said port for said identifier associated with said mobile device, and wherein said rule is passed to the gateway node.
14. The method of claim 8, wherein the user agent is validated by a gateway node initiating a new charging session in an Online Charging Server (OCS), wherein the OCS updates a profile associated with said subscriber, and wherein the OCS validates the mobile device based on a port allocation.
15. The method of claim 11, wherein the telecommunications network comprises:
a Policy and Charging Enforcement Function (PCEF); and
a Policy Control and Charging Rules Function (PCRF).
16. The method of claim 8, wherein the internal OP renders a page requesting a user name and password, said page further including an option to allow the user agent to login without a password for subsequent requests.
17. The method of claim 8, wherein the internal OP validates the user agent without requiring a user name and password for requests subsequent to an initial request by a particular relying party.
18. The method of claim 8, wherein the user agent is a web browser of the mobile device invoking the relying party service.
19. A non-transitory computer readable storage medium storing a set of instructions executed by one or more processors for authenticating users in a telecommunications network, in cooperation with an OpenID provider on a public network external to the telecommunications network (external OP), which set of instructions, when executed, cause the one or more processors to perform a sequence of steps comprising:
providing a private network of said telecommunications network wherein said private network is protected from said public network by a firewall;
authenticating a mobile device of a subscriber using a gateway node internal to the private network, said mobile device having an identifier and a user agent associated therewith;
providing an Open ID provider internal to the telecommunications network (internal OP) wherein the internal OP is reachable only from said gateway node over said private network of the telecommunications network;
receiving a request to validate a subscriber of a mobile device from a relying party service to an external provider;
redirecting the user agent to the internal OP by the relying party;
transmitting a request including said identifier of said mobile device from the user agent to the gateway node over said private network,
validating the request received from the user agent in the gateway node by validating that the identifier matches the identifier of the mobile device and forwarding the request directly to the internal OP over said private network, and
sending a response from the internal OP to the user agent; and
redirecting the user agent to an accepted uniform resource identifier (URI) provided by the relying party whereby the relying party can validate the response from the internal OP with the external OP and authenticate the mobile device.
20. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of claim 19, wherein validating the user agent includes the gateway node performing deep packet inspection.

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

1. Apparatus for measuring carbon monoxide on a person’s breath, which apparatus comprises measuring means for measuring the carbon monoxide on the person’s breath, and message giving means for giving a message which is in a language and which is appropriate to the amount of the carbon monoxide measured on the person’s breath.
2. Apparatus according to claim 1 in which the message giving means is an audio giving means for giving the message as an audio message.
3. Apparatus according to claim 1 in which the message giving means is a visual message giving means for giving the message as a visual message.
4. Apparatus acording to claim 1 in which the message giving means selects an appropriate message from a plurality of messages contained in the apparatus.
5. Apparatus according to claim 4 in which the plurality of messages are interpretive messages.
6. Apparatus according to claim 5 in which the plurality of interpretive messages are as follows:
(i) Non-smoker\u2014this message being for a measured concentration of carbon monoxide of 0-6 ppm.
(ii) Light-smoker\u2014this message being for a measured concentration of carbon monoxide of 7-10 ppm.
(iii) Heavy-smoker\u2014this message being for a measured concentration of carbon monoxide of 11 or more ppm.
7. Apparatus according to claim 4 in which the plurality of messages are prescriptive messages.
8. Apparatus according to claim 7 in which the plurality of prescriptive messages are as follows:
(i) No therapy required\u2014this message being for a measured concentration of carbon monoxide of 0-6 ppm.
(ii) Low dosage nicotine replacement recommended\u2014this message being for a measured concentration of carbon monoxide of 7-10 ppm.
(iii) High dosage nicotine replacement therapy recommended\u2014this message being for a measured concentration of carbon monoxide of 11 or more ppm.
9. Apparatus according to claim 4 in which the plurality of messages are disincentive messages.
10. Apparatus according to claim 9 in which the plurality of disincentive messages are as follows:
(i) Sweet breath\u2014this message being for a measured concentration of carbon monoxide of 0-6 ppm.
(ii) Breath stinks, recommend you give up smoking\u2014this message being for a measured concentration of carbon monoxide of 7-10 ppm.
(iii) Breath stinks really badly, recommend you give up smoking immediately\u2014this message being for a measured concentration of carbon monoxide of 11 or more ppm.
11. Apparatus according to claim 1 and including result giving means for giving the result of the measured carbon monoxide on the person’s breath, the result giving means being such that it gives the result in a form which is not in a language, and which is in a form which is only as a visual display.
12. Apparatus according to claim 11 in which the result is given in a form which would not normally be understood by the person, and which would normally need to be explained to the person by another person who would be in charge of the measurement.
13. Apparatus according to claim 12 in which the result is given as a measured concentration of carbon monoxide in parts per million.
14. Apparatus according to claim 11 in which the result giving means selects an appropriate result from a plurality of results contained in the apparatus, and lights up one of a plurality of different lights.
15. Apparatus according to claim 14 in which the plurality of results and the plurality of different lights are as follows:
(i) Non-smoker\u2014green light
(ii) Light-smoker\u2014orange light
(iii) Heavy-smoker\u2014red light
16. Apparatus according to claim 1 and including a display panel for displaying visual messages.
17. Apparatus according to claim 1 in which the measuring means is an electrochemical fuel cell.
18. Apparatus according to claim 1 and which is portable.
19. Apparatus according to claim 18 and which is hand holdable.
20. (canceled)