All The Claims

1. A heated roof panel comprising:
a heated insert configured to receive a heating element;
a bottom panel configured to couple to an outer margin of a roof using one or more fasteners, wherein the fasteners are configured to pierce the bottom panel to secure the heated roof panel to the roof, the bottom panel comprising a ridge having a height matching the heated insert, the bottom panel comprising an area for covering a region of a roof; and
a top panel substantially a same size as the area of the bottom panel, the top panel configured to cover the heated insert and cover substantially all of the bottom panel, such that the top panel covers all points of the heated roof panel pierced by any fastener, wherein the top panel comprises a thermally conductive material, the top panel comprising,
an upper locking portion on an upper edge of the top panel, the upper locking portion configured to hook over and cover a top surface of an upper edge of the bottom panel, and
a lower locking portion on a lower edge of the top panel comprising a convex portion configured to couple to the bottom panel by snapping in place over a lower locking portion of the bottom panel.
2. The heated roof panel of claim 1, wherein the heated insert is disposed within a cavity formed between the top panel, the ridge of the bottom panel, and the bottom panel.
3. The heated roof panel of claim 2, wherein the heated insert is an aluminum extrusion.
4. The heated roof panel of claim 2, further comprising an end cap coupled to the roof panel and configured to cover an end of the heated insert.
5. The heated roof panel of claim 1, wherein the top panel is configured to couple to the heated insert.
6. The heated roof panel of claim 1, wherein the top panel further comprises a cleat configured to prevent snow from sliding past the cleat.
7. A roof panel to inhibit snow and ice build-up, comprising:
a bottom panel configured to couple to a roof using one or more fasteners, wherein the fasteners are configured to pierce the bottom panel to secure the roof panel to the roof;
a top panel covering substantially all of the bottom panel, such that the top panel covers all points of the roof panel pierced by any fastener, a portion of the top panel being separated from the bottom panel to form a cavity therebetween, wherein the top panel is configured to couple to the bottom panel without using piercing fasteners, wherein the bottom and the top panel comprise,
first ends configured to engage to form a seal, wherein a first end of the top panel comprises a locking portion configured to hook over a first end of the bottom panel and cover a top surface of the first end of the bottom panel, and
second ends distal from the first ends comprising complementary convex shaped portions configured to enable the top and bottom panels to couple together by snapping a second end of the top panel over a second end of the bottom panel; and
a heated insert disposed within the cavity, the heated insert being operable to hold a heating element that heats the top panel.
8. The roof panel of claim 7, wherein the first end of the bottom panel includes a tab portion that is shaped to mate with a slot portion of the first end of the top panel.
9. The roof panel of claim 7, wherein the heated insert comprises an aluminum extrusion.
10. The roof panel of claim 7, further comprising an end cap configured to couple to the side of the roof panel.
11. A heated roof panel comprising:
a heated insert configured to receive a heating element;
a bottom panel configured to attach to an outer margin of a roof using one or more fasteners, wherein the fasteners are configured to pierce the bottom panel to secure the heated roof panel to the roof, the bottom panel comprising an area for covering a region of a roof and a raised locking portion integrated with a lower end of the bottom panel; and
a top panel configured to cover the heated insert and cover substantially all of the bottom panel, such that the top panel covers all points of the roof panel pierced by any fastener, the top panel comprising,
a locking portion on a lower end corresponding to the raised locking portion of the bottom panel, and
a locking portion on an upper end configured to hook to a corresponding locking feature and cover a top surface of an upper end of the bottom panel;

wherein the locking portion on the lower end of the top panel and the raised locking portion of the bottom panel comprise corresponding shapes for securing the top panel to the bottom panel by snapping the lower end of the top panel over the raised locking portion of the bottom panel, and wherein the heated insert is configured to be disposed within a cavity formed between the top panel, the bottom panel, and the locking portion of the bottom panel.
12. The heated roof panel of claim 11, wherein the heated insert is disposed within a cavity between the top panel and the bottom panel.
13. The heated roof panel of claim 11, wherein the locking portion on the lower end of the top panel and the raised locking portion of the bottom panel are generally convex in shape.
14. The heated roof panel of claim 11, wherein the locking portion on the lower end of the top panel and the raised locking portion of the bottom panel are generally concave in shape.
15. The heated roof panel of claim 11, wherein the heated insert is an aluminum extrusion.
16. The heated roof panel of claim 11, wherein an upper end of the bottom panel includes a tab portion that is shaped to mate with the locking portion of the top panel comprising a slot portion, wherein the tab portion and the slot portion are located on upper ends of the bottom panel and top panel distal from the locking portion on the lower end of the top panel and the raised locking portion of the bottom panel.
17. The heated roof panel of claim 11, wherein the top panel is configured to couple to the heated insert.
18. The heated roof panel of claim 11, wherein the top panel further comprises a cleat configured to prevent snow from sliding past the cleat.

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

What is claimed is:

1. A device for reflecting at least a portion of a select polarization of at least one electromagnetic transmission having a given central wavelength impinging upon said device at a given acceptance angle, said device comprising:
a substrate; and,
at least two layers of nanostructures forming a resonant pattern on said substrate and adapted to define a plurality of high contrast refractive index interfaces being suitable for substantially reflecting at least a portion of said select polarization of said at least one transmission.
2. The device of claim 1, wherein said given incident angle is greater than or equal to zero.
3. The device of claim 1, wherein said given incident angle is greater than 2.5 degrees.
4. The device of claim 1, wherein said given incident angle is greater than five degrees.
5. The device of claim 1, wherein a polarization orthogonal to said select polarization of said at least one transmission is substantially transmitted by said device.
6. The device of claim 1, wherein a polarization orthogonal to said select polarization of said at least one transmission is substantially reflected by one of said at least two layers of nanostructures.
7. The device of claim 1, wherein the device further comprises a cladding layer positioned substantially adjacent to at least one of said at least two layers of nanostructures substantially distal to said substrate.
8. The device of claim 7, wherein said cladding layer and said substrate have substantially similar refractive indices.
9. The device of claim 8, wherein said substrate includes a first portion and a second portion, wherein said first portion has a substantially similar refractive index to said cladding layer.
10. The device of claim 9, wherein said second portion and said first portion have substantially the same refractive indices.
11. The device of claim 10, wherein the refractive index of said second portion and the refractive index of said first portion are measurably different.
12. The device of claim 7, further comprising at least one coating operably coupled to at least one of said at least two layers and being adapted to at least partially mitigate transmission losses.
13. The device of claim 12, wherein said at least one coating is substantially adjacent to said cladding layer.
14. The device of claim 12, wherein said at least one coating is substantially adjacent to said substrate.
15. The device of claim 12, wherein said at least one coating includes a coating substantially adjacent to said cladding layer and at least one coating substantially adjacent to said substrate.
16. The device of claim 7, further comprising at least one residual layer between said substrate and said cladding and having a substantially similar refractive index to at least one of said at least two layers of nanostructures.
17. The device of claim 1, further comprising a plurality of micro-lenses formed into an array substantially aligned with said resonant pattern.
18. The device of claim 17, wherein said micro-lenses have a substantially uniform pitch size.
19. The device of claim 17, wherein said micro-lenses have a substantially varied pitch size.
20. The device of claim 17, wherein said micro-lens array comprises at least one of a refractive, diffractive and hybrid array.
21. The device of claim 17, wherein said layer of nanostructures is positioned such that each of the plurality of lenses of said array focuses on a corresponding portion of said layer of nanostructures.
22. The device of claim 21, wherein the refractive index of said micro-lenses is substantially similar to the refractive index of said substrate.
23. The device of claim 17, further comprising at least a second micro-lens array aligned with at least one of said at least two layers of nanostructures.
24. The device of claim 23, wherein the refractive index of said second microlens array is substantially different from the refractive index of said substrate.
25. The device of claim 23, wherein at least one of said at least two layers of nanostructures is positioned such that each of said second micro-lenses focuses on a corresponding portion of at least one of said at least two layers of nanostructures.
26. The device of claim 25, further comprising at least one pair of optical fibers being suitable for use with said at least one transmission, wherein said pair of fibers is optically coupled to at least one of said micro-lenses of said first array.
27. The device of claim 25, further comprising at least two arrays of pairs of optical fibers, wherein a first pair of said fibers is optically coupled to said first micro-lenses in said first array and a second pair of fibers is optically coupled to a second of said micro-lenses in said second array.
28. The device of claim 27, wherein said fibers are polarization maintaining.
29. A lasing structure being suitable for providing output of at least one given wavelength, said structure comprising a plurality of reflective surfaces, at least one of said surfaces comprising at least two layers of nanostructures forming a resonant pattern on said substrate and defining a plurality of high contrast refractive index interfaces suitable for reflecting said select polarization of said at least one transmission.
30. The lasing structure of claim 29, further comprising a cavity formed between said plurality of reflective surfaces.
31. The lasing structure of claim 30, wherein each of said plurality of reflective surfaces comprises a layer of nanostructures forming a resonant pattern on said substrate adapted to define a plurality of high contrast refractive index interfaces adapted to reflect said select polarization of said at least one transmission.
32. The lasing structure of claim 31, wherein said structure forms a vertical cavity surface emitting laser.
33. The lasing structure of claim 31, wherein said plurality of reflective surfaces reflect at least one polarization of said output resonating within said cavity.
34. The lasing structure of claim 33, wherein a reflectivity of said reflector associated with said select polarization of said at least one transmission is slightly less than 1, thereby allowing a portion of said resonating said select polarization of at least one transmission be transmitted.
35. The lasing structure of claim 34, wherein said pattern comprises at least one of holes, strips, trenches and pillars.
36. The lasing structure of claim 35, wherein said structure is of the form of a type III-V semiconductor compound band vertical-cavity surface emitting laser.
37. The lasing structure of claim 30, wherein said cavity is defined by an oxideinsulator confinement boundary.
38. The lasing device of claim 31, further comprising at least one coating substantially adjacent to at least one of said reflective surfaces and adapted to at least partially mitigate transmission losses.
39. A method for forming a device for reflecting a select polarization of at least one transmission having a given wavelength, said method comprising:
forming a substrate including a surface for receiving a layer of nanostructures; and,
overlaying a film adapted to receive a replication on said surface of said substrate and replicating a pattern of nanostructures in said overlayed film and processing to thereby form a layer of nanostructures in said substrate.
40. The method of claim 39, further comprising applying a cladding layer substantially adjacent to a surface of said layer of nanostructures substantially distal to said substrate.
41. The method of claim 40, further comprising applying at least one coating substantially adjacent to said cladding layer.
42. The method of claim 40, further comprising applying at least one coating substantially adjacent to a surface of said substrate substantially distal to said cladding layer.
43. The method of claim 40, further comprising including a residual layer substantially adjacent to said substrate and substantially adjacent to said layer of nanostructures.
44. The method of claim 40, further comprising building a confinement boundary formed substantially adjacent to said substrate and adapted to form a cavity with said substrate substantially forming a closure on one end of said cavity.
45. The method of claim 44, further comprising forming a second substrate incorporated to form a closure on an end of said cavity opposite said one end.
46. The method of claim 45, further comprising applying a second layer of nanostructures on said second substrate.
47. The method of claim 45, further comprising enhancing reflection of said select polarization of at least one transmission by orienting said first substrate and said second substrate.
48. The method of claim 40, further comprising substantially aligning a first array including a plurality of micro-lenses in a telecentric mode with said layer of nanostructures.
49. The method of claim 48, further comprising substantially aligning a second array including a plurality of micro-lenses in a telecentric mode with said layer of nanostructures.
50. The method of claim 49, further comprising aligning a first pair of a plurality of fibers adjacent to said first array and a second pair of said plurality of fibers adjacent to said second array, said first pair and said second pair aligned in a telecentric mode.
51. A device for polarization independent reflecting of at least one transmission having a given wavelength impinging upon said device, said device comprising:
a substrate; and,
at least two layers of nanostructures forming a resonant pattern on said substrate adapted to define a plurality of high contrast refractive index interfaces suitable for polarization independently substantially reflecting said at least one transmission.
52. The device of claim 51, wherein the device further comprises a cladding layer positioned substantially adjacent to at least one of said at least two layers of nanostructures substantially distal to said substrate.
53. The device of claim 52, wherein said cladding layer and said substrate have substantially similar refractive indices.
54. The device of claim 53, wherein said substrate includes a first portion and a second portion, wherein said first portion has a substantially similar refractive index to said cladding layer.
55. The device of claim 54, wherein said second portion and said first portion have substantially the same refractive indices.
56. The device of claim 55, wherein the refractive index of said second portion and the refractive index of said first portion are measurably different.
57. The device of claim 52, further comprising at least one coating operably coupled to said layer and adapted to at least partially mitigate transmission losses.
58. The device of claim 57, wherein said at least one coating is substantially adjacent to said cladding layer.
59. The device of claim 57, wherein said at least one coating is substantially adjacent to said substrate.
60. The device of claim 57, wherein said at least one coating includes a coating substantially adjacent to said cladding layer and at least one coating substantially adjacent to said substrate.
61. The device of claim 52, further comprising at least one residual layer between said substrate and said cladding and having a substantially similar refractive index with at least one of said at least two layers of nanostructures.
62. A device for waveguiding electromagnetic radiation a given wavelength through a core, said device comprising:
a substrate;
a first region of at least two layers of nanostructures forming a resonant pattern on said substrate adapted to define a plurality of high contrast refractive index interfaces suitable for substantially reflecting said select polarization of said at least one transmission, said first region aligned substantially between the core and said substrate;
a second region of at least two layers of nanostructures forming a resonant pattern aligned substantially adjacent to the core distal to said first region;
a third region of at least two layers of nanostructures forming a resonant pattern aligned substantially adjacent to the core and substantially between said first and said second regions; and,
a fourth region of at least two layers of nanostructures forming a resonant pattern aligned substantially adjacent to the core distal to said third region and substantially between said first and said second regions.
63. The device of claim 62, wherein said first and said second regions have substantially the same period.
64. The device of claim 63, wherein said third and said fourth regions have substantially the same period.
65. The device of claim 64, wherein said period of said first and said second regions is approximately twice the period of said third and fourth regions.

1. A method of switching a current use communication line between first and second communication lines provided between first and second units, comprising the steps of:
negotiating between said first and second units to generate link data;
holding said link data previously in a first physical interface for said first communication line as said current use communication line;
copying said link data from said first physical interface into a second physical interface such that said link data is held by said second physical interface for said second communication line;
switching said current use communication line from said first communication line to said second communication line when a fault is detected in relation to said first communication line; and
establishing said second communication line as said current use communication line for data transfer between said first and second units based on said link data;
wherein said physical interfaces are POS (Packet over SONETSDH) interfaces, and the negotiation is PPP (Point to Point Protocol) negotiation.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein one IP address is allocated to both said first physical interface and said second physical interface.
3. The method according to claim 1, wherein said first unit is a router using APS (Automatic Protection Switching) and said second unit is a SONET (Synchronous Optical Network)SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) transmission apparatus.
4. A router comprising:
a first physical interface which is provided for a first communication line as a current use communication line and which holds link data;
a second physical interface which is provided for a second communication line and which holds said link data; and
a transmission unit connected to the router by the first and second communication lines;
wherein said router negotiates with said transmission unit using said first communication lines and generates said link data indicative of the negotiation result; and
said first physical interface copies said link data into said second physical interface;
wherein said current use communication line is switched from said first communication line to said second communication line when a fault is detected in relation to said first communication line,
said second communication line is established as said current use communication line based on said link data for data transfer; and
wherein said physical interface is a POS (Packet over SONETSDH) interface, and the negotiation is PPP (Point to Point Protocol) negotiation.
5. The router according to claim 4, wherein one IP address is allocated to both said first physical interface and said second physical interface.
6. The router according to claim 4, wherein said uses APS (Automatic Protection Switching), and said transmission unit is a SONET (Synchronous Optical Network)SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) transmission apparatus.
7. A computer readable medium in which a program is recorded for a method of switching a current use communication line between first and second communication lines provided between first and second units, wherein said method comprises the steps of:
negotiating between said first and second units to generate link data;
holding said link data previously in a first physical interface for said first communication line as said current use communication line;
copying said link data from said first physical interface into a second physical interface such that said link data is held by said second physical interface for said second communication line;
switching said current use communication line from said first communication line to said second communication line when a fault is detected in relation to said first communication line; and
establishing said second communication line as said current use communication line for data transfer between said first and second units based on said link data;
wherein said physical interfaces are POS (Packet over SONETSDH) interfaces, and the negotiation is PPP (Point to Point Protocol) negotiation.
8. The recording medium according to claim 7, wherein one IP address is allocated to both said first physical interface and said second physical interface.
9. The recording medium according to claim 7, wherein said first unit is a router using APS (Automatic Protection Switching) and said second unit is a SONET (Synchronous Optical Network)SDH(Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) transmission apparatus.

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

What is claimed is:

1. Isolated nucleic acid encoding a CPRA protein having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 83.
2. Isolated nucleic acid comprising a coding region defined by nucleotides 1006-3042 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 81.
3. Isolated nucleic acid according to claim 2 comprising the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 81.
4. Isolated protein comprising an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 83.
5. A vector comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding CPRA protein including an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 83.
6. A vector according to claim 5 wherein the nucleotide sequence is set forth in nucleotides 1006-3042 of SEQ ID NO: 81
7. A vector according to claim 5 wherein the vector is selected from the group consisting of plasmid, phagemid, phage and cosmid.
8. A host cell transfected or transformed with the nucleic acid of claim 1.
9. A host cell according to claim 8 wherein the host cell is a yeast cell.
10. A host cell according to claim 9 wherein the yeast cell is a Candida sp.
11. A host cell according to claim 10 wherein the Candida sp. is Candida tropicalis.
12. A host cell according to claim 11 wherein the Candida tropicalis is Candida tropicalis 20336.
13. A host cell according to claim 12 wherein the Candida tropicalis is H5343 ura.
14. A method of producing a CPRA protein including an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 83 comprising:
a) transforming a suitable host cell with a DNA sequence that encodes the protein having the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 83; and
b) culturing the cell under conditions favoring the expression of the protein.
15. The method according to claim 14 wherein the step of culturing the cell comprises adding an organic substrate to media containing the cell.
16. Isolated nucleic acid encoding a CPRB protein having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 84.
17. Isolated nucleic acid comprising a coding region defined by nucleotides 1033-3069 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 82.
18. Isolated nucleic acid according to claim 17 comprising the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 82.
19. Isolated protein comprising an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 84.
20. A vector comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding CPRB protein including an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 84.
21. A vector according to claim 20 wherein the nucleotide sequence is set forth in nucleotides 1033-3069 of SEQ ID NO: 82.
22. A vector according to claim 20 wherein the vector is selected from the group consisting of plasmid, phagemid, phage and cosmid.
23. A host cell transfected or transformed with the nucleic acid of claim 16.
24. A host cell according to claim 23 wherein the host cell is a yeast cell.
25. A host cell according to claim 24 wherein the yeast cell is a Candida sp.
26. A host cell according to claim 25 wherein the Candida sp. is Candida tropicalis.
27. A host cell according to claim 26 wherein the Candida tropicalis is Candida tropicalis 20336.
28. A host cell according to claim 27 wherein the Candida tropicalis is H5343 ura.
29. A method of producing a CPRB protein including an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 84 comprising:
a) transforming a suitable host cell with a DNA sequence that encodes the protein having the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 84; and
b) culturing the cell under conditions favoring the expression of the protein.
30. The method according to claim 29 wherein the step of culturing the cell comprises adding an organic substrate to media containing the cell.
31. Isolated nucleic acid encoding a CYP52A1A protein having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 95.
32. Isolated nucleic acid comprising a coding region defined by nucleotides 1177-2748 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 85.
33. Isolated nucleic acid according to claim 32 comprising the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 85.
34. Isolated protein comprising an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 95.
35. A vector comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding CYP52A1A protein including an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 95.
36. A vector according to claim 35 wherein the nucleotide sequence is set forth in nucleotides 1177-2748 of SEQ ID NO: 85.
37. A vector according to claim 35 wherein the vector is selected from the group consisting of plasmid, phagemid, phage and cosmid.
38. A host cell transfected or transformed with the nucleic acid of claim 31.
39. A host cell according to claim 38 wherein the host cell is a yeast cell.
40. A host cell according to claim 39 wherein the yeast cell is a Candida sp.
41. A host cell according to claim 40 wherein the Candida sp. is Candida tropicalis.
42. A host cell according to claim 41 wherein the Candida tropicalis is Candida tropicalis 20336.
43. A host cell according to claim 42 wherein the Candida tropicalis is H5343 ura.
44. A method of producing a CYP52A1A protein including an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 95 comprising:
a) transforming a suitable host cell with a DNA sequence that encodes the protein having the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 95; and
b) culturing the cell under conditions favoring the expression of the protein.
45. The method according to claim 44 wherein the step of culturing the cell comprises adding an organic substrate to media containing the cell.
46. Isolated nucleic acid encoding a CYP52A2A protein having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 96.
47. Isolated nucleic acid comprising a coding region defined by nucleotides 1199-2767 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 86.
48. Isolated nucleic acid according to claim 47 comprising the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 86.
49. Isolated protein comprising an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 96.
50. A vector comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding CYP52A2A protein including an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 96.
51. A vector according to claim 50 wherein the nucleotide sequence is set forth in nucleotides 1199-2767 of SEQ ID NO: 86.
52. A vector according to claim 50 wherein the vector is selected from the group consisting of plasmid, phagemid, phage and cosmid.
53. A host cell transfected or transformed with the nucleic acid of claim 46.
54. A host cell according to claim 53 wherein the host cell is a yeast cell.
55. A host cell according to claim 54 wherein the yeast cell is a Candida sp.
56. A host cell according to claim 55 wherein the Candida sp. is Candida tropicalis.
57. A host cell according to claim 56 wherein the Candida tropicalis is Candida tropicalis 20336.
58. A host cell according to claim 57 wherein the Candida tropicalis is H5343 ura.
59. A method of producing a CYP52A2A protein including an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 96 comprising:
a) transforming a suitable host cell with a DNA sequence that encodes the protein having the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 96; and
b) culturing the cell under conditions favoring the expression of the protein.
60. The method according to claim 59 wherein the step of culturing the cell comprises adding an organic substrate to media containing the cell.
61. Isolated nucleic acid encoding a CYP52A2B protein having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 97.
62. Isolated nucleic acid comprising a coding region defined by nucleotides 1072-2640 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 87.
63. Isolated nucleic acid according to claim 62 comprising the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 87.
64. Isolated protein comprising an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 97.
65. A vector comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding CYP52A2B protein including an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 97.
66. A vector according to claim 65 wherein the nucleotide sequence is set forth in nucleotides 1072-2640 of SEQ ID NO: 87.
67. A vector according to claim 65 wherein the vector is selected from the group consisting of plasmid, phagemid, phage and cosmid.
68. A host cell transfected or transformed with the nucleic acid of claim 61.
69. A host cell according to claim 68 wherein the host cell is a yeast cell.
70. A host cell according to claim 69 wherein the yeast cell is a Candida sp.
71. A host cell according to claim 70 wherein the Candida sp. is Candida tropicalis.
72. A host cell according to claim 71 wherein the Candida tropicalis is Candida tropicalis 20336.
73. A host cell according to claim 72 wherein the Candida tropicalis is H5343 ura.
74. A method of producing a CYP52A2B protein including an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 97 comprising:
a) transforming a suitable host cell with a DNA sequence that encodes the protein having the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 97; and
b) culturing the cell under conditions favoring the expression of the protein.
75. The method according to claim 74 wherein the step of culturing the cell comprises adding an organic substrate to media containing the cell.
76. Isolated nucleic acid encoding a CYP52A3A protein having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 98.
77. Isolated nucleic acid comprising a coding region defined by nucleotides 1126-2748 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 88.
78. Isolated nucleic acid according to claim 77 comprising the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 88.
79. Isolated protein comprising an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 98.
80. A vector comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding CYP52A3A protein including an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 98.
81. A vector according to claim 80 wherein the nucleotide sequence is set forth in nucleotides 1126-2748 of SEQ ID NO: 88.
82. A vector according to claim 80 wherein the vector is selected from the group consisting of plasmid, phagemid, phage and cosmid.
83. A host cell transfected or transformed with the nucleic acid of claim 76.
84. A host cell according to claim 83 wherein the host cell is a yeast cell.
85. A host cell according to claim 84 wherein the yeast cell is a Candida sp.
86. A host cell according to claim 85 wherein the Candida sp. is Candida tropicalis.
87. A host cell according to claim 86 wherein the Candida tropicalis is Candida tropicalis 20336.
88. A host cell according to claim 87 wherein the Candida tropicalis is H5343 ura.
89. A method of producing a CYP52A3A protein including an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 98 comprising:
a) transforming a suitable host cell with a DNA sequence that encodes the protein having the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 98; and
b) culturing the cell under conditions favoring the expression of the protein.
90. The method according to claim 89 wherein the step of culturing the cell comprises adding an organic substrate to media containing the cell.
91. Isolated nucleic acid encoding a CYP52A3B protein having the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 99.
92. Isolated nucleic acid comprising a coding region defined by nucleotides 913-2535 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 89.
93. Isolated nucleic acid according to claim 92 comprising the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 89.
94. Isolated protein comprising an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 99.
95. A vector comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding CYP52A3B protein including an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 99.
96. A vector according to claim 95 wherein the nucleotide sequence is set forth in nucleotides 913-2535 of SEQ ID NO: 89.
97. A vector according to claim 95 wherein the vector is selected from the group consisting of plasmid, phagemid, phage and cosmid.
98. A host cell transfected or transformed with the nucleic acid of claim 91.
99. A host cell according to claim 98 wherein the host cell is a yeast cell.
100. A host cell according to claim 99 wherein the yeast cell is a Candida sp.
101. A host cell according to claim 100 wherein the Candida sp. is Candida tropicalis.
102. A host cell according to claim 101 wherein the Candida tropicalis is Candida tropicalis 20336.
103. A host cell according to claim 102 wherein the Candida tropicalis is H5343 ura.
104. A method of producing a CYP52A3B protein including an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 99 comprising:
a) transforming a suitable host cell with a DNA sequence that encodes the protein having the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 99; and
b) culturing the cell under conditions favoring the expression of the protein.
105. The method according to claim 104 wherein the step of culturing the cell comprises adding an organic substrate to media containing the cell.
106. Isolated nucleic acid encoding a CYP52A5A protein having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 100.
107. Isolated nucleic acid comprising a coding region defined by nucleotides 1103-2656 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 90.
108. Isolated nucleic acid according to claim 107 comprising the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 90.
109. Isolated protein comprising an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 100.
110. A vector comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding CYP52A5A protein including an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 100.
111. A vector according to claim 110 wherein the nucleotide sequence is set forth in nucleotides 1103-2656 OF SEQ ID NO: 90.
112. A vector according to claim 110 wherein the vector is selected from the group consisting of plasmid, phagemid, phage and cosmid.
113. A host cell transfected or transformed with the nucleic acid of claim 106.
114. A host cell according to claim 113 wherein the host cell is a yeast cell.
115. A host cell according to claim 114 wherein the yeast cell is a Candida sp.
116. A host cell according to claim 115 wherein the Candida sp. is Candida tropicalis.
117. A host cell according to claim 116 wherein the Candida tropicalis is Candida tropicalis 20336.
118. A host cell according to claim 117 wherein the Candida tropicalis is H5343 ura.
119. A method of producing a CYP52A5A protein including an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 100 comprising:
a) transforming a suitable host cell with a DNA sequence that encodes the protein having the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 100; and
b) culturing the cell under conditions favoring the expression of the protein.
120. The method according to claim 119 wherein the step of culturing the cell comprises adding an organic substrate to media containing the cell.
121. Isolated nucleic acid encoding a CYP52A5B protein having the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 101.
122. Isolated nucleic acid comprising a coding region defined by nucleotides 1142-2695 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 91.
123. Isolated nucleic acid according to claim 122 comprising the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 91.
124. Isolated protein comprising an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 101.
125. A vector comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding CYP52A5B protein including the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 101.
126. A vector according to claim 125 wherein the nucleotide sequence is set forth in nucleotides 1142-2695 of SEQ ID NO: 91.
127. A vector according to claim 125 wherein the vector is selected from the group consisting of plasmid, phagemid, phage and cosmid.
128. A host cell transfected or transformed with the nucleic acid of claim 121.
129. A host cell according to claim 128 wherein the host cell is a yeast cell.
130. A host cell according to claim 129 wherein the yeast cell is a Candida sp.
131. A host cell according to claim 130 wherein the Candida sp. is Candida tropicalis.
132. A host cell according to claim 131 wherein the Candida tropicalis is Candida tropicalis 20336.
133. A host cell according to claim 132 wherein the Candida tropicalis is H5343 ura.
134. A method of producing a CYP52A5B protein including an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 101 comprising:
a) transforming a suitable host cell with a DNA sequence that encodes the protein having the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 101; and
b) culturing the cell under conditions favoring the expression of the protein.
135. The method according to claim 134 wherein the step of culturing the cell comprises adding an organic substrate to media containing the cell.
136. Isolated nucleic acid encoding a CYP52A8A protein having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 102.
137. Isolated nucleic acid comprising a coding region defined by nucleotides 464-2002 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 92.
138. Isolated nucleic acid according to claim 137 comprising the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 92.
139. Isolated protein comprising an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 102.
140. A vector comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding CYP52A8A protein including an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 102.
141. A vector according to claim 140 wherein the nucleotide sequence is set forth in nucleotides 464-2002 of SEQ ID NO: 92.
142. A vector according to claim 140 wherein the vector is selected from the group consisting of plasmid, phagemid, phage and cosmid.
143. A host cell transfected or transformed with the nucleic acid of claim 136.
144. A host cell according to claim 143 wherein the host cell is a yeast cell.
145. A host cell according to claim 144 wherein the yeast cell is a Candida sp.
146. A host cell according to claim 145 wherein the Candida sp. is Candida tropicalis.
147. A host cell according to claim 146 wherein the Candida tropicalis is Candida tropicalis 20336.
148. A host cell according to claim 147 wherein the Candida tropicalis is H5343 ura.
149. A method of producing a CYP52A8A protein including an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 102 comprising:
a) transforming a suitable host cell with a DNA sequence that encodes the protein having the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 102; and
b) culturing the cell under conditions favoring the expression of the protein.
150. The method according to claim 149 wherein the step of culturing the cell comprises adding an organic substrate to media containing the cell.
151. Isolated nucleic acid encoding a CYP52A8B protein having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 103.
152. Isolated nucleic acid comprising a coding region defined by nucleotides 1017-2555 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 93.
153. Isolated nucleic acid according to claim 152 comprising the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 93.
154. Isolated protein comprising an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 103.
155. A vector comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding CYP52A8B protein including an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 103.
156. A vector according to claim 155 wherein the nucleotide sequence is set forth in nucleotides 1017-2555 of SEQ ID NO: 93.
157. A vector according to claim 155 wherein the vector is selected from the group consisting of plasmid, phagemid, phage and cosmid.
158. A host cell transfected or transformed with the nucleic acid of claim 151.
159. A host cell according to claim 158 wherein the host cell is a yeast cell.
160. A host cell according to claim 159 wherein the yeast cell is a Candida sp.
161. A host cell according to claim 160 wherein the Candida sp. is Candida tropicalis.
162. A host cell according to claim 161 wherein the Candida tropicalis is Candida tropicalis 20336.
163. A host cell according to claim 162 wherein the Candida tropicalis is H5343 ura.
164. A method of producing a CYP52A8B protein including an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 103 comprising:
a) transforming a suitable host cell with a DNA sequence that encodes the protein having the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 103; and
b) culturing the cell under conditions favoring the expression of the protein.
165. The method according to claim 164 wherein the step of culturing the cell comprises adding an organic substrate to media containing the cell.
166. Isolated nucleic acid encoding a CYP52D4A protein having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 104.
167. Isolated nucleic acid comprising a coding region defined by nucleotides 767-2266 as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 94.
168. Isolated nucleic acid according to claim 167 comprising the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 94.
169. Isolated protein comprising an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 104.
170. A vector comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding CYP52D4A protein including an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 104.
171. A vector according to claim 170 wherein the nucleotide sequence is set forth in nucleotides 767-2266 of SEQ ID NO: 94.
172. A vector according to claim 170 wherein the vector is selected from the group consisting of plasmid, phagemid, phage and cosmid.
173. A host cell transfected or transformed with the nucleic acid of claim 166.
174. A host cell according to claim 173 wherein the host cell is a yeast cell.
175. A host cell according to claim 174 wherein the yeast cell is a Candida sp.
176. A host cell according to claim 175 wherein the Candida sp. is Candida tropicalis.
177. A host cell according to claim 176 wherein the Candida tropicalis is Candida tropicalis 20336.
178. A host cell according to claim 177 wherein the Candida tropicalis is H5343 ura.
179. A method of producing a CYP52D4A protein including an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 104 comprising:
a) transforming a suitable host cell with a DNA sequence that encodes the protein having the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 104; and
b) culturing the cell under conditions favoring the expression of the protein.
180. The method according to claim 179 wherein the step of culturing the cell comprises adding an organic substrate to media containing the cell.
181. A method for discriminating members of a gene family by quantifying the amount of target mRNA in a sample comprising:
a) providing an organism containing a target gene;
b) culturing the organism with an organic substrate which causes upregulation in the activity of the target gene;
c) obtaining a sample of total RNA from the organism at a first point in time;
d) combining at least a portion of the sample of the total RNA with a known amount of competitor RNA to form an RNA mixture, wherein the competitor RNA is substantially similar to the target mRNA but has a lesser number of nucleotides compared to the target mRNA;
e) adding reverse transcriptase to the RNA mixture in a quantity sufficient to form corresponding target DNA and competitor DNA;
f) conducting a polymerase chain reaction in the presence of at least one primer specific for at least one substantially non-homologous region of the target DNA within the gene family, the primer also specific for the competitor DNA;
g) repeating steps (c-f) using increasing amounts of the competitor RNA while maintaining a substantially constant amount of target RNA;
(h) determining the point at which the amount of target DNA is substantially equal to the amount of competitor DNA;
(i) quantifying the results by comparing the ratio of the concentration of unknown target to the known concentration of competitor; and
(j) obtaining a sample of total RNA from the organism at another point in time and repeating steps (d-i).
182. A method according to claim 181 wherein the target gene is selected from the group consisting of a CPR gene and a CYP gene.
183. A method according to claim 182 wherein the CPR gene is selected from the group consisting of a CPRA gene (SEQ ID NO: 81) and a CPRB gene (SEQ ID NO: 82).
184. A method according to claim 182 wherein the CYP gene is selected from the group consisting of CYP52A1`A gene (SEQ ID NO: 85), CYP52A2A gene (SEQ ID NO: 86), CYP52A2B gene (SEQ ID NO: 87), CYP52A3A gene (SEQ ID NO: 88), CYP52A3B gene (SEQ ID NO. 89), CYP52A5A gene (SEQ ID NO: 90), CYP52A5B gene (SEQ ID NO: 91), CYP52A8A gene (SEQ ID NO: 92), CYP52A8B gene (SEQ ID NO: 93) and CYP52D4A gene (SEQ ID NO: 94).
185. A method for increasing production of a dicarboxylic acid comprising:
a) providing a host cell having a naturally occurring number of CPRA genes;
b) increasing, in the host cell, the number of CPRA genes which encode a CPRA protein having the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 83;
c) culturing the host cell in media containing an organic substrate which upregulates the CPRA gene, to effect increased production of dicarboxylic acid.
186. A method for increasing the production of a CPRA protein having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 83 comprising:
a) transforming a host cell having a naturally occurring amount of CPRA protein with an increased copy number of a CPRA gene that encodes the CPRA protein having the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 83; and
b) culturing the cell and thereby increasing expression of the protein compared with that of a host cell containing a naturally occurring copy number of the CPRA gene.
187. A method for increasing production of a dicarboxylic acid comprising:
a) providing a host cell having a naturally occurring number of CPRB genes;
b) increasing, in the host cell, the number of CPRB genes which encode a CPRB protein having the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 84;
c) culturing the host cell in media containing an organic substrate which upregulates the CPRB gene, to effect increased production of dicarboxylic acid.
188. A method for increasing the production of a CPRB protein having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 84 comprising:
a) transforming a host cell having a naturally occurring amount of CPRB protein with an increased copy number of a CPRB gene that encodes the CPRB protein having the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 84; and
b) culturing the cell and thereby increasing expression of the protein compared with that of a host cell containing a naturally occurring copy number of the CPRB gene.
189. A method for increasing production of a dicarboxylic acid comprising:
a) providing a host cell having a naturally occurring number of CYP52A1A genes;
b) increasing, in the host cell, the number of CYP52A1A genes which encode a CYP52A1A protein having the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 95;
c) culturing the host cell in media containing an organic substrate which upregulates the CYP52A2A gene, to effect increased production of dicarboxylic acid.
190. A method for increasing the production of a CYP52A1A protein having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 95 comprising:
a) transforming a host cell having a naturally occurring amount of CYP52A1A protein with an increased copy number of a CYP52A1A gene that encodes the CYP52A1A protein having the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 95; and
b) culturing the cell and thereby increasing expression of the protein compared with that of a host cell containing a naturally occurring copy number of the CYP52A1A gene.
191. A method for increasing production of a dicarboxylic acid comprising:
a) providing a host cell having a naturally occurring number of CYP52A2A genes;
b) increasing, in the host cell, the number of CYP52A2A genes which encode a CYP52A2A protein having the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 96;
c) culturing the host cell in media containing an organic substrate which upregulates the CYP52A2A gene, to effect increased production of dicarboxylic acid.
192. A method for increasing the production of a CYP52A2A protein having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 96 comprising:
a) transforming a host cell having a naturally occurring amount of CYP52A2A protein with an increased copy number of a CYP52A2A gene that encodes the CYP52A2A protein having the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 96; and
b) culturing the cell and thereby increasing expression of the protein compared with that of a host cell containing a naturally occurring copy number of the CYP52A2A gene.
193. A method for increasing production of a dicarboxylic acid comprising:
a) providing a host cell having a naturally occurring number of CYP52A2B genes;
b) increasing, in the host cell, the number of CYP52A2B genes which encode a CYP52A2B protein having the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 97;
c) culturing the host cell in media containing an organic substrate which upregulates the CYP52A2B gene, to effect increased production of dicarboxylic acid.
194. A method for increasing the production of a CYP52A2B protein having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 97 comprising:
a) transforming a host cell having a naturally occurring amount of CYP52A2B protein with an increased copy number of a CYP52A2B gene that encodes the CYP52A2B protein having the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 97; and
b) culturing the cell and thereby increasing expression of the protein compared with that of a host cell containing a naturally occurring copy number of the CYP52A2B gene.
195. A method for increasing production of a dicarboxylic acid comprising:
a) providing a host cell having a naturally occurring number of CYP52A3A genes;
b) increasing, in the host cell, the number of CYP52A3A genes which encode a CYP52A3A protein having the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 98;
c) culturing the host cell in media containing an organic substrate which upregulates the CYP52A3A gene, to effect increased production of dicarboxylic acid.
196. A method for increasing the production of a CYP52A3A protein having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 98 comprising:
a) transforming a host cell having a naturally occurring amount of CYP52A3A protein with an increased copy number of a CYP52A3A gene that encodes the CYP52A3A protein having the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 98; and
b) culturing the cell and thereby increasing expression of the protein compared with that of a host cell containing a naturally occurring copy number of the CYP52A3A gene.
197. A method for increasing production of a dicarboxylic acid comprising:
a) providing a host cell having a naturally occurring number of CYP52A3B genes;
b) increasing, in the host cell, the number of CYP52A3B genes which encode a CYP52A3B protein having the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 99;
c) culturing the host cell in media containing an organic substrate which upregulates the CYP52A3B gene, to effect increased production of dicarboxylic acid.
198. A method for increasing the production of a CYP52A3B protein having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 99 comprising:
a) transforming a host cell having a naturally occurring amount of CYP52A3B protein with an increased copy number of a CYP52A3B gene that encodes the CYP52A3B protein having the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 99; and
b) culturing the cell and thereby increasing expression of the protein compared with that of a host cell containing a naturally occurring copy number of the CYP52A3B gene.
199. A method for increasing production of a dicarboxylic acid comprising:
a) providing a host cell having a naturally occurring number of CYP52A5A genes;
b) increasing, in the host cell, the number of CYP52A5A genes which encode a CYP52A5A protein having the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 100;
c) culturing the host cell in media containing an organic substrate which upregulates the CYP52A5A gene, to effect increased production of dicarboxylic acid.
200. A method for increasing the production of a CYP52A5A protein having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 100 comprising:
a) transforming a host cell having a naturally occurring amount of CYP52A5A protein with an increased copy number of a CYP52A5A gene that encodes the CYP52A5A protein having the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 100; and
b) culturing the cell and thereby increasing expression of the protein compared with that of a host cell containing a naturally occurring copy number of the CYP52A5A gene.
201. A method for increasing production of a dicarboxylic acid comprising:
a) providing a host cell having a naturally occurring number of CYP52A5B genes;
b) increasing, in the host cell, the number of CYP52A5B genes which encode a CYP52A5B protein having the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 101;
c) culturing the host cell in media containing an organic substrate which upregulates the CYP52A5B gene, to effect increased production of dicarboxylic acid.
202. A method for increasing the production of a CYP52A5B protein having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 101 comprising:
a) transforming a host cell having a naturally occurring amount of CYP52A5B protein with an increased copy number of a CYP52A5B gene that encodes the CYP52A5B protein having the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 101; and
b) culturing the cell and thereby increasing expression of the protein compared with that of a,host cell containing a naturally occurring copy number of the CYP52A5B gene.
203. A method for increasing production of a dicarboxylic acid comprising:
a) providing a host cell having a naturally occurring number of CYP52A8A genes;
b) increasing, in the host cell, the number of CYP52A8A genes which encode a CYP52A8A protein having the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 102;
c) culturing the host cell in media containing an organic substrate which upregulates the CYP52A8A gene, to effect increased production of dicarboxylic acid.
204. A method for increasing the production of a CYP52A8A protein having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 102 comprising:
a) transforming a host cell having a naturally occurring amount of CYP52A8A protein with an increased copy number of a CYP52A8A gene that encodes the CYP52A8A protein having the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 102; and
b) culturing the cell and thereby increasing expression of the protein compared with that of a host cell containing a naturally occurring copy number of the CYP52A8A gene.
205. A method for increasing production of a dicarboxylic acid comprising:
a) providing a host cell having a naturally occurring number of CYP52A8B genes;
b) increasing, in the host cell, the number of CYP52A8B genes which encode a CYP52A8B protein having the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 103;
c) culturing the host cell in media containing an organic substrate which upregulates the CYP52A8B gene, to effect increased production of dicarboxylic acid.
206. A method for increasing the production of a CYP52A8B protein having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 103 comprising:
a) transforming a host cell having a naturally occurring amount of CYP52A8B protein with an increased copy number of a CYP52A8B gene that encodes the CYP52A8B protein having the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 103; and
b) culturing the cell and thereby increasing expression of the protein compared with that of a host cell containing a naturally occurring copy number of the CYP52A8B gene.
207. A method for increasing production of a dicarboxylic acid comprising:
a) providing a host cell having a naturally occurring number of CYP52D4A genes;
b) increasing, in the host cell, the number of CYP52D4A genes which encode a CYP52D4A protein having the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 104;
c) culturing the host cell in media containing an organic substrate which upregulates the CYP52D4A gene, to effect increased production of dicarboxylic acid.
208. A method for increasing the production of a CYP52D4A protein having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 104 comprising:
a) transforming a host cell having a naturally occurring amount of CYP52D4A protein with an increased copy number of a CYP52D4A gene that encodes the CYP52D4A protein having the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 104; and
b) culturing the cell and thereby increasing expression of the protein compared with that of a host cell containing a naturally occurring copy number of the CYP52D4A gene.
209. A method for discriminating members of a gene family according to claim 181 wherein culturing the organism with the organic substrate is accomplished in a fermentor.