All The Claims

1-7. (canceled)
8. A phase locked loop, comprising:
a phase detector configured to compare a phase of an input clock with a phase of a feedback clock to produce a phase comparison result;
a charge pump configured to generate a charging current or a discharging current in response to the phase comparison result of the phase detector;
a loop filter configured to generate a control voltage in response to the charging current or the discharging current;
an oscillator configured to generate an output clock in response to the control voltage; and
an initial frequency value provider configured to detect a frequency of the input clock to produce a frequency detection result and provide the loop filter with an initial value of the control voltage according to the frequency detection result.
9. The phase locked loop of claim 8, wherein the initial frequency value provider measures a pulse width of the input clock through an oversampling scheme and detects the frequency of the input clock based on the measured pulse width.
10. The phase locked loop of claim 8, wherein the initial frequency value provider detects the frequency of the input clock by detecting a logic value of the input clock at rising edges of first to Nth delay signals, where N is any positive integer, and the first to Nth delay signals are obtained by sequentially delaying a sampling reference signal by a first delay value.
11. The phase locked loop of claim 8, wherein the initial frequency value provider increases the initial values of the control voltage, as the detected frequency of the input clock increases.
12. The phase locked loop of claim 10, wherein, when the initial frequency value provider fails to detect the frequency of the input clock, the initial frequency value provider re-generates the first to Nth delay signals by sequentially delaying the sampling reference signal by a second delay value, which is greater than the first delay value, and detects the frequency of the input clock by detecting a logic value of the input clock at rising edges of the re-generated first to Nth delay signals.
13. The phase locked loop of claim 10, wherein, when the frequency of the input clock is detected in the detecting of the logic value of the input clock at the rising edges of the first to Nth delay signals, the initial frequency value provider ends the operation of detecting the frequency of the input clock.
14-19. (canceled)

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

1. Negative-electrode active material for rechargeable lithium battery comprising:
a core comprising material capable of doping and dedoping lithium; and
a carbon layer formed on the surface of the core,
wherein the carbon layer has a three dimensional porous structure comprising nanopores having average diameter of 100 nm to 300 nm, regularly ordered on the carbon layer with a pore wall having thickness of 40 nm to 150 nm placed therebetween.
2. The negative-electrode active material for rechargeable lithium battery according to claim 1, wherein the negative-electrode active material has a characteristic peak at 100 eV andor 104 eV, and does not have any substantial peak at 105 eV and 110 eV in the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy graph.
3. The negative-electrode active material for rechargeable lithium battery according to claim 1, wherein the nanopore has an average diameter of 30 nm to 150 nm, after conducting chargedischarge.
4. The negative-electrode active material for rechargeable lithium battery according to claim 1, wherein the thickness of the pore wall between the nanopores is 40 nm to 120 nm, after conducting chargedischarge.
5. The negative-electrode active material for rechargeable lithium battery according to claim 1, wherein the material capable of doping and dedoping lithium comprises one or more kinds of Group 14 or 15 element-containing material, selected from the group consisting of Si, SiOx(0<x<2), Si\u2014Y1 alloy, Sn, SnO2, Sn\u2014Y2, Sb and Ge (wherein, Y1 and Y2 are one or more kinds of atoms selected from the group consisting of alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, Group 13 atoms, Group 14 atoms, transition metals and rare earth atoms, provided that Y1 is not Si, and Y2 is not Sn).
6. The negative-electrode active material for rechargeable lithium battery according to claim 5, wherein Y1 and Y2 are one or more kinds of atoms capable of binding with Si or Sn, selected from the group consisting of Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra, Sc, Y, Ti, Zr, Hf, Rf, V, Nb, Ta, Db, Cr, Mo, W, Sg, Tc, Re, Bh, Fe, Pb, Ru, Os, Hs, Rh, Ir, Pd, Pt, Cu, Ag, Au, Zn, Cd, B, Al, Ga, Si, Sn, In, Ti, Ge, P, As, Sb, Bi, S, Se, Te, and Po.
7. The negative-electrode active material for rechargeable lithium battery according to claim 1, wherein the material capable of doping and dedpoing lithium exists as multiple particles, and carbon materials are further comprised between the multiple particles in the core.
8. The negative-electrode active material for rechargeable lithium battery according to claim 1, wherein the core further comprises an oxide of the material capable of doping and dedpoing lithium.
9. The negative-electrode active material for rechargeable lithium battery according to claim 1, wherein the material capable of doping and dedpoing lithium has a crystalline structure and crystalline grain in the crystalline structure has an average diameter of 20 nm to 100 nm.
10. The negative-electrode active material for rechargeable lithium battery according to claim 1, wherein the material capable of doping and dedpoing lithium has a structure comprising crystalline grains dispersed in an amorphous matrix, after conducting chargedischarge.
11. The negative-electrode active material for rechargeable lithium battery according to claim 10, wherein the dispersed crystalline grain has an average diameter of 2 nm to 5 nm.
12. The negative-electrode active material for rechargeable lithium battery according to claim 1, wherein the carbon layer has a thickness of 1 nm to 30 nm.
13. The negative-electrode active material for rechargeable lithium battery according to claim 1, wherein the carbon layer comprises disordered carbon.
14. The negative-electrode active material for rechargeable lithium battery according to claim 13, wherein the carbon layer has a Raman integrated intensity ratio DG (I(1360)I(1580)) of 0.1 to 2.
15. The negative-electrode active material for rechargeable lithium battery according to claim 1, wherein the negative-electrode active material comprises 5 wt % to 40 wt % of carbon, based on the total amount of the negative-electrode active material for rechargeable lithium battery.
16. The negative-electrode active material for rechargeable lithium battery according to claim 1, wherein the negative-electrode active material has specific surface area of 50 m2g to 200 m2g.
17. Rechargeable lithium battery comprising
a positive electrode comprising positive-electrode active material;
a negative electrode comprising negative-electrode active material according to claim 1; and
an electrolyte.
18. The rechargeable lithium battery according to claim 17, wherein the battery shows 94% or more of coulombic efficiency after conducting 30 cycles or more of charge and discharge.

1. An electrochemical gas sensor for detecting an analyte in a gas sample, the electrochemical gas sensor comprising:
an electrolyte solution containing a mediator compound, said mediator compound being an acid compound, said acid compound containing either at least two acid groups or at least one hydroxyl group and at least one acid group;
a measuring electrode in said electrolyte solution, said measuring electrode containing carbon nanotubes; and
an auxiliary electrode in said electrolyte solution.
2. An electrochemical gas sensor in accordance with claim 1, further comprising a structure comprising one of a porous carrier, a nonwoven material or a diffusion membrane, wherein said carbon nanotubes are located on said structure.
3. An electrochemical gas sensor in accordance with claim 1, wherein said carbon nanotubes are put together by self-aggregation or by means of a binder.
4. An electrochemical gas sensor in accordance with claim 3, wherein said binder is polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE).
5. An electrochemical gas sensor in accordance with claim 1, wherein said carbon nanotubes are in the form of a film in the form of buckypaper.
6. An electrochemical gas sensor in accordance with claim 1, wherein said carbon nanotubes are in the form of single-wall carbon nanotubes with a layer thickness between 0.5 \u03bcm and 500 \u03bcm.
7. An electrochemical gas sensor in accordance with claim 1, wherein said carbon nanotubes are in the form of single-wall carbon nanotubes with a layer thickness between 10 \u03bcm to 50 \u03bcm.
8. An electrochemical gas sensor in accordance with claim 1, wherein said carbon nanotubes are in the form of multiwall carbon nanotubes with a layer thickness between 1 \u03bcm and 1,000 \u03bcm.
9. An electrochemical gas sensor in accordance with claim 1, wherein said carbon nanotubes are in the form of multiwall carbon nanotubes with a layer thickness between 50 \u03bcm and 150 \u03bcm.
10. An electrochemical gas sensor in accordance with claim 1, wherein said auxiliary electrode consists of a precious metal.
11. An electrochemical gas sensor in accordance with claim 1, wherein said auxiliary electrode comprises at least one of gold, platinum or iridium or carbon nanotubes.
12. An electrochemical gas sensor in accordance with claim 1, wherein a reference electrode is additionally present.
13. An electrochemical gas sensor in accordance with claim 1, wherein a protective electrode is arranged behind said measuring electrode.
14. An electrochemical gas sensor in accordance with claim 1, wherein molecular structures with catalytic activity or mediator properties are bound to said carbon nanotubes.
15. An electrochemical gas sensor in accordance with claim 14, wherein said molecular structures contain transition metals like one of Fe, Ni, Co, or corresponding metal oxides.
16. An electrochemical gas sensor in accordance with claim 14, wherein said molecular structures contain transition metal complexes including at least one of porphyrins or phthalocyanines.
17. An electrochemical gas sensor in accordance with claim 1, wherein said electrolyte solution is present as an aqueous or organic electrolyte.
18. An electrochemical gas sensor in accordance with claim 17, wherein said organic electrolyte solution is selected from the group of carbonates.
19. An electrochemical gas sensor in accordance with claim 17, wherein said organic electrolyte solution comprises propylene carbonate mixed with ethylene carbonate andor higher carbonates.
20. An electrochemical gas sensor in accordance with claim 1, wherein the acid compound is a carboxylic acid.
21. An electrochemical gas sensor in accordance with claim 20, wherein said carboxylic acid is an aromatic carboxylic acid containing two or three carboxyl groups.
22. An electrochemical gas sensor in accordance with claim 21, wherein said carboxyl groups comprise phthalic acid, isophthalic acid or terephthalic acid.
23. An electrochemical gas sensor in accordance with claim 1, wherein acid compound is an aliphatic polycarboxylic acid, especially citric acid.
24. An electrochemical gas sensor in accordance with claim 1, wherein the acid compound is gluconic acid.
25. An electrochemical gas sensor in accordance with claim 1, wherein the acid compound is boric acid.
26. An electrochemical gas sensor in accordance with claim 1, wherein said electrolyte solution contains alkali or alkaline earth metal salts.
27. An electrochemical gas sensor in accordance with claim 26, wherein said electrolyte solution contains LiCl.
28. An electrochemical gas sensor in accordance with claim 1, wherein water or organic solvents, ethylene andor propylene carbonate, are used as a solvent.
29. An electrochemical gas sensor in accordance with claim 1, wherein a transition metal salt is a copper salt or Cu2+ salt.
30. An electrochemical gas sensor in accordance with claim 29, wherein the Cu2+ salt is CuCl2 and the concentration of CuCl2 is between one of 0.1 mol and 1.0 mol, 0.5 mol in a 0.5-10-molar preferably 5-molar LiCl solution.
31. An electrochemical gas sensor in accordance with at least claim 1, wherein a transition metal salt is an iron salt or Fe3+ salt.
32. A method of electrochemical gas sensing, the method comprising:
providing an electrolyte solution containing a mediator compound, said mediator compound being an acid compound, said acid compound containing either at least two acid groups or at least one hydroxyl group and at least one acid group;
providing a measuring electrode in said electrolyte solution, said measuring electrode containing carbon nanotubes; and
providing an auxiliary electrode in said electrolyte solution.
33. A method of electrochemical gas sensing in accordance with claim 32, further comprising:
determining SO2 concentration in a gas wherein the electrolyte is or contains a chloride.
34. A method of electrochemical gas sensing in accordance with claim 32, further comprising;
determining H2S concentration in a gas wherein said electrolyte is or contains a chloride.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

1. A multi-purpose beveller comprising:
a support holder coupled to a beveller and including a coupling aperture formed in a guide plate;
an adapter coupled to a power shaft of the beveller and including an insertion aperture formed in a center of the adapter;
a rotary cutter fixedly fitted into the insertion aperture; and
a beveling tool including an upper surface that faces both the guide plate and the rotary cutter, a lower surface opposite to the upper surface, and a through aperture penetrating the beveling tool from the lower surface to the upper surface, the beveling tool being mounted to the guide plate by a screw that passes through the through aperture of the beveling tool and the coupling aperture of the guide plate, the beveling tool including two sides that form a right angle, the beveling tool further including support protrusions and an interference prevention unit,
wherein the support protrusions are formed secured to an inner surface of a cutter exposure aperture and an outer surface of the guide plate in a concentric circle shape on the top surface of the beveling tool and the interference prevention unit is located at the intersection of the two sides, and
wherein, at a front end of the intersection of the two sides, a round side is formed to protrude outwardly from a blade edge of a center part of the rotary cutter, such that an imaginary line extended from the blade edge in an axial direction of the rotary cutter, comes in contact with the upper surface of the beveling tool.
2. The multi-purpose beveller according to claim 1, wherein the rotary cutter includes a securing concave groove on the outer circumferential surface thereof, and a setscrew screw-coupled to the adapter through a tool aperture formed on a coupling end screw-coupled to the support holder is inserted and fixed at the securing concave groove.
3. The multi-purpose beveller according to claim 1, wherein, at an upper portion of the top of the adapter, a stopper pin passing through the insertion aperture is installed to restrict the insertion of the rotary cutter and maintain a regular position of the rotary cutter.
4. A multi-purpose beveller comprising:
a support holder coupled to a beveller and including a coupling aperture formed in a guide plate;
an adapter coupled to a power shaft of the beveller and including an insertion aperture formed in a center of the adapter;
a rotary cutter fixedly fitted into the insertion aperture; and
a beveling tool including an upper surface that faces both the guide plate and the rotary cutter, a lower surface opposite to the upper surface, and a through aperture penetrating the beveling tool from the lower surface to the upper surface, the beveling tool being mounted to the guide plate by a screw that passes through the through aperture of the beveling tool and the coupling aperture of the guide plate, the beveling tool including two sides that form an acute angle, the beveling tool further including support protrusions and an interference prevention unit,
wherein the support protrusions are formed secured to an inner surface of a cutter exposure aperture and an outer surface of the guide plate in a concentric circle shape on the top surface of the beveling, and the interference prevention unit is located at the intersection of the two sides, and
wherein, at a front end of the intersection of the two sides, a round side is formed to protrude outwardly from a blade edge of a center part of the rotary cutter, such that an imaginary line extended from the blade edge in an axial direction of the rotary cutter, comes in contact with the upper surface of the beveling tool.
5. The multi-purpose beveller according to claim 4, wherein the rotary cutter includes a securing concave groove on the outer circumferential surface thereof, and a setscrew screw-coupled to the adapter through a tool aperture formed on a coupling end screw-coupled to the support holder is inserted and fixed at the securing concave groove.
6. The multi-purpose beveller according to claim 4, wherein, at an upper portion of the top of the adapter, a stopper pin passing through the insertion aperture is installed to restrict the insertion of the rotary cutter and maintain a regular position of the rotary cutter.
7. A multi-purpose beveller comprising:
a support holder connected to a top of a desk-type beveller and including a coupling aperture formed in a guide plate;
an adapter formed at an upper part of a power shaft of the desk-type beveller and including an insertion aperture formed in a center of the adapter;
a rotary cutter fixedly fitted into the insertion aperture; and
a beveling tool including an upper surface that faces both the guide plate and the rotary cutter, a lower surface opposite to the upper surface, and a through aperture penetrating the beveling tool from the lower surface to the upper surface, the beveling tool being mounted to the guide plate by a screw that passes through the through aperture of the beveling tool and the coupling aperture of the guide plate, the beveling tool including two sides that form an acute angle, the beveling tool further including support protrusions and an interference prevention unit,
wherein the support protrusions are formed secured to an inner surface of a cutter exposure aperture and an outer surface of the guide plate in a concentric circle shape on the bottom surface of the beveling tool, and the interference prevention unit is located at the intersection of the two sides, and
wherein, at a front end of the intersection of the two sides, a round side is formed to protrude outwardly from a blade edge of a center part of the rotary cutter, such that an imaginary line extended from the blade edge in an axial direction of the rotary cutter, comes in contact with the upper surface of the beveling tool.