All The Claims

1. A method for reducing a Peak to Average Power Ratio (\u201cPAPR\u201d) of an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (\u201cOFDM\u201d) signal, comprising:
routing said OFDM signal to first and second signal processing paths;
time delaying said OFDM signal traveling along said first signal processing path;
using a digital filter and said OFDM signal to determine a threshold value;
determining whether an instantaneous signal magnitude value of said OFDM signal traveling along said second signal processing path is greater than said threshold value, exclusively when said digital filter has a steady state behavior;
if it is determined that said instantaneous signal magnitude value is greater than said threshold value, scaling a magnitude of at least a first complex symbol sample of said OFDM signal which has been time delayed to a level that precludes a power amplifier from entering a non-linear region of operation; and
if it is determined that said instantaneous signal magnitude value is not greater than said threshold value, outputting said complex symbol sample of said OFDM signal which has been time delayed without modification to said magnitude thereof.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein said OFDM signal is a baseband OFDM signal and said scaling is performed at baseband.
3. The method according to claim 1, wherein said OFDM signal is a baseband OFDM signal and said scaling is performed at an intermediate frequency.
4. The method according to claim 1, further comprising scaling magnitudes of a plurality of second complex symbol samples of said OFDM signal which immediately precede or succeed said first complex symbol sample.
5. The method according to claim 4, wherein said magnitudes of said first and second complex symbol samples are scaled by different amounts.
6. A method for reducing a Peak to Average Power Ratio (\u201cPAPR\u201d) of an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (\u201cOFDM\u201d) signal, comprising:
routing said OFDM signal to first and second signal processing paths;
time delaying said OFDM signal traveling along said first signal processing path;
determining whether an instantaneous signal magnitude value of said OFDM signal traveling along said second signal processing path is greater than a threshold value;
if it is determined that said instantaneous signal magnitude value is greater than said threshold value, scaling a magnitude of at least a first complex symbol sample of said OFDM signal which has been time delayed to a level that precludes a power amplifier from entering a non-linear region of operation;
if it is determined that said instantaneous signal magnitude value is not greater than said threshold value, outputting said complex symbol sample of said OFDM signal which has been time delayed without modification to said magnitude thereof; and
determining said threshold value by:
calculating a power value using said instantaneous signal magnitude value;
computing an average signal power value using said power value;
multiplying a maximum PAPR by said average signal power value to yield an allowed peak power; and
calculating a square root of said allowed peak power to obtain a maximum allowable signal magnitude, where said maximum allowable signal magnitude comprises said threshold value.
7. The method according to claim 6, wherein said average signal power value is computed using a digital filter.
8. The method according to claim 7, wherein said determining step is performed exclusively when said digital filter has a steady state behavior.
9. A method for reducing a Peak to Average Power Ratio (\u201cPAPR\u201d) of an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (\u201cOFDM\u201d) signal, comprising:
routing said OFDM signal to first and second signal processing paths;
time delaying said OFDM signal traveling along said first signal processing path;
determining whether an instantaneous signal magnitude value of said OFDM signal traveling along said second signal processing path is greater than a threshold value;
if it is determined that said instantaneous signal magnitude value is greater than said threshold value, scaling a magnitude of at least a first complex symbol sample of said OFDM signal which has been time delayed to a level that precludes a power amplifier from entering a non-linear region of operation;
if it is determined that said instantaneous signal magnitude value is not greater than said threshold value, outputting said complex symbol sample of said OFDM signal which has been time delayed without modification to said magnitude thereof; and
determining said threshold value by:
computing an average signal magnitude using said instantaneous signal magnitude value;
multiplying said average signal magnitude by a maximum magnitude ratio to yield an allowable peak magnitude, where said allowable peak magnitude comprises said threshold value.
10. The method according to claim 9, wherein said average signal magnitude is computed using a digital filter.
11. The method according to claim 10, wherein said determining step is performed exclusively when said digital filter has a steady state behavior.
12. A system, comprising:
at least one electronic circuit configured to:
route an OFDM signal to first and second signal processing paths;
time delay said OFDM signal traveling along said first signal processing path;
using a digital filter and said OFDM signal to determine a threshold value;
determine whether an instantaneous signal magnitude value of said OFDM signal traveling along said second signal processing path is greater than said threshold value, exclusively when said digital filter has a steady state behavior;
if it is determined that said instantaneous signal magnitude value is greater than said threshold value, scale a magnitude of at least a first complex symbol sample of said OFDM signal which has been time delayed to a level that precludes a power amplifier from entering a non-linear region of operation; and
if it is determined that said instantaneous signal magnitude value is not greater than said threshold value, output said complex symbol sample of said OFDM signal which has been time delayed without modification to said magnitude thereof.
13. The system according to claim 12, wherein said OFDM signal is a baseband OFDM signal and said scaling is performed at baseband.
14. The system according to claim 12, wherein said OFDM signal is a baseband OFDM signal and said scaling is performed at an intermediate frequency.
15. The system according to claim 12, wherein the electronic circuit is further configured to scale magnitudes of a plurality of second complex symbol samples of said OFDM signal which immediately precede or succeed said first complex symbol sample.
16. The system according to claim 15, wherein said magnitudes of said first and second complex symbol samples are scaled by different amounts so as to prevent large instantaneous amplitude changes of said OFDM signal.
17. A system, comprising:
at least one electronic circuit configured to:
route an OFDM signal to first and second signal processing paths;
time delay said OFDM signal traveling along said first signal processing path;
determine whether an instantaneous signal magnitude value of said OFDM signal traveling along said second signal processing path is greater than a threshold value;
if it is determined that said instantaneous signal magnitude value is greater than said threshold value, scale a magnitude of at least a first complex symbol sample of said OFDM signal which has been time delayed to a level that precludes a power amplifier from entering a non-linear region of operation; and
if it is determined that said instantaneous signal magnitude value is not greater than said threshold value, output said complex symbol sample of said OFDM signal which has been time delayed without modification to said magnitude thereof;

wherein said electronic circuit is further configured to determine said threshold value by:
calculating a power value using said instantaneous signal magnitude value;
computing an average signal power value using said power value;
multiplying a maximum PAPR by said average signal power value to yield an allowed peak power; and
calculating a square root of said allowed peak power to obtain a maximum allowable signal magnitude, where said maximum allowable signal magnitude comprises said threshold value.
18. The system according to claim 17, wherein said average signal power value is computed using a digital filter.
19. The system according to claim 18, wherein said determination as to whether said instantaneous signal magnitude value is greater than said threshold value is made exclusively when said digital filter has a steady state behavior.
20. A system, comprising:
at least one electronic circuit configured to:
route an OFDM signal to first and second signal processing paths;
time delay said OFDM signal traveling along said first signal processing path;
determine whether an instantaneous signal magnitude value of said OFDM signal traveling along said second signal processing path is greater than a threshold value;
if it is determined that said instantaneous signal magnitude value is greater than said threshold value, scale a magnitude of at least a first complex symbol sample of said OFDM signal which has been time delayed to a level that precludes a power amplifier from entering a non-linear region of operation; and
if it is determined that said instantaneous signal magnitude value is not greater than said threshold value, output said complex symbol sample of said OFDM signal which has been time delayed without modification to said magnitude thereof;

wherein said electronic circuit is further configured to determine said threshold value by:
computing an average signal magnitude using said instantaneous signal magnitude value;
multiplying said average signal magnitude by a maximum magnitude ratio to yield an allowable peak magnitude, where said allowable peak magnitude comprises said threshold value.

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

1. An arrangement, comprising:
an electric motor, comprising:
a stator, and
a motor rotor;

a pump, driven by the electric motor; and
a plurality of flow guiding elements,
wherein a process fluid is moved by the pump to a higher pressure,
wherein the motor rotor is rotatable around a rotation axis,
wherein the stator surrounds the motor rotor at least partially circumferentially,
wherein a gap extends circumferentially between the motor rotor and the stator,
wherein a flow path is provided, along which at least a part of the process fluid is directed in an axial direction,
wherein the gap belongs to the flow path,
wherein in the flow path the plurality of flow guiding elements are provided in order to avoid a flow in the circumferential direction of rotor rotation in the gap, and
wherein the plurality of flow guiding elements are guide vanes installed in the flow path upstream the gap and which are shaped to generated a counter swirl to the direction of rotor rotation before the process fluid enters the gap.
2. The arrangement as claimed in claim 1, wherein a surface of the stator adjoining the gap is provided with the plurality of flow guiding elements.
3. The arrangement as claimed in claim 2, wherein the surface is provided with a plurality of longitudinal grooves extending along the rotation axis.
4. The arrangement as claimed in claim 2,
wherein the surface is provided with a plurality of grooves of a helical shape, and
wherein the helix is left handed for a right turning rotor and right handed for a left turning rotor.
5. The arrangement as claimed in claim 1, wherein the electric motor and the pump are enclosed by a common gas tight casing, which is provided with an inlet and an outlet for the process fluid.
6. The arrangement as claimed in claim 1, wherein the stator includes a dedicated cooling system, which is separated from the gap by an adjoining partition wall.
7. The arrangement as claimed in claim 6, wherein the adjoining partition wall is of a cylindrical shape.

1. A liquid crystal display device comprising:
a first polarizing plate provided with a first substrate, the first polarizing plate having a first polarization axis along a first direction;
a second polarizing plate provided with a second substrate, the second polarizing plate having a second polarization axis along a second direction substantially orthogonal to the first direction;
a liquid crystal layer interposed between the first substrate and the second substrate;
a plurality of first structure bodies provided with the first substrate on a liquid crystal layer side, the plurality of first structure bodies projecting into the liquid crystal layer;
a plurality of second structure bodies provided with the first substrate on the liquid crystal layer side, the plurality of second structure bodies projecting into the liquid crystal layer;
a first electrode layer covering top surfaces and side surfaces of the plurality of first structure bodies; and
a second electrode layer covering top surfaces and side surfaces of the plurality of second structure bodies,
wherein a first interface between the side surfaces of the first structure bodies and the first electrode layer, and a second interface between the side surfaces of the second structure bodies and the second electrode layer are substantially parallel to the first direction or the second direction.
2. The liquid crystal display device according to claim 1,
wherein the plurality of first structure bodies is arranged so as to be substantially orthogonal to a third direction,
wherein the plurality of second structure bodies is arranged so as to face a column including the plurality of first structure bodies at a given interval and to be substantially orthogonal to the third direction,
wherein the first electrode layer and the second electrode layer are provided so as to face each other at a given interval and to be substantially orthogonal to the third direction, and
wherein the third direction equally divides an angle formed by the first direction and the second direction.
3. The liquid crystal display device according to claim 1,
wherein the first structure bodies and the second structure bodies each have a substantially square-shaped bottom surface.
4. The liquid crystal display device according to claim 3,
wherein corner portions of the bottom surfaces of the plurality of first structure bodies and edges of the side surfaces between the top surfaces and the bottom surfaces of the plurality of first structure bodies are chamfered in a circular arc shape,
wherein the first structure bodies are connected in a column,
wherein corner portions of the bottom surfaces of the plurality of second structure bodies and edges of the side surfaces between the top surfaces and the bottom surfaces of the plurality of second structure bodies are chamfered in a circular arc shape, and
wherein the second structure bodies are connected in a column.
5. The liquid crystal display device according to claim 4,
wherein the first electrode layer is provided so that the corner portions of the bottom surfaces of the plurality of first structure bodies and the edges of the side surfaces between the top surfaces and the bottom surfaces of the plurality of first structure bodies, which are chamfered in the circular arc shape, are exposed, and
wherein the second electrode layer is provided so that the corner portions of the bottom surfaces of the plurality of second structure bodies and the edges of the side surfaces between the top surfaces and the bottom surfaces of the plurality of first structure bodies, which are chamfered in the circular arc shape, are exposed.
6. The liquid crystal display device according to claim 5,
wherein a width of the first electrode layer in a third direction is smaller than a width of the first structure body in the third direction, and
wherein a width of the second electrode layer in the third direction is smaller than a width of the second structure body in the third direction.
7. The liquid crystal display device according to claim 1,
wherein the first electrode layer, the first structure bodies, the second electrode layer, and the second structure bodies each have a light-transmitting property.
8. The liquid crystal display device according to claim 1,
wherein the side surfaces of the first structure bodies and the side surfaces of the second structure bodies are tilted toward the first substrate.
9. The liquid crystal display device according to claim 1,
wherein the plurality of first structure bodies and the first electrode layer are each provided in a comb-like shape, and
wherein the plurality of second structure bodies and the second electrode layer are each provided in a comb-like shape.
10. The liquid crystal display device according to claim 1,
wherein the liquid crystal layer comprises a liquid crystal material exhibiting a blue phase.
11. The liquid crystal display device according to claim 1, further comprising a thin film transistor between the first substrate and the first electrode layer,
wherein the first electrode layer is electrically connected to a source electrode or a drain electrode of the thin film transistor.
12. The liquid crystal display device according to claim 1, wherein a direction of an electric field generated in the liquid crystal layer between the first electrode layer and the second electrode layer is substantially a third direction that equally divides an angle formed by the first direction and the second direction.

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

1. A process for preparing hydrophobic precipitated silica, the process comprising:
a) preparing a mixture of an organopolysiloxane derivative and a precipitated silica;
b) conditioning the mixture at from 100 to 150\xb0 C. for a period of from 0.5 to 2 hours; and
c) conducting oxidative heat treatment at more than 300\xb0 C. with an oxidizing gas.
2. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein
in step a) the preparing comprises adding the organopolysiloxane derivative to the precipitated silica; and
in step a) the precipitated silica has a water content of from 1.0 to 80%.
3. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein
in step a) the preparing comprises adding the organopolysiloxane derivative to the precipitated silica;
in step a) the precipitated silica has a water content of from 70 to 99%; and
step a) further comprises isolating solids from water.
4. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the oxidizing gas comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of Cl2, N2O, NO, NO2, N2O5, O3, O02, Br2 and F2.
5. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the oxidizing gas further comprises an inert gas.
6. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the oxidizing gas is air or a mixture of an inert gas with air.
7. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the oxidizing gas comprises 99% or less by volume of at least one inert gas.
8. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the oxidizing gas comprises up to 80% by volume of water.
9. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein one of steps a), b), and c) is carried out a number of times in succession.
10. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein steps a) and b) are carried out a number of times in succession.