What is claimed is:
1. A combined supported liquid membrane (SLM)strip dispersion process for the removal and recovery of one or more radionuclides or one or more metals from a feed solution containing the radionuclides comprising
(1) treating a feed solution containing one or more radionuclides or one or more metals on one side of the SLM embedded in a microporous support material to remove the radilnuclides by the use of a strip dispersion on the other side of the SLM, the strip dispersion being formed by dispersing an aqueous strip solution in an organic liquid comprising an extractant using a mixer; and
(2) allowing the strip dispersion or a part of the strip dispersion to separate into two phases, the organic liquid phase and the aqueous strip solution phase containing a concentrated radionuclide or metal solution.
2. The process of claim 1 wherein the radionuclide is selected from the group consisting of strontium, cesium, technetium, uranium, boron, plutonium, cobalt, americium, and mixtures thereof.
3. The process of claim 1 wherein the feed solution is treated to remove strontium to a concentration of 8 pico Curie per liter (8 pCiL) or lower.
4. The process of claim 1 wherein the metal is selected from the group consisting of calcium, magnesium, zinc, and mixtures thereof.
5. The process of claim 1 wherein the aqueous strip solution of the strip dispersion comprises and acid.
6. The process of claim 5 wherein the acid is selected from the group consisting of sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, acetic acid, and mixtures thereof.
7. The process of claim 1 wherein the organic liquid of the strip dispersion further comprises a modifier in a hydrocarbon solvent or mixture.
8. The process of claim 1 wherein the organic liquid of the strip dispersion comprises about 2 wt. % to about 100 wt. % extractant and about 0 wt. % to about 20 wt. % modifier in a hydrocarbon solvent or mixture.
9. The process of claim 8 wherein the organic liquid of the strip dispersion comprises about 5 wt. % to about 40 wt. % extractant and about 1 wt. % to about 10 wt. % modifier in a hydrocarbon solvent or mixture.
10. The process of claim 7 wherein the modifier is selected from the group consisting of alcohols, nitrophenyl alkyl ethers, trialkyl phosphates, and mixtures thereof.
11. The process of claim 10 wherein the alcohol is selected from the group consisting of hexanol, heptanol, octanol, nonanol, decanol, undecanol, dodecanol, tridecanol, tetradecanol, pentadecanol, hexadecanol, heptadacanol, octadecanol, and mixtures thereof.
12. The process of claim 10 wherein the nitrophenyl alkyl ether is selected from the group consisting of o-nitrophenyl octyl ether (o-NPOE), o-nitrophenyl heptyl ether, o-nitrophenyl hexyl ether, o-nitrophenyl pentyl ether (o-NPPE), o-nitrophenyl butyl ether, o-nitrophenyl propyl ether, and mixtures thereof.
13. The process of claim 10 wherein the trialkyl phosphate is selected from the group consisting of tributyl phosphate, tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate, and mixtures thereof.
14. The process of claim 7 wherein the hydrocarbon solvent is selected from a group consisting of n-decane; n-undecane; n-dodecane; n-tridecane; n-tetradecane; isodecane; isoundecane; isododecane; isotridecane; isotetradecane; isoparaffinic hydrocarbon solvent having a flash point of 92 C., a boiling point of 254 C., a viscosity of 3 cp at 25 C., and a density of 0.791 gml at 15.6 C.; and mixtures thereof.
15. The process of claim 1 wherein the microporous support material is selected from the group consisting of polypropylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyethylene, polysulfone, polyethersulfone, polyetheretherketone, polyimide, polyamide, and mixtures thereof.
16. The process of claim 1 wherein the extractant comprises an alkyl phenylphosphonic acid.
17. The process of claim 16 wherein the alkyl group of the alkyl phenylphosphonic acid is paraffinic (saturated) and has from 6 to 26 carbon atoms.
18. The process of claim 16 wherein the alkyl phenylphosphonic acid is selected from the group consisting of 2-butyl-1-octyl phenylphosphonic acid (BOPPA), 2-hexyl-1-decyl phenylphosphonic acid, 2-octyl-1-decyl2-hexyl-1-dodecyl phenylphosphonic acid, 2-octyl-1-dodecyl phenylphosphonic acid, hexyl phenylphosphonic acid, heptyl phenylphosphonic acid, octyl phenylphosphonic acid, nonyl phenylphosphonic acid, decyl phenylphosphonic acid, undecyl phenylphosphonic acid, dodecyl phenylphosphonic acid, tridecyl phenylphosphonic acid, tetradecyl phenylphosphonic acid, pentadecyl phenylphosphonic acid, hexadecyl phenylphosphonic acid, heptadecyl phenylphosphonic acid, octadecyl phenylphosphonic acid, nonadecyl phenylphosphonic acid, decadecyl phenylphosphonic acid, undecadecyl phenylphosphonic acid, dodecadecyl phenylphosphonic acid, tridecadecyl phenylphosphonic acid, tetrdecadecyl phenylphosphonic acid, pentadadecyl phenylphosphonic acid, hexadecadecyl phenylphosphonic acid, and mixtures thereof.
19. The process of claim 16 wherein the alkyl phenylphosphonic acid is 2-butyl-1-octyl phenylphosphonic acid (BOPPA).
20. The process of claim 16 wherein the alkyl phenylphosphonic acid is 2-hexyl-1-decyl phenylphosphonic acid.
21. The process of claim 16 wherein the alkyl phenylphosphonic acid is 2-octyl-1-decyl2-hexyl-1-dodecyl phenylphosphonic acid.
22. The process of claim 16 wherein the alkyl phenylphosphonic acid is 2-octyl-1-dodecyl phenylphosphonic acid.
23. The process of claim 16 for the removal of one or more radionuclides.
24. The process of claim 23 wherein the radionuclide is selected from the group consisting of strontium, cesium, plutonium, cobalt, americium, and mixtures thereof.
25. The process of claim 24 for the removal of strontium.
26. The process of claim 25 wherein alkyl phenylphosphonic acid is 2-butyl-1-octyl phenylphosphonic acid (BOPPA).
27. The process of claim 25 wherein the alkyl phenylphosphonic acid is 2-hexyl-1-decyl phenylphosphonic acid.
28. The process of claim 25 wherein the alkyl phenylphosphonic acid is 2-octyl-1-decyl2-hexyl-1-dodecyl phenylphosphonic acid.
29. The process of claim 25 wherein the alkyl phenylphosphonic acid is 2-octyl-1-dodecyl phenylphosphonic acid.
30. The process of claim 16 for the removal of metal.
31. The process of claim 30 wherein the metal is selected from the group consisting of calcium, magnesium, zinc, and mixtures thereof.
32. The process of claim 31 wherein the alkyl phenylphosphonic acid is 2-butyl-1-octyl phenylphosphonic acid.
33. The process of claim 31 wherein the alkyl phenylphosphonic acid is 2-hexyl-1-decyl phenylphosphonic acid.
34. The process of claim 31 wherein the alkyl phenylphosphonic acid is 2-octyl-1-decyl2-hexyl-1-dodecyl phenylphosphonic acid.
35. The process of claim 31 wherein the alkyl phenylphosphonic acid is 2-octyl-1-dodecyl phenylphosphonic acid.
36. A composition comprising an alkyl phenylphosphonic acid extractant.
37. The composition of claim 36 wherein the alkyl group of the alkyl phenylphosphonic acid is paraffinic (saturated) and has from 6 to 26 carbon atoms.
38. The composition of claim 36 wherein the alkyl phenylphosphonic acid is selected from the group consisting of 2-butyl-1-octyl phenylphosphonic acid (BOPPA), 2-hexyl-1-decyl phenylphosphonic acid, 2-octyl-1-decyl2-hexyl-1-dodecyl phenylphosphonic acid, 2-octyl-1-dodecyl phenylphosphonic acid, hexyl phenylphosphonic acid, heptyl phenylphosphonic acid, octyl phenylphosphonic acid, nonyl phenylphosphonic acid, decyl phenylphosphonic acid, undecyl phenylphosphonic acid, dodecyl phenylphosphonic acid, tridecyl phenylphosphonic acid, tetradecyl phenylphosphonic acid, pentadecyl phenylphosphonic acid, hexadecyl phenylphosphonic acid, heptadecyl phenylphosphonic acid, octadecyl phenylphosphonic acid, nonadecyl phenylphosphonic acid, decadecyl phenylphosphonic acid, undecadecyl phenylphosphonic acid, dodecadecyl phenylphosphonic acid, tridecadecyl phenylphosphonic acid, tetrdecadecyl phenylphosphonic acid, pentadadecyl phenylphosphonic acid, hexadecadecyl phenylphosphonic acid, and mixtures thereof.
39. The composition of claim 36 wherein the alkyl phenylphosphonic acid is 2-butyl-1-octyl phenylphosphonic acid (BOPPA).
40. The composition of claim 36 wherein the alkyl phenylphosphonic acid is 2-hexyl-1-decyl phenylphosphonic acid.
41. The composition of claim 36 wherein the alkyl phenylphosphonic acid is 2-octyl-1-decyl2-hexyl-1-dodecyl phenylphosphonic acid.
42. The composition of claim 36 wherein the alkyl phenylphosphonic acid is 2-octyl-1-dodecyl phenylphosphonic acid.
43. A process for the synthesis of an alkyl phenylphosphonic acid comprising
(1) reacting an alcohol containing from 6 to 26 carbon atoms and phenylphosphonyl dichloride in an organic solvent;
(2) quenching the reaction mixture by adding concentrated HCl and ice;
(3) extracting the alkyl phenylphosphonic acid from the reaction mixture using a solvent;
(4) washing the alkyl phenylphosphonic acidsolvent solution with 1 M HCl solution;
(5) drying the alkyl phenylphosphonic acidsolvent solution; and
(6) recovering the alkyl phenylphosphonic acid by evaporating the solvent from the solution.
44. The process of claim 43 wherein the alcohol is 2-butyl-1-octanol.
45. The process of claim 43 wherein the alcohol is 2-hexyl-1-decanol.
46. The process of claim 43 wherein the alcohol is 2-octyl-1-decanol2-hexyl-1-dodecanol.
47. The process of claim 43 wherein the alcohol is 2-octyl-1-dodecanol.
48. The process of claim 43 wherein the solvent in step (1) is pyridine.
49. The process of claim 43 wherein step (1) is performed at a temperature between about 0 and 10 C.
50. The process of claim 43 wherein the solvent in step (3) is toluene.
51. The process of claim 43 wherein the alkyl phenylphosphonic acidsolvent solution is dried using MgSO4.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. An inkjet recording medium, comprising an ink-receiving layer containing a pigment, a binder and an inkjet ink-fixing agent comprising a cationic compound disposed on at least one surface of a base paper, wherein 50% or more by weight of calcium carbonate is contained in terms of a solid content based on a total amount of the pigment contained in the ink-receiving layer; 75 to 90 parts by weight of the pigment, 1 to 10 parts by weight of the binder and 5 to 20 parts by weight of the inkjet ink-fixing agent are contained based on 100 parts by weight of the ink-receiving layer; the drop water absorbency of the ink-receiving layer (according to the drop water absorbency defined in Japan Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry, J. TAPPI, No. 32-2:2000 except that a drop water amount is 0.001 ml) is 200 seconds or less; and a Stockigt sizing degree according to JIS-P-8122 for the inkjet recording medium is 5 seconds or less.
2. The inkjet recording medium according to claim 1, wherein a contact angle of the ink-receiving layer is 40 degrees or more after 0.06 seconds from dropping 0.004 ml of distilled water.
3. The inkjet recording medium according to claim 1, wherein a contact angle of the ink-receiving layer is less than 40 degrees after 0.06 seconds from dropping 0.004 ml of distilled water.
4. The inkjet recording medium according to claim 1, wherein the drop water absorbency of the ink-receiving layer is not greater than the drop water absorbency of a split plane (the drop water absorbency according to the drop water absorbency defined in Japan Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry, J. TAPPI, No. 32-2:2000 except that a drop water amount is 0.001 ml) where the base paper is exposed when the inkjet recording medium is peeled off from the surface of the ink-receiving layer in the direction of the thickness.
5. The inkjet recording medium according to claim 1, wherein a basis weight of the inkjet recording medium is 30.0 gm2 to 70.0 gm2.
6. The inkjet recording medium according to claim 1, wherein a volume 50% average particle diameter (D50) as measured by laser light scattering method of the calcium carbonate contained in the ink-receiving layer is 0.3 to 10.0 \u03bcm.
7. The inkjet recording medium according to claim 1, wherein a coating amount of the ink-receiving layer in terms of solid content of one surface is 1.0 gm2 to 15.0 gm2.
8. The inkjet recording medium according to claim 2, wherein the drop water absorbency of the ink-receiving layer is not greater than the drop water absorbency of a split plane (the drop water absorbency according to the drop water absorbency defined in Japan Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry, J. TAPPI, No. 32-2:2000 except that a drop water amount is 0.001 ml) where the base paper is exposed when the inkjet recording medium is peeled off from the surface of the ink-receiving layer in the direction of the thickness.
9. The inkjet recording medium according to claim 2, wherein a basis weight of the inkjet recording medium is 30.0 gm2 to 70.0 gm2.
10. The inkjet recording medium according to claim 2, wherein a volume 50% average particle diameter (D50) as measured by laser light scattering method of the calcium carbonate contained in the ink-receiving layer is 0.3 to 10.0 \u03bcm.
11. The inkjet recording medium according to claim 2, wherein a coating amount of the ink-receiving layer in terms of solid content of one surface is 1.0 gm2 to 15.0 gm2.
12. The inkjet recording medium according to claim 3, wherein the drop water absorbency of the ink-receiving layer is not greater than the drop water absorbency of a split plane (the drop water absorbency according to the drop water absorbency defined in Japan Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry, J. TAPPI, No. 32-2:2000 except that a drop water amount is 0.001 ml) where the base paper is exposed when the inkjet recording medium is peeled off from the surface of the ink-receiving layer in the direction of the thickness.
13. The inkjet recording medium according to claim 3, wherein a basis weight of the inkjet recording medium is 30.0 gm2 to 70.0 gm2.
14. The inkjet recording medium according to claim 3, wherein a volume 50% average particle diameter (D50) as measured by laser light scattering method of the calcium carbonate contained in the ink-receiving layer is 0.3 to 10.0 \u03bcm.
15. The inkjet recording medium according to claim 3, wherein a coating amount of the ink-receiving layer in terms of solid content of one surface is 1.0 gm2 to 15.0 gm2.
16. The inkjet recording medium according to claim 4, wherein a basis weight of the inkjet recording medium is 30.0 gm2 to 70.0 gm2.
17. The inkjet recording medium according to claim 4, wherein a volume 50% average particle diameter (D50) as measured by laser light scattering method of the calcium carbonate contained in the ink-receiving layer is 0.3 to 10.0 \u03bcm.
18. The inkjet recording medium according to claim 4, wherein a coating amount of the ink-receiving layer in terms of solid content of one surface is 1.0 gm2 to 15.0 gm2.
19. The inkjet recording medium according to claim 5, wherein a volume 50% average particle diameter (D50) as measured by laser light scattering method of the calcium carbonate contained in the ink-receiving layer is 0.3 to 10.0 \u03bcm.
20. The inkjet recording medium according to claim 5, wherein a coating amount of the ink-receiving layer in terms of solid content of one surface is 1.0 gm2 to 15.0 gm2.
21. The inkjet recording medium according to claim 6, wherein a coating amount of the ink-receiving layer in terms of solid content of one surface is 1.0 gm2 to 15.0 gm2.