Author: claimsbot

1. An electrophoretic display device comprising:
first and second substrates disposed to face each other;
an electrophoretic layer which is disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate and has a plurality of first electrically-charged particles colored into a first color, a plurality of second electrically-charged particles colored into a second color, and a dispersion medium which retains the first and second electrically-charged particles;
first and second pixel electrodes which are disposed on the electrophoretic layer side of the first substrate and driven independently of each other;
an opposite electrode which is disposed on the electrophoretic layer side of the second substrate; and
a reflective electrode which is provided at a position on the first substrate side rather than on the electrophoretic layer,
wherein the first electrically-charged particle has permeability in a first wavelength region and absorbability in other wavelength regions, and
the second electrically-charged particle has reflectivity in a second wavelength region and absorbability in other wavelength regions.
2. The electrophoretic display device according to claim 1, wherein overlap of the first wavelength region and the second wavelength region is equal to or less than 10% of the maximum value of a light intensity in each of the first wavelength region and the second wavelength region.
3. The electrophoretic display device according to claim 1, wherein a first transistor which is connected to the first pixel electrode and a second transistor which is connected to the second pixel electrode are provided for each pixel, and
the first electrically-charged particles and the second electrically-charged particles are electrically charged to have any one of a positive polarity and a negative polarity.
4. The electrophoretic display device according to claim 1, further comprising:
a first connection electrode formed in a layer on the first substrate side rather than on the first pixel electrode and connected to a drain electrode of the first transistor; and
a second connection electrode connected to a drain electrode of the second transistor,
wherein a plurality of the first pixel electrodes are connected to each other by the first connection electrode, and
a plurality of the second pixel electrodes are connected to each other by the second connection electrode.
5. The electrophoretic display device according to claim 4, wherein a plurality of through-holes which partially expose the first and second connection electrodes are formed in a covering layer provided on the first substrate so as to cover the first connection electrode and the second connection electrode,
a portion of the first connection electrode which is exposed through the first through-hole is configured to function as the first pixel electrode, and
a portion of the second connection electrode which is exposed through the second through-hole is configured to function as the second pixel electrode.
6. The electrophoretic display device according to claim 1, wherein a metal oxide film is formed on the surface of the reflective electrode or the surface of the reflective electrode is formed by an oxide.
7. The electrophoretic display device according to claim 1, wherein the reflective electrode is configured such that an electric potential can be input thereto.
8. The electrophoretic display device according to claim 1, wherein during a black display, the first electrically-charged particles having permeability are disposed on the opposite electrode side rather than on the second electrically-charged particles having reflectivity.
9. A method of driving an electrophoretic display device which includes: first and second substrates disposed to face each other, an electrophoretic layer which is disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate and has a plurality of first electrically-charged particles colored into a first color, a plurality of second electrically-charged particles colored into a second color, and a dispersion medium which retains the first and second electrically-charged particles, a plurality of first pixel electrodes and a plurality of second pixel electrodes which are disposed on a surface on the electrophoretic layer side of the first substrate and driven independently of each other, an opposite electrode which is disposed on the electrophoretic layer side of the second substrate, and a reflective electrode which is provided at a position on the first substrate side rather than on the electrophoretic layer, wherein the first electrically-charged particle has permeability in a first wavelength region and absorbability in other wavelength regions, and the second electrically-charged particle has reflectivity in a second wavelength region and absorbability in other wavelength regions, the method comprising:
performing a first operation of moving the first electrically-charged particles to the opposite electrode side by applying voltages to the first pixel electrode and the opposite electrode; and
performing a second operation of moving the second electrically-charged particles to the opposite electrode side by applying voltages to the second pixel electrode and the opposite electrode,
wherein the first electrically-charged particles having permeability are disposed on the opposite electrode side rather than on the second electrically-charged particles having reflectivity.
10. The method of driving an electrophoretic display device according to claim 9, wherein between the first operation and the second operation, a difference is provided at application timings of the voltages or the magnitudes of the applied voltages.
11. The method of driving an electrophoretic display device according to claim 9, wherein in the first operation, an electric potential which repels the first electrically-charged particles is applied to the reflective electrode, and
in the second operation, an electric potential which repels the second electrically-charged particles is applied to the reflective electrode.
12. The method of driving an electrophoretic display device according to claim 9, further comprising:
a first preset operation of applying different voltages to the first pixel electrode and the second pixel electrode; and
a second preset operation of applying voltages having the opposite polarities to those of the voltages in the first preset operation to the first pixel electrode and the second pixel electrode,
wherein the first preset operation and the second preset operation are alternately carried out for every rewriting of a single screen or plural screens.
13. The method of driving an electrophoretic display device according to claim 9, wherein the first electrically-charged particles having permeability are disposed on the opposite electrode side rather than on the second electrically-charged particles having reflectivity.
14. The method of driving an electrophoretic display device according to claim 13, wherein a large number of the first electrically-charged particles are stacked on the opposite electrode in a multilayer state so as to overlap each other.
15. An electronic apparatus comprising: the electrophoretic display device according to claim 1.

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

1. An elongated electrode assembly having opposite ends for use across an ion trap in an ion mass analyzer comprising:
a. an electrical insulator having a longitudinal axis, an outer surface, and a length between opposite ends of the electrode assembly;
b. a coating applied to the surface of the insulator of a pre-determined semi-conducting material and thickness defining a resistivity relative to the length of the insulator; and
c. a circuit through the coating comprising:
i. an electrically conductive feed wire at least partially along the longitudinal axis of the insulator and adapted for connection to a source of electrical energy; and
ii. an electrical connection to the coating;

d. so that user-defined electric fields of different potential field shapes for ion trapping can be created by altering resistivity of the coating by selection of the semi-conducting material and variation of the thickness of the coating along the insulator.
2. The electrode assembly of claim 1 wherein the thickness is an approximately constant thickness.
3. The electrode assembly of claim 2 wherein the feed wire extends from one end of the insulator to the opposite end, the combination producing a potential difference between opposite ends which, in turn, produces a one-half parabolic shaped potential field between opposite ends of the electrode assembly when electrical energy is supplied to the circuit, and further comprising:
a. a plurality of adjacent but spaced-apart ring-shaped reference electrodes each surrounding but concentrically spaced from the electrode assembly along its longitudinal axis;
b. an endcap grid electrode at one end of the electrode assembly which can selectively function as an electrostatic minor and a repeller plate at the opposite end of the electrode assembly which can cooperate with the grid electrode to retain ions along the electrode assembly; and
c. a controllable electrical power source to control voltage to the electrode assembly, endcap grid electrode and repeller.
4. The electrode assembly of claim 3 further in combination with an ion mass analyzer comprising one or more of:
a. an ion source;
b. an ion detector; and
c. an ion mass spectrometer.
5. The electrode assembly of claim 1 wherein the thickness varies.
6. The electrode assembly of claim 5 wherein the thickness increases from opposite ends to a middle section of the insulator, the feed wire extends from one end of the insulator to the opposite end, the combination producing a potential difference between opposite ends which, in turn, produces a full parabolic shaped potential field between opposite ends of the electrode assembly when electrical energy is supplied to the circuit, and further comprising:
a. a plurality of adjacent but spaced-apart ring-shaped reference electrodes each surrounding but concentrically spaced from the electrode assembly along its longitudinal axis;
b. an endcap grid electrode at one end of the electrode assembly which can selectively function as an electrostatic minor to retain ions along the electrode assembly; and
c. a controllable electrical power source to control voltage to the electrode assembly, endcap grid electrode.
7. The electrode assembly of claim 5 wherein the thickness increases from opposite ends to a middle section of the insulator, the feed wire extends from one end of the insulator to the middle section, the electrical connection is at one end of the coating, and the circuit further comprises a second electrical connection at the opposite end of the coating, the combination emulating a voltage divider producing a parabolic shaped potential field between opposite ends of the electrode assembly when electrical energy is supplied to the circuit.
8. The electrode assembly of claim 1 in combination with a plurality of additional said electrode assemblies each positioning generally parallel and spaced apart from one another in an array.
9. The electrode assembly of claim 8 wherein each elongated electrode assembly of the array is positioned at one of its opposite ends at a supply electrode and reference electrode combination and extends away to the other opposite end.
10. The electrode assembly of claim 8 wherein each elongated electrode assembly of the array is positioned at one of its opposite ends in an end cap electrode and at its other opposite end in another endcap electrode.
11. A method of making an elongated electrode assembly having opposite ends for use across an ion trap in an ion mass analyzer comprising:
a. providing an electrical insulator having a longitudinal axis, an outer surface, and a length between opposite ends of the electrode assembly;
b. coating the surface of the insulator with a semi-conducting material at a thickness along at least a portion of the insulator defining a resistivity relative to that portion of the insulator.
12. The method of claim 11 further comprising forming a circuit path through the coating comprising:
i. an electrically conductive feed wire at least partially along the longitudinal axis of the insulator and adapted for connection to a source of electrical energy; and
ii. an electrical connection to the coating.
13. The method of claim 12 wherein the coating comprises depositing a semi-conductive polymer material at a controlled thickness to the surface of the insulator.
14. The method of claim 13 wherein the thickness is generally constant.
15. The method of claim 14 wherein the thickness varies.
16. The method of claim 15 wherein the thickness increases from opposite ends to a middle section of the insulator.
17. An ion mass analyzer comprising:
a. a housing defining an ion trap chamber;
b. an electrical power source;
c. at least one elongated multi-potential ion guide across the ion trap chamber, the ion guide comprising a controlled-thickness semi-conductive coating applied to a non-conducting substrate and a circuit operatively connectable to the electrical power source to provide a voltage difference between different locations along the ion guide;
d. a reference voltage electrode in proximity of the ion guide; and
e. a source of ions in communication with the ion trap chamber.
18. The analyzer of claim 17 wherein the thickness of the coating is varied along the substrate to produce a parabolic potential field along the ion guide.
19. The analyzer of claim 18 wherein the ion guide is scalable from centimeter scale, to micro-scale, to nano-scale.
20. The analyzer of claim 19 wherein the at least one elongated multi-potential ion guide comprises a plurality of generally parallel and equally spaced apart elongated multi-potential ion guides.

1-10. (canceled)
11. Bioactive dishes for cell cultures comprising on their bottom a bilayer comprising an internal primary layer made of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC), or polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) in contact with the bottom of the dishes, and an external bioactive layer made of carboxypropylmethylcellulose situated on said internal layer.
12. Bioactive dishes according to claim 11, wherein the bioactive dishes are presented in the form of Petri dishes, such as polystyrene Petri dishes of commercial origin, or in the form of multi-well plates, on the bottom of which the bilayer is situated.
13. Bioactive dishes according to claim 11, wherein the thicknesses of the internal HPMC or PVA layer, and of the external CMC layer, are a few microns, in particular approximately 1 to 5 microns.
14. Method for preparing bioactive dishes according to claim 11, said method comprising:
a stage of activation of the surface of the bottom of the dishes by electromagnetic discharges,
depositing the internal HPMC layer on the bottom of the dishes, then drying, and
depositing the external bioactive layer on the dried primary layer obtained in the preceding stage, then drying.
15. Bioactive dishes according to claim 11, to carry out:
methods for studying cell ageing, cell differentiation, and apoptosis,
methods for screening anti-ageing molecules intended to prevent and delay the effects of ageing,
methods for screening antitumor molecules intended for the treatment of cancer,
methods for in vitro diagnosis of tumor-cell malignancy by measurement of the residual ability of cancer cells to differentiate, and to enter into apoptosis and therefore methods for in vitro tumor prognosis, and
study methods relating to research into signalling controlling morphology, bioadhesion, cell proliferation and intercellular communication.
16. Method for screening anti-ageing molecules intended to prevent and delay the effects of ageing, said method comprising:
a stage of culturing cells, such as fibroblasts, in the presence of the anti-ageing molecules to be studied, in the culture dishes defined in claim 11,
observing the cells by microscope in order to study their morphology, andor the detection, or even the quantification, of the proliferation and syntheses, and
comparing the observations and results obtained on cultures of cells used as controls, said control cultures being carried out by culturing said cells in the dishes in the absence of said anti-ageing molecules to be studied.
17. Method for screening antitumor molecules intended for the treatment of cancer, comprising:
a stage of culturing cells, such as animal or human melanoma cells, in the presence of the antitumor molecules to be studied, in the culture dishes defined in claim 11,
observing the cells by microscope in order to study their morphology and their differentiation, andor the detection, or even the quantification, of their proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis, and
comparing with the observations and results obtained on cell cultures used as controls, said control cultures being carried out by culturing said cells in the culture dishes in the absence of said antitumor molecules to be studied.
18. Method for in vitro diagnosis of the malignancy of tumor cells by measurement of the residual ability of cancer cells to differentiate, said method comprising:
a stage of culturing cancer cells, such as human melanoma cells obtained from biopsies, in the culture dishes defined in claim 11,
observing the cells by microscope in order to study their morphology and differentiation, andor
detecting or quantifying, of their proliferation viability and apoptosis.
19. Application of the diagnosis method according to claim 18 to the in vitro prognosis of tumors.

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

1. A process for forming an OLED device, comprising:
providing a substrate having a first electrode and one or more organic layers formed thereon, at least one organic layer being a light-emitting layer;
forming a conductive protective layer over the one or more organic layers opposite the first electrode by employing a vapor deposition process comprising alternately providing a first reactive gaseous material and a second reactive gaseous material, wherein the first reactive gaseous material is capable of reacting with the organic layers treated with the second reactive gaseous material, wherein the temperature of the gaseous materials and organic layers are less than 140 degrees C while the gases are reacting and wherein the resistivity of the protective layer is greater than 106 ohm per square; and
forming a second electrode over the conductive protective layer by sputter deposition.
2. The process of claim 1, wherein the second electrode and the conductive protection layer are transparent
3. The process of claim 2 wherein the transparent conductive protective layer has a refractive index less than or equal to the refractive index of transparent second electrode.
4. The process of claim 2 wherein the transparent conductive protective layer has a refractive index greater than or equal to the refractive index of the one or more organic layers.
5. The process of claim 1, wherein the first electrode is transparent.
6. The process of claim 1 wherein the conductive protective layer has a resistivity of less than 1012 ohms per square.
7. The process of claim 1 wherein the conductive protective layer has a resistivity of less than or equal to 1010 ohms per square and more than or equal to 108 ohms per square.
8. The process of claim 1 wherein the conductive protective layer comprises a metal oxide, metal nitride, or metal sulfide.
9. The process of claim 1 wherein the conductive protective layer comprises a doped metal oxide and the dopant reduces the conductivity of the metal oxide.
10. The process of claim 1 wherein the conductive protective layer comprises a zinc oxide, molybdenum oxide, indium tin oxide, silicon oxide, zinc sulfide, or silicon nitride.
11. The process of claim 1 wherein the conductive protective layer is deposited upon the organic layers in a chamber having an atmosphere.
12. The process of claim 1 wherein the conductive protective layer is formed at an internal pressure substantially equal to or greater than one atmosphere.
13. The process of claim 1 wherein the conductive protective layer is formed at an internal atmosphere comprising nitrogen, argon, or air.
14. The process of claim 1 wherein the conductive protective layer is formed at a temperature less than 120 degrees C.
15. The process of claim 1 wherein the conductive protective layer provides a hermetic coating over the OLED elements.
16. The process of claim 1 wherein the conductive protective layer is less than or equal to 100 nm thick.
17. The process of claim 1 wherein the conductive protective layer is formed by employing one or more gas distribution manifolds that move with respect to the substrate.
18. The process of claim 1, wherein the vapor deposition process is an atomic layer deposition process.
19. An OLED device comprising a substrate having a first electrode and one or more organic layers formed thereon, at least one organic layer being a light-emitting layer; a conductive protective layer formed over the one or more organic layers opposite the first electrode wherein the resistivity of the protective layer is greater than 106 ohm per square; and a sputter deposited second electrode formed over the conductive protective layer; wherein the device is made according to the process of claim 1 and wherein the organic layers are not thermally damaged during deposition of the conductive protective layer.