All The Claims

1. A concrete mesh, comprising:
a first wire comprising a first loop; and
a second wire comprising a second loop that mates with the first loop.
2. The concrete mesh of claim 1, wherein a reinforcing wire is attached to the first wire.
3. The concrete mesh of claim 2, wherein the reinforcing wire is attached to the first wire by welding.
4. The concrete mesh of claim 2, wherein the reinforcing wire comprises a tight loop.
5. The concrete mesh of claim 4, wherein the reinforcing wire is attached to the first wire by attaching the first loop to the tight loop.
6. The concrete mesh of claim 1, wherein the first wire and the second wire are identical.
7. The concrete mesh of claim 1, wherein liquid concrete is poured into the mesh.
8. A concrete mesh, comprising:
a plurality of first wires comprising a plurality of first loops; and
a plurality of second wires comprising a plurality of second loops, wherein the plurality of first loops mutually receive the plurality of second loops.
9. The concrete mesh of claim 7, wherein the first wires are disposed to be parallel to one another.
10. The concrete mesh of claim 7, wherein the first wires are identical to one another.
11. The concrete mesh of claim 9, wherein the second wires are identical to the first wires.

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

1. An electrostatic precipitator, comprising:
a plurality of configurable parallel and serial precipitator zones;
a plurality of high-voltage supply units each assigned to one of the plurality of zones;
a plurality of auxiliary functional units each assigned to one of the plurality of zones; and
a control entity having a server component and a client module, the control entity incorporating different software modules allowing access to data of the electrostatic precipitator, the high-voltage supply units, and the auxiliary functional units so data can be visually displayed, stored or used as a basis for optimizing the electrostatic precipitator operation,
wherein the electrostatic precipitator, the high-voltage supply units and the auxiliary functional units are set-up via the server component of the control entity, by the software modules, as objects having characteristic properties and characteristic methods, where the objects are accessible by the client modules via data interfaces as information present only in the server component.
2. The electrostatic precipitator as claimed in claim 1, wherein the auxiliary functional units are selected from the group consisting of: discharge wire rappers, insulator heaters, purge air fans, purge air heaters, high-voltage rectifiers, collecting plate rappers, dust hopper heaters, dust hopper fill-level indicators, dust extractors and combinations thereof.
3. The electrostatic precipitator as claimed in claim 2, wherein characteristic properties of the electrostatic precipitator object present on the server component comprises:
a name or an identification of the electrostatic precipitator, andor
a number relating to the zones of the electrostatic precipitator, and
a position relating to the zones in the electrostatic precipitator, andor
an assignment of the high-voltage supply units to the precipitator zones, andor
a planned emission value of the electrostatic precipitator, and
an actual emission value of the electrostatic precipitator, andor
an assignment of the planned and actual emission values to precipitator zones of the electrostatic precipitator, andor
process values of the electrostatic precipitator, andor
a current optimization mode of the electrostatic precipitator, andor
a current operating mode.
4. The electrostatic precipitator as claimed in the claim 3, wherein characteristic methods of the electrostatic precipitator object present on the server component are determined in the electrostatic precipitator object present on the server component and comprise a total electrical power or a partial electrical powers of the serial and parallel precipitator zones.
5. The electrostatic precipitator as claimed in claim 2, wherein characteristic properties of the high-voltage supply units objects present on the server component comprise:
a name or the identification of the respective high-voltage supply unit, andor
a planned value for voltage, a current and a power at the respective high-voltage supply unit, and
an actual value for voltage, the current and the power at the respective high-voltage supply unit, and
a status report of the respective high-voltage supply units, andor
an error report of the respective high-voltage supply units, andor
process signals and associated scaling that are specified at the control entity, andor
an operating parameter set at the respective high-voltage supply unit.
6. The electrostatic precipitator as claimed in claim 5, wherein the process signals are 0 to 20 mA signals.
7. The electrostatic precipitator as claimed in claim 5, wherein the characteristic methods of the high-voltage supply unit objects present on the server component are determined in the respective high-voltage supply unit object and comprise:
average power values over defined time periods, andor
switching actions with a remote indication, andor
error acknowledgements, andor
process temperature values in degrees Celsius, andor
the setting of planned values andor
the selection of operating modes, wherein the operating modes are selected from the group consisting of: optimization, oscilloscope start-up, and recording the UI characteristic curve.
8. The electrostatic precipitator as claimed in claim 7, wherein individual objects derived from the electrostatic precipitator objects or high-voltage supply unit objects or auxiliary functional unit class are creatable by the client modules.
9. The electrostatic precipitator as claimed in claim 8, wherein classes are definable by optimization programs of the client modules, where one or more precipitator zones of the electrostatic precipitator are represented by the classes.
10. A control method for electrostatic precipitators, comprising:
configuring a plurality of parallel and serial precipitator zones;
assigning a high-voltage supply unit and an auxiliary functional unit to each of the plurality of parallel and serial precipitator zones; and
accessing a data of the electrostatic precipitators, the high-voltage supply units and the auxiliary functional units by different software modules so the data can be visually displayed, stored or used as a basis for optimizing the electrostatic precipitator operation,
wherein the electrostatic precipitator, the high-voltage supply units and the auxiliary functional units are set-up via only one server component of a control entity, by the software modules, as objects having characteristic properties and characteristic methods, and that client modules of the control entity access the objects, which have been set up solely in the server component, via data interfaces.
11. The control method as claimed in claim 10, wherein the auxiliary functional units are selected from the group consisting of: discharge wire rappers, insulator heaters, purge air fans, purge air heaters, high-voltage rectifiers, collecting plate rappers, gas distribution hoppers, dust hopper heaters, dust hopper fill-level indicators and dust extractors of the electrostatic precipitators.
12. The control method as claimed in claim 11, wherein characteristic properties of the electrostatic precipitator object present on the server component comprise:
a name or an identification of the electrostatic precipitator, andor
a number relating to the zones of the electrostatic precipitator and
a position relating to the zones in the electrostatic precipitator, andor
the assignment of the high-voltage supply units to the precipitator zones, andor
planned and actual emission values of the electrostatic precipitator, andor
an assignment of the planned and actual emission values to the precipitator zone of the electrostatic precipitator, andor
process temperature and flow volume values of the electrostatic precipitator, andor
a current optimization mode of the electrostatic precipitator, andor
a current operating start-up or optimization of energy consumption mode.
13. The control method as claimed in claim 12, wherein characteristic methods of the electrostatic precipitator object present on the server component are determined in the electrostatic precipitator object present on the server component and comprise a total electrical power or a partial electrical powers of the serial and parallel precipitator zones.
14. The control method as claimed in claim 11, wherein characteristic properties of the high-voltage supply units objects present on the server component comprise:
a name or the identification of the respective high-voltage supply unit, andor
a planned value for a voltage, a current and a power at the respective high-voltage supply unit, and
an actual value for the voltage, the current and the power at the respective high-voltage supply unit, and
a status report of the respective high-voltage supply units, andor
an error report of the respective high-voltage supply units, andor
process signals and associated scaling between 0 to 20 mA signals that are specified at the control entity, andor
an operating parameter set at the respective high-voltage supply unit.
15. The control method as claimed in claim 14, wherein the characteristic methods of the high-voltage supply unit objects present on the server component are determined in the respective high-voltage supply unit object and comprise:
average power values over defined time periods, andor
switching actions with remote indication, andor
error acknowledgements, andor
process temperature values in degrees Celsius, andor
the setting of planned values andor
the selection of operating modes, wherein the operating modes are selected from the group consisting of: optimization, oscilloscope start-up, and recording the UI characteristic curve.
16. The control method as claimed in claim 15, wherein individual objects derived from the electrostatic precipitator objects or high-voltage supply unit objects or auxiliary functional unit class are creatable by the client modules.
17. The control method as claimed in claim 16, wherein classes are definable by optimization programs of the client modules, where one or more precipitator zones of the electrostatic precipitator are represented by the classes.

What is claimed is:

1. A combined supported liquid membrane (SLM)strip dispersion process for the removal and recovery of one or more radionuclides or one or more metals from a feed solution containing the radionuclides comprising
(1) treating a feed solution containing one or more radionuclides or one or more metals on one side of the SLM embedded in a microporous support material to remove the radilnuclides by the use of a strip dispersion on the other side of the SLM, the strip dispersion being formed by dispersing an aqueous strip solution in an organic liquid comprising an extractant using a mixer; and
(2) allowing the strip dispersion or a part of the strip dispersion to separate into two phases, the organic liquid phase and the aqueous strip solution phase containing a concentrated radionuclide or metal solution.
2. The process of claim 1 wherein the radionuclide is selected from the group consisting of strontium, cesium, technetium, uranium, boron, plutonium, cobalt, americium, and mixtures thereof.
3. The process of claim 1 wherein the feed solution is treated to remove strontium to a concentration of 8 pico Curie per liter (8 pCiL) or lower.
4. The process of claim 1 wherein the metal is selected from the group consisting of calcium, magnesium, zinc, and mixtures thereof.
5. The process of claim 1 wherein the aqueous strip solution of the strip dispersion comprises and acid.
6. The process of claim 5 wherein the acid is selected from the group consisting of sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, acetic acid, and mixtures thereof.
7. The process of claim 1 wherein the organic liquid of the strip dispersion further comprises a modifier in a hydrocarbon solvent or mixture.
8. The process of claim 1 wherein the organic liquid of the strip dispersion comprises about 2 wt. % to about 100 wt. % extractant and about 0 wt. % to about 20 wt. % modifier in a hydrocarbon solvent or mixture.
9. The process of claim 8 wherein the organic liquid of the strip dispersion comprises about 5 wt. % to about 40 wt. % extractant and about 1 wt. % to about 10 wt. % modifier in a hydrocarbon solvent or mixture.
10. The process of claim 7 wherein the modifier is selected from the group consisting of alcohols, nitrophenyl alkyl ethers, trialkyl phosphates, and mixtures thereof.
11. The process of claim 10 wherein the alcohol is selected from the group consisting of hexanol, heptanol, octanol, nonanol, decanol, undecanol, dodecanol, tridecanol, tetradecanol, pentadecanol, hexadecanol, heptadacanol, octadecanol, and mixtures thereof.
12. The process of claim 10 wherein the nitrophenyl alkyl ether is selected from the group consisting of o-nitrophenyl octyl ether (o-NPOE), o-nitrophenyl heptyl ether, o-nitrophenyl hexyl ether, o-nitrophenyl pentyl ether (o-NPPE), o-nitrophenyl butyl ether, o-nitrophenyl propyl ether, and mixtures thereof.
13. The process of claim 10 wherein the trialkyl phosphate is selected from the group consisting of tributyl phosphate, tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate, and mixtures thereof.
14. The process of claim 7 wherein the hydrocarbon solvent is selected from a group consisting of n-decane; n-undecane; n-dodecane; n-tridecane; n-tetradecane; isodecane; isoundecane; isododecane; isotridecane; isotetradecane; isoparaffinic hydrocarbon solvent having a flash point of 92 C., a boiling point of 254 C., a viscosity of 3 cp at 25 C., and a density of 0.791 gml at 15.6 C.; and mixtures thereof.
15. The process of claim 1 wherein the microporous support material is selected from the group consisting of polypropylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyethylene, polysulfone, polyethersulfone, polyetheretherketone, polyimide, polyamide, and mixtures thereof.
16. The process of claim 1 wherein the extractant comprises an alkyl phenylphosphonic acid.
17. The process of claim 16 wherein the alkyl group of the alkyl phenylphosphonic acid is paraffinic (saturated) and has from 6 to 26 carbon atoms.
18. The process of claim 16 wherein the alkyl phenylphosphonic acid is selected from the group consisting of 2-butyl-1-octyl phenylphosphonic acid (BOPPA), 2-hexyl-1-decyl phenylphosphonic acid, 2-octyl-1-decyl2-hexyl-1-dodecyl phenylphosphonic acid, 2-octyl-1-dodecyl phenylphosphonic acid, hexyl phenylphosphonic acid, heptyl phenylphosphonic acid, octyl phenylphosphonic acid, nonyl phenylphosphonic acid, decyl phenylphosphonic acid, undecyl phenylphosphonic acid, dodecyl phenylphosphonic acid, tridecyl phenylphosphonic acid, tetradecyl phenylphosphonic acid, pentadecyl phenylphosphonic acid, hexadecyl phenylphosphonic acid, heptadecyl phenylphosphonic acid, octadecyl phenylphosphonic acid, nonadecyl phenylphosphonic acid, decadecyl phenylphosphonic acid, undecadecyl phenylphosphonic acid, dodecadecyl phenylphosphonic acid, tridecadecyl phenylphosphonic acid, tetrdecadecyl phenylphosphonic acid, pentadadecyl phenylphosphonic acid, hexadecadecyl phenylphosphonic acid, and mixtures thereof.
19. The process of claim 16 wherein the alkyl phenylphosphonic acid is 2-butyl-1-octyl phenylphosphonic acid (BOPPA).
20. The process of claim 16 wherein the alkyl phenylphosphonic acid is 2-hexyl-1-decyl phenylphosphonic acid.
21. The process of claim 16 wherein the alkyl phenylphosphonic acid is 2-octyl-1-decyl2-hexyl-1-dodecyl phenylphosphonic acid.
22. The process of claim 16 wherein the alkyl phenylphosphonic acid is 2-octyl-1-dodecyl phenylphosphonic acid.
23. The process of claim 16 for the removal of one or more radionuclides.
24. The process of claim 23 wherein the radionuclide is selected from the group consisting of strontium, cesium, plutonium, cobalt, americium, and mixtures thereof.
25. The process of claim 24 for the removal of strontium.
26. The process of claim 25 wherein alkyl phenylphosphonic acid is 2-butyl-1-octyl phenylphosphonic acid (BOPPA).
27. The process of claim 25 wherein the alkyl phenylphosphonic acid is 2-hexyl-1-decyl phenylphosphonic acid.
28. The process of claim 25 wherein the alkyl phenylphosphonic acid is 2-octyl-1-decyl2-hexyl-1-dodecyl phenylphosphonic acid.
29. The process of claim 25 wherein the alkyl phenylphosphonic acid is 2-octyl-1-dodecyl phenylphosphonic acid.
30. The process of claim 16 for the removal of metal.
31. The process of claim 30 wherein the metal is selected from the group consisting of calcium, magnesium, zinc, and mixtures thereof.
32. The process of claim 31 wherein the alkyl phenylphosphonic acid is 2-butyl-1-octyl phenylphosphonic acid.
33. The process of claim 31 wherein the alkyl phenylphosphonic acid is 2-hexyl-1-decyl phenylphosphonic acid.
34. The process of claim 31 wherein the alkyl phenylphosphonic acid is 2-octyl-1-decyl2-hexyl-1-dodecyl phenylphosphonic acid.
35. The process of claim 31 wherein the alkyl phenylphosphonic acid is 2-octyl-1-dodecyl phenylphosphonic acid.
36. A composition comprising an alkyl phenylphosphonic acid extractant.
37. The composition of claim 36 wherein the alkyl group of the alkyl phenylphosphonic acid is paraffinic (saturated) and has from 6 to 26 carbon atoms.
38. The composition of claim 36 wherein the alkyl phenylphosphonic acid is selected from the group consisting of 2-butyl-1-octyl phenylphosphonic acid (BOPPA), 2-hexyl-1-decyl phenylphosphonic acid, 2-octyl-1-decyl2-hexyl-1-dodecyl phenylphosphonic acid, 2-octyl-1-dodecyl phenylphosphonic acid, hexyl phenylphosphonic acid, heptyl phenylphosphonic acid, octyl phenylphosphonic acid, nonyl phenylphosphonic acid, decyl phenylphosphonic acid, undecyl phenylphosphonic acid, dodecyl phenylphosphonic acid, tridecyl phenylphosphonic acid, tetradecyl phenylphosphonic acid, pentadecyl phenylphosphonic acid, hexadecyl phenylphosphonic acid, heptadecyl phenylphosphonic acid, octadecyl phenylphosphonic acid, nonadecyl phenylphosphonic acid, decadecyl phenylphosphonic acid, undecadecyl phenylphosphonic acid, dodecadecyl phenylphosphonic acid, tridecadecyl phenylphosphonic acid, tetrdecadecyl phenylphosphonic acid, pentadadecyl phenylphosphonic acid, hexadecadecyl phenylphosphonic acid, and mixtures thereof.
39. The composition of claim 36 wherein the alkyl phenylphosphonic acid is 2-butyl-1-octyl phenylphosphonic acid (BOPPA).
40. The composition of claim 36 wherein the alkyl phenylphosphonic acid is 2-hexyl-1-decyl phenylphosphonic acid.
41. The composition of claim 36 wherein the alkyl phenylphosphonic acid is 2-octyl-1-decyl2-hexyl-1-dodecyl phenylphosphonic acid.
42. The composition of claim 36 wherein the alkyl phenylphosphonic acid is 2-octyl-1-dodecyl phenylphosphonic acid.
43. A process for the synthesis of an alkyl phenylphosphonic acid comprising
(1) reacting an alcohol containing from 6 to 26 carbon atoms and phenylphosphonyl dichloride in an organic solvent;
(2) quenching the reaction mixture by adding concentrated HCl and ice;
(3) extracting the alkyl phenylphosphonic acid from the reaction mixture using a solvent;
(4) washing the alkyl phenylphosphonic acidsolvent solution with 1 M HCl solution;
(5) drying the alkyl phenylphosphonic acidsolvent solution; and
(6) recovering the alkyl phenylphosphonic acid by evaporating the solvent from the solution.
44. The process of claim 43 wherein the alcohol is 2-butyl-1-octanol.
45. The process of claim 43 wherein the alcohol is 2-hexyl-1-decanol.
46. The process of claim 43 wherein the alcohol is 2-octyl-1-decanol2-hexyl-1-dodecanol.
47. The process of claim 43 wherein the alcohol is 2-octyl-1-dodecanol.
48. The process of claim 43 wherein the solvent in step (1) is pyridine.
49. The process of claim 43 wherein step (1) is performed at a temperature between about 0 and 10 C.
50. The process of claim 43 wherein the solvent in step (3) is toluene.
51. The process of claim 43 wherein the alkyl phenylphosphonic acidsolvent solution is dried using MgSO4.

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

1. An inkjet recording medium, comprising an ink-receiving layer containing a pigment, a binder and an inkjet ink-fixing agent comprising a cationic compound disposed on at least one surface of a base paper, wherein 50% or more by weight of calcium carbonate is contained in terms of a solid content based on a total amount of the pigment contained in the ink-receiving layer; 75 to 90 parts by weight of the pigment, 1 to 10 parts by weight of the binder and 5 to 20 parts by weight of the inkjet ink-fixing agent are contained based on 100 parts by weight of the ink-receiving layer; the drop water absorbency of the ink-receiving layer (according to the drop water absorbency defined in Japan Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry, J. TAPPI, No. 32-2:2000 except that a drop water amount is 0.001 ml) is 200 seconds or less; and a Stockigt sizing degree according to JIS-P-8122 for the inkjet recording medium is 5 seconds or less.
2. The inkjet recording medium according to claim 1, wherein a contact angle of the ink-receiving layer is 40 degrees or more after 0.06 seconds from dropping 0.004 ml of distilled water.
3. The inkjet recording medium according to claim 1, wherein a contact angle of the ink-receiving layer is less than 40 degrees after 0.06 seconds from dropping 0.004 ml of distilled water.
4. The inkjet recording medium according to claim 1, wherein the drop water absorbency of the ink-receiving layer is not greater than the drop water absorbency of a split plane (the drop water absorbency according to the drop water absorbency defined in Japan Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry, J. TAPPI, No. 32-2:2000 except that a drop water amount is 0.001 ml) where the base paper is exposed when the inkjet recording medium is peeled off from the surface of the ink-receiving layer in the direction of the thickness.
5. The inkjet recording medium according to claim 1, wherein a basis weight of the inkjet recording medium is 30.0 gm2 to 70.0 gm2.
6. The inkjet recording medium according to claim 1, wherein a volume 50% average particle diameter (D50) as measured by laser light scattering method of the calcium carbonate contained in the ink-receiving layer is 0.3 to 10.0 \u03bcm.
7. The inkjet recording medium according to claim 1, wherein a coating amount of the ink-receiving layer in terms of solid content of one surface is 1.0 gm2 to 15.0 gm2.
8. The inkjet recording medium according to claim 2, wherein the drop water absorbency of the ink-receiving layer is not greater than the drop water absorbency of a split plane (the drop water absorbency according to the drop water absorbency defined in Japan Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry, J. TAPPI, No. 32-2:2000 except that a drop water amount is 0.001 ml) where the base paper is exposed when the inkjet recording medium is peeled off from the surface of the ink-receiving layer in the direction of the thickness.
9. The inkjet recording medium according to claim 2, wherein a basis weight of the inkjet recording medium is 30.0 gm2 to 70.0 gm2.
10. The inkjet recording medium according to claim 2, wherein a volume 50% average particle diameter (D50) as measured by laser light scattering method of the calcium carbonate contained in the ink-receiving layer is 0.3 to 10.0 \u03bcm.
11. The inkjet recording medium according to claim 2, wherein a coating amount of the ink-receiving layer in terms of solid content of one surface is 1.0 gm2 to 15.0 gm2.
12. The inkjet recording medium according to claim 3, wherein the drop water absorbency of the ink-receiving layer is not greater than the drop water absorbency of a split plane (the drop water absorbency according to the drop water absorbency defined in Japan Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry, J. TAPPI, No. 32-2:2000 except that a drop water amount is 0.001 ml) where the base paper is exposed when the inkjet recording medium is peeled off from the surface of the ink-receiving layer in the direction of the thickness.
13. The inkjet recording medium according to claim 3, wherein a basis weight of the inkjet recording medium is 30.0 gm2 to 70.0 gm2.
14. The inkjet recording medium according to claim 3, wherein a volume 50% average particle diameter (D50) as measured by laser light scattering method of the calcium carbonate contained in the ink-receiving layer is 0.3 to 10.0 \u03bcm.
15. The inkjet recording medium according to claim 3, wherein a coating amount of the ink-receiving layer in terms of solid content of one surface is 1.0 gm2 to 15.0 gm2.
16. The inkjet recording medium according to claim 4, wherein a basis weight of the inkjet recording medium is 30.0 gm2 to 70.0 gm2.
17. The inkjet recording medium according to claim 4, wherein a volume 50% average particle diameter (D50) as measured by laser light scattering method of the calcium carbonate contained in the ink-receiving layer is 0.3 to 10.0 \u03bcm.
18. The inkjet recording medium according to claim 4, wherein a coating amount of the ink-receiving layer in terms of solid content of one surface is 1.0 gm2 to 15.0 gm2.
19. The inkjet recording medium according to claim 5, wherein a volume 50% average particle diameter (D50) as measured by laser light scattering method of the calcium carbonate contained in the ink-receiving layer is 0.3 to 10.0 \u03bcm.
20. The inkjet recording medium according to claim 5, wherein a coating amount of the ink-receiving layer in terms of solid content of one surface is 1.0 gm2 to 15.0 gm2.
21. The inkjet recording medium according to claim 6, wherein a coating amount of the ink-receiving layer in terms of solid content of one surface is 1.0 gm2 to 15.0 gm2.